'fx,.

^uscum of Comparatibe .^odlogw, (iTambritige, ^lass.

JVtih the compliments of

Alexander Agassiz.

I^emoirs of the Bfwscum of Clomjjaratibc ^oologu

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.

Vol. XVIII.

REPORTS ON AN EXPLORATION OFF THE WEST COASTS OF MEXICO,
CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA, AND OFF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS,
IN CHARGE OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, BY THE U. S. FISH COMMISSION
STEAMER "ALBATROSS," DURING 1891, LIEUT.-COMMANDER Z. L.
TANNER, U. S. N., COMMANDING.

XV.

THE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

By WALTER FAXON.

WITH SIXTY-SEVEN PLATES,

Ten of iL-hich are colored, and one Chart.

[Published by Permission of Marshai.i. McDonald, U. S. Commissioner
of Fish and Fisheries.]

'I'uMum:

CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.:

Printfti for tlje fttuscum.
April, 1895.

' Jf

MEMOIRS

OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

AT

HARVARD COLLEGE.

VOL. XVIII.

CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM.

1895.

University Press :
John Wilson and Son. Cambridge, U. S. A.

CONTENTS.

REPORTS ON AN EXPLORATION OFF THE WEST COASTS OF MEXICO,
CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA, AND OFF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS,
in charge of Alexander Agassiz, bj- the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer " Albatross,"
during 1891, Lieut. -Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., Commanding. XV. The
Stalk-eted Crustacea. By Walter Faxon. 292 pp., G7 Plates. April, 1895.

ERRATA.

On Plate VI., for ^THUSA PUBESCENS read ^THUSA LATA.

On Plate VII., for RhINOLITHODES CRISTATIPES read GlyPTOLITHODES CRISTATIPES.

On Plate VII., for ECHINOCERUS DIOMEDE^ reatl ParALOMIS DIOMEDE^.

On Plate VIII., for PaRALOMIS aSPERA read LeptolithodES ASPER.

On Plate IX., for PaRALOMIS LONGIPES read LEPTOLITHODES LONGIPES.

Umoirs of tijc ^uscum ai C^omparatitrc ioblogg

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.
Vol. XVIII.

REPORTS ON AN EXPLORATION OFF THE WEST COASTS OF MEXICO,
CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA, AND OFF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS,
IN CHARGE OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, BY THE U. S. FISH COMMISSION
STEAMER " ALBATROSS," DURING 1891, LIEUT.-COMMANDER Z. L.
TANNER, U. S. N., COMMANDING.

XV.

THE STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Bt WALTER FAXON.

WITH SIXTY-SEVEN PLATES,
Ten of tchich are colored, and one Chart.

[Published by Permission of Makshail McDonald, U. S. Commissioner
of Fish and Fisheries.]

CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.:

^rintcti for tljc IHuscum.
April, 1895.

CONTENTS.

Page

Systematic Accouxt of the Species 5-230

Decapoda 5-215

ScHizopoDA . 215-229

Stomatopoda 230

Gexeral Considerations on the Distribution 231-250

Colors of the Deep-Sea Crustacea 251-255

List of Species arranged according to Geographical Regions .... 256-259

Table showing the Bathymetrical Distribution of thp Different Species 260-263

Record of Submarine Tow-Net Stations 264

Record of Dredging and Trawling Stations 265, 266

Explanation of the Plates 267-282

Index of Genera and Species 283-292

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Oeder PODOPHTHALMA.

Suborder DECAPODA.

Family MAIID^.

LEPTOPODIA Leach.
Zoolog. Misc., II. 15, 1815.

Leptopodia debilis Smith.

Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. for 1869 and 1870, p. 87, 1871.

Two specimens, male and female, were collected at low tide on the reef
at Panama, March 12.

Leptopodia debilis is one of the many littoral Crustacea of Panama that are
represented by very closely allied species on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus.
It is distinguished from Leptopodia sagittaria (Fabr.), its Atlantic represen-
tative, chiefly by its shorter hand, relatively longer fingers, and greater
breadth across the branchial region of the carapace. The rostrum is usually
shorter and inclined upward more than in L. sagittaria; but in the type
specimen (M. C. Z. No. 3948, $, Polvon, Nicaragua), it is exceptionally
long, — more than one and a half times as long as the rest of the carapace.
In average specimens of L. debilis the rostrum is about equal in length to
the rest of the carapace. The diflference in the form of the male abdomen
in L. debilis and in Milne Edwards's figure of L. sagittaria (Cuvier's Regne
Animal, Discij^les' ed., Crustacea, Plate XXXVI. Fig. l"*), noted by Smith,
arises from the inaccuracy of the figure, not from any real diflference between
the two species, which are alike in this regard.

6 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Leptopodia debilis has been found to the northward of Panama as far as
the northern extremity of the Gulf of Cahfornia, lat. 31° 22' N. A similar
or possibly identical form, L. modesta A. M. Edw.,* occurs on the coast of
Chile.

The bathymetrical range of Leptopodia debilis, so far as known, extends
from low-water mark down to 29 fathoms. L. sagittaria has been recorded
from as great a depth as 814 fathoms.t

EUPROGNATHA Stimps.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zobl., 11. 122, 1870.

Euprognatha granulata Fax.
Plate I., Fig. 1, T.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 149, 1893.

The carapace is coarsely granulated and furnished with a few scattered
setce ; there are two erect blunt spines in the median line of the carajDace,
one of them arising from the gastric region, the other from the cardiac
region ; in front of the gastric spine is seen a transverse row of four or five
tubercles, which are somewhat larger and more prominent than the granules
which cover the general surface of the carapace ; from the middle of each
branchial area there springs a spine which is longer than those in the median
line, and curved slightly forward at the tip ; there is also a smaller lateral
spine below and a little in advance of this ; the hepatic area bears a short,
blunt, granulated spine on its most prominent part, and three or four promi-
nent tubercles on the angle which divides it from the pterygostomian area ;
the antennal spine is very long, reaching some distance beyond the rostral
horns, while the interantennular and lateral rostral horns are of about an
equal length ; the supraocular spines are well developed, and, like the anten-
nal spine and the three horns of the rostrum, have a distinctly granulated
surface ; the postocular spines are even more coarsely tuberculated, and
when viewed from above their margins are laciniated. The lower face of
the basal segment of the antenna is granulated, and furnished beside with
two to three spinules ; the outer maxillipeds are also granulated. The sur-

* A Milne Edwards, litudes sur les Xiphosures et les Crustaces de la Hegion Mexicaiue, p. 173, 1878
(Miss. Sci. au Mex. 5«"= Partie, T. I.). Milne Edwards treats both L. modesta and L. debilis as varieties of
L. sagittaria.

t Micrs, Rep. Challenger Brachyura, p. 4, 1886.

SPHENOCAECINUS AGASSIZI. 7

face of the abdomen is thickly beset with larger bead-like tubercles ; the
first segment bears a prominent, granulated, blunt, median spine, and there
is a rudiment of one on the three following segments. The chela is slender
and covered with small tubercles; the other segments of the cheliped and all
the ambulatory legs are provided with small spines, tubercles, and scattered
curled settB. The spines attain their greatest development on the merus
joints of the legs, the largest of all being on the proximal half of the merus
of the chelipeds and at the distal end of the merus of the ambulatory legs.

Length of carapace, 7 mm.; breadth, 6 mm.

Station 3369.* 52 fathoms. 2 fem. ovig.

The genus Euprognatha is represented in the West Indian region by four
species {E. rastellifera Stimps., E. inermis A. M. Edw., E. gracilijjes A. M. Edw.,
and E. acuta A. M. Edw.), from depths ranging from 27 to 248 fathoms.
The present species may be distinguished from all of these by its coarsely
granulated carapace and abdomen, taken in connection with the laciniated
and granulated spines of the frontal region, etc. One species, Eiiprognatha
bifida Rathb.,t has been recently described from the Gulf of California,
29-40 fathoms. It may be distinguished by the absence of an interan-
tennular spine.

SPHENOCARCINUS A. M. Edw.
Crustaces de la Region Mex., p. 135, 1878.

Sphenocarcinus agassizi Rathb.

Plate l, Fig. 3, 3\

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI. 231, 1893.

In this species the whole surface of the body and limbs is clothed with
a short, close pubescence. The rostral horns are long, horizontal, and termi-
nate in blunt points. A more or less broken, longitudinal, rounded ridge
runs along the median line of the carapace, from the base of the rostrum
to the intestinal region, rising into a prominent tubercle on the gastric area.
A transverse flattened tubercle on the cardiac region, and two roundish ones
on each branchial region. The antero-lateral margin of the carapace is
armed with four prominent tubercles or large teeth (counting the one at
the external orbital angle); these teeth increase in size successively from

* A full record of the stations will be t'ouud on pp. 26i-266.
t Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI. 231, 1893.

8 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

the first to the last one. The upper margin of the orbit is thickened and
produced into a blunt prgeocular tooth. The outer margin of the pterygo-
stomian region is furnished with two or three rounded tubercles. The merus
of the chelipeds has two short spines at the proximal end on the superior
border and one at the distal extremity ; otherwise the limbs are unarmed ;
the fingers of the chela are short, gape slightly at the base, and have blunt
tips ; no teeth on cutting edges.

Length of carapace, including rostrum, 39 mm. ; length of rostrum, 16
mm. ; breadth of carapace, including lateral teeth, 28 mm.

Station 3368. 66 fathoms. 1 male.

Sphenocarciniis corrosns A. M. Edw., the type of this genus, was taken near
the Barbadoes in 100 fathoms during the voyage of the " Hassler," and near
the same locality in 94 fathoms by the " Blake." The two specimens secured
are females. In S. agassizi there is a blunt praeocular tooth, wanting in the
typical species. The ends of the rostral horns do not lie in exactly the
same plane in the single example before me, but this is jirobably due to
accidental malformation. The abdomen (male) is seven-jointed. In both
species there is a narrow fissure in the upper margin of the orbit, just
anterior to the postocular tooth.

Sphenocarciniis agassizi was also obtained by the *' Albatross " in 1889, in
the Gulf of California, at depths of 14 and 71 fathoms.

ANAMATHIA Smith.

Amathia Roux, Crustaces de la Mediterran6e, 1" Livr., 182S {nom. praoc).
Anamathia Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII. 493, 1884.

Anamathia occidentalis Fax.
Plate L, Fig. 2, 2^.

Bull. Mus. Conip. ZooL, XXIV. 150, 1893.'

Carapace piriform, strongly arched when viewed in profile, its surface
clothed with tuberculiform cutaneous vesicles* and with delicate seta? which
are hooked at their tips. The spines and tubercles of the carapace are
arranged as follows : four on the gastric region, two of which are in the
median line and one on each side ; the posterior median has the form of a
blunt tubercle, from which a blunt low keel runs back to the cardiac region ;

* Like those on the carapace of Anamathia carpenteri (Norman), described and figured by G. O. Sars,
Norske Nordliavs-Exped., Crustacea, I. 7, Plate I. Fig. 7, 1885.

ANAMATHIA OCCIDENTALIS. 9

one in the middle of the cardiac region; one (tubercle) on the intestinal
region ; one on each hepatic region ; five on each branchial region. Of the
branchial spines the one near the middle projects upward and forward, and
is the longest spine on the carapace, being one half as long as the rostral
horns; behind and inside of this there is a short, rather blunt spine in a
transverse line with its fellow and the cardiac spine ; the three remaining
branchial spines are arranged in a triangle on the anterior part of the
branchial area; those nearest the median line on the branchial areas are
short and blunt — tubercles rather than spines. In addition to these promi-
nent spines and tubercles of the carapace, there are four or five small
tubercles on the outer border of the pterygostomian region. The rostrum is
produced into two divergent awl-shaped horns, which are more than one
fourth the length of the remaining portion of the carapace. The pr£B-
ocular spines are well developed and acute, the postocular processes obtuse.
The basal segment of the antenna projects at the antero-external angle in
the form of a short, blunt spine or tubercle. The antero-external angle of
the buccal area projects, but does not form a dentiform process. The cheli-
peds are twice as long as the carapace, minus the rostral horns, and are but
little more robust than the ambulatory limbs; the chela is a little longer
than the merus, the basal part cylindrical, the distal part gradually widening
a little to the base of the fingers ; the fingers are slightly curved, less than
one half as long as the basal portion, smooth, prehensile edges regularly
dentate, closing throughout their length. The first ambulatory appendages
exceed the chelipeds by the length of the terminal joint; the other pairs
are successively shorter, the last pair being shorter than the chelipeds.
The merus of all the legs has a small tubercular projection at the distal end
above, most prominent on the anterior pair. The carpus of the chelipeds
has two low ridges on the outer face ; otherwise the legs are unarmed, but
they are closely invested with minute papillaa, like the carapace. The
abdomen is seven-jointed.

Length of carapace, without the rostral horns, 45 mm. ; breadth of cara-
l^ace, 38 mm.; length of rostral horns, 12 mm.; length of longest branchial
spine, 7 mm.

Station 3404. 385 fathoms. 1 male.

In the unique type specimen, the left hind leg has been broken off and
restored. The chelipeds and the first pair of ambulatory appendages are
unsymmetrical, the left being longer than the right.

10 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

The name Anamafhia has been substituted by Professor S. I. Smith for
Amathia Roux, as the latter name had been previously used in another sense
by Lamouroux. The type species of the genus is Amathia rissoana Eoux
from the Mediterranean Sea. Nine other species have been referred to the
genus, viz. : A. hjstrix Stimps., A. modesta Stimps., Scyra nmhonata Stimps.,
A. crassa A. M. Edw. (= A. agassizii Smith), A. tanneri Smith, — all from the
east coast of North America and the Caribbean Sea, — A. carpenteri Norman
from the coast of Europe, A. jmlchra Miers from the Philippine Islands,
A. Iwermoni W.-M. from the Bay of Bengal, and A. occidentaUs Fax. from
near the Galapagos Archipelago. Most of them have been taken in rather
deep water (88 to 561 fathoms). When all these species are compared with
each other, considerable differences are observable as regards the structure
of the orbital region, the armature of the basal antennal segment and the
carapace, etc. In the typical species, A. rissoana, the upper surface of the
carapace is rather flat, and armed with long, sharp spines ; the basal anten-
nal segment is unarmed ; the upper margin of the orbit projects but slightly
over the eye, and there is no prtBocular spine. In A. hystrix the carapace
is more convex both in the longitudinal and transverse axes, and is armed
with very long sharp spines ; the basal antennal segment is produced into
a blunt spine or tooth at its antero-external angle ; the supraorbital margin
or brow overhangs the orbit no more than it does in A. nssoana, but there is
a long and sharp prisocular spine. In A. crassa the carapace is strongly
arched, and the spines with which it is furnished are short; the basal seg-
ment of the antenna is armed with two spines, one at the distal, the other
near the proximal end ; there is a pra^ocular spine, and the upper border
of the orbit beetles further over the eye than it does in A. rissoana and
A. hystrix, but still falls short of forming that perfect roof bounded behind
by an almost transverse fissure, such as is seen in the typical species of
Hyastcnus and Naxia. In A. nmhonata, A. carpenteri, and A. occidentaUs, the
conformation of the orbits and the convexity of the carapace are much the
same as in A. crassa, but the basal joint of the antenna is unarmed, and in
the two former {imibonata and carpenteri) some of the spines of the carapace
are transformed into flattened tubercles. For these two species A. Milne
Edwards* has proposed to establish a new genus Scyramathia. G. 0. Sarsf
adopts the genus Scyramathia, and adds to it Amathia crassa. He places the
genus in the Maiine group, in close proximity to Hyastcnvs.

* Compks Reudiis de I'Acad. Sci., Paris, XCI. 356, 1880.
t Norske Nordhavs-Exped., Crustacea, I. 1, 274, 1885.

MAIOPSIS. 11

The orbital region of A. hystriv does not differ from that of A. rissoana
but for the presence of a praeocular spine, a cliaracter which by itself cannot
be considered of generic importance, as Mr. Miers admits.* Through hjstrix
we pass by a gentle transition to such species as wnhonata, carpenteri, and
crassa (species placed in the genus Sct/ramathia), in which the orbit is better
defined through the projection of the brow.

Thus the passage from the Inachine to the Maiine type is so gradual as
hardly to justify a family division such as is proposed by Mr, Miers.t In
the series of species, all of which are assigned to the genus Anamathia, family
Inachidiv, by Mr. Miers % [rissoana, hystrix, indclira, crassa), we pass from the
strictly Inachine orbit of rissoana to an orbit like that of crassa, which is
practically the same as that of Chorilia longipes, a species assigned by Miers
to the genus Hyastenus in tlie family Ifaiidce.

The orbital region is subject to a great amount of variation even in a
single species {A. umboiiata), so that within the bounds of mere individual
variation the passage is made from the Inachine to the Maiine type of orbit
as exhibited in Chorilia. §

MAIOPSIS Fax.
Bull. Mus. Coirip. ZooL, XXIV. 150, 1893.

Carapace subtriangular, as broad as long, spinose ; rostrum produced
anteriorly into two divergent horns with an accessory spine upon their
outer margins ; interorbital space broad. Eyes small, eyestalks slender,
retractile within the orbits. Orbits large, with a forward aspect, incomplete
below, the upper margin prominent, with two deep fissures, and supraocular
spines. Epistome short. Basal segment of antennse very broad, with three
prominent spines upon its anterior margin ; flagellum of the antennJB widely
separated from the cavity of the orbit by a broad process of the basal seg-
ment. Merus of outer maxillipeds notched at the antero-internal angle.
Legs of moderate length ; carpus of chelipeds elongated, not carinated ; chela
elongated and slender, fingers canaliculate within, but not spoon-shaped at
their tips, their prehensile edges meeting throughout most of their length,

* Journ. Liiin. Soc. Loudon, ZooL, XIV. 658, 1879.
t Op. cit., p. 610.

X Challeuger Braeliyura, p. 26, 1886.

§ See M. J. Rathbun, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVII. 61, 62, Plate I., 1894. Cf, Fig. 3 (orbit of
A. mnboiiata) with Fig. 1 (also A. umbonata), and then cf. Fig. 1- with Fig. 5 (^Chorilia longipes^.

12 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

not distinctly toothed ; ambulatory legs spinose. Abdomen (male) seven-
jointed, terminal joint short and broad.

This genus is proposed for the reception of an interesting Maioid
dredo-ed in 182 fathoms on the west coast of the Isthmus of Panama. It
combines in one form characters of the genera Maia, Ci/chmaia, Parmnithrax
(siibg. Lepiomithrax), and Schisophri/s. In its general aspect it bears a close
resemblance to 3Iaia, and the likeness is enhanced by the small eyes and
slender eye-stalks, the elongated wrist and hand, and the short epistome. It
differs from Maia in having a much broader carapace, a less deeply cloven
rostrum, spinose legs, supraocular spines, and trenchantly in the exclusion
of the antennal flagellum from the orbit by a process of the basal segment
of the antenna. In the latter regard it agrees with the genus Ci/clomaia,
the basal segment of the antenna being very broad, three-spined on its distal
border, and giving off a process which separates the flagellum from the orbit
by a wide interval ; it also agrees with Ci/clomaia in having a short epistome,
a short and broad terminal abdominal segment, and supraocular spines. It
differs from C/jclomaia by having a subtriangular carapace, longer rostral
spines, and a less abruptly declivous front. It is like Paramithrax and Schizo-
phrys in the exclusion of the basal antennal segment from the orbit, but this
segment is much broader than in these genera, and three-spined ; moreover,
Maiopsis differs from Paramithrax and Schisophrys in having a more broadly
triangular carapace, supraocular spines, slenderer wrist and hand, less deeply
cleft rostrum, and spinose ambulatory legs. Like ScMzophrt/s and Maidla, it
has an accessory spine on each rostral horn. In the shape of the carapace
Maiopsis is intermediate between Maia and Ci/clomaia. In the form of the
fingers it stands between Maia and Paramithrax on the one side and Schizo-
phrys and Cychmaia on the other, as the fingers, though canaliculate within,
are but slightly excavated at the tips.

The synthetic character of the species upon which this genus is based
suggests the propriety of extending the scope of the genus Paramithrax so
that it may embrace this form, together with Cyclomaia and Schizophrys.

MAIOPSIS PANAMENSIS. 13

Maiopsis panamensis Fax.
Plaie II.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zobl., XXIV. 151, 1S93.

Carapace subtriangular, as bi-oad as long, convex, the anterior gastric
region sloping rather abruptly down to the base of the rostrum, which is
split about half way down to the front into two divergent horns ; each ros-
tral horn is armed with a stout basal spine directed upward and forward. The
dorsal surface of the carapace is thickly set with spines of various sizes, and
scattered hooked setae ; the largest spines are arranged as follows: five .on
the gastric region (three in the median line and two lateral), one on the geni-
tal region, one on the cardiac region, four (three of which are submargiiial)
on the intestinal region, and about seven on each branchial region. The
margin of the carapace is armed with about twelve prominent spines ; three
of these are on the hepatic region ; the posterior one is much smaller than
the two in front of it, which are confluent at their bases. The superior mar-
gin of the orbit is deeply cut by two open fissures ; the eyebrow is armed
with two stout spines. The branchio-cardiac lines approach one another
closely at the anterior end of the cardiac area. The basal segment of the
antennae is very broad ; its distal margin is armed with a strong internal
spine directed downward and forward ; a second spine, pointing obliquely
forward, arises from the external angle ; while a third bifid spine lies between
the other two ; there are, besides, a few spinules on the lower side of this
segment. The anterior margin of the third segment of the outer maxillipeds
is denticulate. The sternum is ornamented with small tubercles along each
side of the abdomen. The first abdominal segment is furnished with a
bidentate tubercle.

The legs are long, and covered with numerous spiny tuljercles ; the
meri are armed with three more prominent spines at the distal end. The
first ambulatory leg is the longest, the others decreasing in length successively
from before backward. The carpus of all the four pairs of ambulatory
appendages is marked with a dorsal longitudinal groove. The chela is long
and slender, the tubercles on the hand smaller than on the other parts of the
legs, while the fingers are nearly smooth, subcanaliculate, and blunt-tipped ;
a deep pit is seen at the base of the movable finger.

Length from base of rostrum to posterior margin of carapace, 112 mm. ;

14 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

breadth, 113.5 mm.; length of rostrum, 22 mm.; length of rostral horns,
11 mm. ; breadth between eyebrows, 38 mm. ; length of cheliped, 156 mm.
(meriis, 44.5 mm. ; carpus, 25 mm. ; propodus, 67 mm. ; dactylus, 25 mm.) ;
length of second leg (first ambulatory), 195 mm. (merus, 62 mm., carpus,
32 mm. ; propodus, 40 mm., dactylus, 44 mm.) ; width of sternum, 72 mm.;
length of telson, 8.7 mm. ; width of telson, 16.5 mm.
Station 3355. 182 fathoms. 1 male.

Family PARTHENOPID.E.
LAMBRUS Lkach.

rans. Linn. Soc. London, XI. 308, 310, 1815.

Lambrus hassleri Fax.

Plate III., Fig. 1, 1".

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 152, 1893.

The carapace is from one and a third to one and two fifths times as broad
as long. A deep longitudinal depression separates the branchial from the
gasti'ic and cardiac regions and another separates the hepatic and branchial
regions. The whole surface is tuberculous, granulated, and pitted. There
are three large tubercles on the gastric region, one median and two smaller
ones in a transverse line in front of the median. Three tubercles are found
on the cardiac region in the median line, the middle one the largest. On
the posterior margin there are three tubercles with smaller ones between
them ; the three larger ones are placed, one in the middle line of the cara-
pace, one on each side. The largest of the numerous tubercles which lie on
the gastric area is placed on the most prominent central point ; four or five
smaller ones are disposed in a somewhat irregular diagonal row on the side
of the deep depression which divides the branchial from the cardiac area.
The rostrum is directed forward and downward at an obtuse angle with the
axis of the body ; it is constricted in front of the antennular pockets, leav-
ing a dentiform tubercle on each side ; there is also, in most examples, a
rudimentary tubercle on each side of the rostrum near the tip ; the upper
side of the rostrum is excavated between the eyes. The upper border of
the orbits exhibits two tubercles. The antero-lateral border of the cara-
pace is armed anteriorly with rounded tubercles which pass into prominent

LAMBRUS HASSLERI. 15

laciniated teeth posteriorly ; the largest of these teeth is situate at the lateral
angle of the carapace. There is one very prominent tooth on the postero-
lateral margin, together with three or four smaller ones. The edges of the
segments of the chelipeds are furnished with granulated spines and the ex-
posed surfaces of all the segments are tuberculate ; on the lower face of the
propodus the more prominent tubercles are arranged in a longitudinal median
row. The merus joints of all the ambulatory appendages are spinulose on
their upper and lower edges, and on the last pair there are also a few
rudimentary spines or tubercles on the carpus and one near the middle of
the upper margin of the propodus. Distinct traces of red transverse bands
are to be seen on the upper surface of the cheliped, two on the merus, one
on the carpus, one on the propodus, and one on the base of the dactylus.
Abdomen tuberculous in both sexes, the most prominent tubercles being on
the middle of each segment fiom the second to the sixth inclusive.

Dimensions of a female : length of carapace, 27 mm. ; breadth of cara-
pace, including lateral teeth, 38 mm. ; length of merus of cheliped, 30 mm. ;
length of propodus of cheliped (to base of dactylus), 33 mm.

Station 3368. 66 fathoms. 1 fem.

" 3427. 80 " 1 male, 1 fem.

This species was previously obtained during the voyage of the " Hassler "
at Magdalena Bay, Lower California, August 14, 1872. The specimens then
collected (3 <?, 1 9, dry) were apparently picked up dead on the shore. In
three of these examples the more prominent tubercles on the carapace are
longer and more spine-like than in those obtained by the " Albatross."

Lambrns hasskri is the Pacific coast representative of L. jjourtuksii Stimps.
of the eastern coast of North America. The two species are very closely
related, but L. hasskri differs from the eastern form in the following par-
ticulars : the carapace is broader in proportion to its length ; the branchial
regions are more expanded and inflated, and this inflation extends further in
toward the cardiac area, so as to involve the oblique row of small tuber-
cles : that is to say, this row of tubercles, which in L. poiirtalesii lies low down
in the fossa which separates the branchial from the cardiac area, is raised up
in L. hasskri on the swell of the branchial region. The spines on the edges
of the chelipeds, moreover, are not laciniated to such an extent as they are
in L. povrtulesii.

Professor S. I. Smith, misled by imperfections in A. Milne Edwards's figure
of L. pourtalesii, has redescribed that species under the name of Lamhrns ver-

16 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

rillii* I have compared specimens of L. poiiiialesii dredged by Stimpson and
A. Afassiz (specimens that served Milne Edwards for description and figures)
with specimens of L. vcrrillii received from Professor Smith, and find them
to be the same. L. poiuiaksii has been taken at depths of 40-134 fathoms
off Martha's Vineyard, Cape Hatteras, Florida, and the Antilles.

Family CANCRID^.

CANCER Linn, (i-estr.).

Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I. 025, 17=8. Restricted by Leach, Traus. Limi. Soc. London, XL

308, 320, 1815.

Cancer longipes Bell.

Proc. ZoiJlog. Soc. London, III. 87, 1835 ; Trans. Zoolog. Soc. London, L 337, Plates XLIIL,

XLVIL Fig. 1, 1S35.

Station 3385. 286 fathoms. 4 males.

" 3389. 210 " 1 male, 1 fern.

The largest specimen measures 137 mm. across the carapace.

Cancer longipes has been known hitherto as a littoral species from Chile
(Valparaiso) and Bolivia (Mexillones : specimens in Mus. Comp. Zodl.). The
" Albatross " specimens were dredged in the Bay of Panama ; bottom tem-
peratures 45.9° F. and 48.8° F. So Cancer horealis Stimps. of the northeastern
coast of the United States and the British Provinces has been dredged in
deep water (233 fathoms) off the coast of South Carolina, far to the south of
its normal littoral range.!

ACTIMK De Haan.

Siebold's Fauna Japouica, Crustacea, p. 18, 1833.

Actsea dovii Stimps.
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X. 104, 1871.

One male, from the reef at Panama.

* Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III. 415, 1881.

t See Smitli, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X. 5, 1882.

XANTHODES SULCATUS. 17

GLYPTOXANTHUS A. JI. Edw.

Crustaoes de la Region Mex., p. 253, 1S79.

Glyptoxanthus labyrinthicus (Stimps.).

Acttea labyrinthka Stimps., Anu. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII. 201, 1860.

Gli/ptoxaiifhus laljyrinthicus A. M. Edw., Crustaoes de la Region Mex., p. 255, Plate XLIII. Fig. 4, 1879.

One male, from the reef at Panama.

XANTHODES Dana.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., VI. 75, 1852 ; U. S. Explor. Exped , Crustacea, Pt. I., pp. 148, 175, 1852.

Xanthodes sulcatus Fax.
Plate III., Fig. 2, 2".

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 152, 1893.

The carapace is rather convex from before backward, granulated, the
granulation heaviest on the lower surface and near the borders of the upper
surface. Deeply impressed grooves separate the gastric from the branchial
regions, and the mesogastric lobe from the lateral gastric lobes. The groove
which continues in the median line to the front, anteriorly to the meso-
gastric lobe, is crossed a short distance behind the frontal margin by a trans-
verse groove which meets on either side another groove running parallel to
the upper margin of the orbit. In this way there are marked off a pair of
frontal and a pair of orbital areolets. The frontal margin is nearly straight,
finely denticulated and separated from the orbital areolets by a groove. The
margins of the orbit are also minutely denticulate, and there is a broadly
open, triangular notch at the external orbital angle. The antero-lateral
border of the carapace is armed with four spines or teeth, ENTS of Dana's
nomenclature, there being no tooth at the outer angle of the orbit; of these
teeth, the first is the smallest, the third the largest, and the second and
fourth are of about equal size ; the edges of all the teeth are denticulate.
The lower margin of the orbit is produced into a prominent tooth at the
inner angle. The basal joint of the antenna barely meets, by the inner
angle of its distal end, a descending process of the frontal margin, and the
next joint lies in, but does not nearly fill, the hiatus at the inner orbital
angle. The merus of the outer maxillipeds is granulated like the under
parts of the carapace. The chelipeds are short and unsymmetrical ; the

18 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

merus is granulated on its outer face, spinulose on the upper edge, and
grooved near the articulation with the carpus ; the carpus is granulated on
its outer side and furnished with a median internal tooth ; the propodus is
inflated, granular along the superior margin and at the proximal end of
the outer face where some of the granules are enlarged, and tubercular on
the larger claw ; the rest of the outer surface of the propodus is smooth
in adult specimens. The meri of the ambulatory limbs are spinulose on
their upper edges.

Dimensions of a male : length of carapace, 8 mm. ; breadth of cara-
pace, 11 mm.; length of larger chela, 10 mm.; breadth of larger chela,
5 mm.

Station 3355. 182 fathoms. 1 male, 1 fern.
" 3391. 153 " 1 male, 3 fern.

PANOPEUS M. Edw.

Hist. Nat. Crust., I. 403, 1834.

Panopeus latus Fax.

Plate III., Fig. 8, ^".

Bull. Mus. Conip. Zobl., XXIV. 153, 1893.

Carapace broad, convex in the antero-posterior direction, granulated,
especially on the hepatic, branchial, and cardiac regions ; areolations well
marked and protuberant. Front divided by a small median incision into two
slightly convex lobes whose edges are simple and not produced into teeth at
the lateral angles. Antero-lateral margin cut into five teeth ; postocular
tooth small, separated from the second tooth by a shallow granulated sinus ;
the third tooth is the broadest, and rounded off at the apex ; the fourth
is the most salient, and acute ; the fifth is very small and acute ; all
the teeth have crenate or else spinulose margins. The margin of the
orbit is minutely crenulate ; its upper part is marked by two closed
fissures ; the external hiatus of the orbit has the form of a triangular
notch; the lower margin is produced to form an obtuse tooth at the inner
angle. The subhepatic region is granulous, but not provided with a tub-
ercle. The merus of the third pair of maxillipeds is also granulated. The
carpus of the chelipeds is rough with small tubercles, grooved along the
distal margin of the outer side, and armed internally with a small blunt

PANOPEUS TANNERI. 19

tooth ; the hands are robust, inflated, smooth, except near their articulation
with the carpus, where scattering granules appear ; upper and lower margins
rounded ; fingers long, down-curved, smooth, canaliculate, their cutting edges
irregularly armed with small and rather sharp teeth, without any prominent
basal tooth ; when closed the fingers are separated by a slight gap, and their
tips cross one another ; the color of the fingers in alcoholic specimens is very
light brown. The chelte of the right and left sides are unequal in size, but
similar in shape. The ambulatory appendages are setose, their merus joints
furnished with small teeth along their upper edges. The seventh segment
of the sternum in the male is entirely concealed by the base of the abdomen.
The coxJB of the fifth pair of legs are in contact with the third abdominal
segment. The penultimate segment of the abdomen has concave sides, the
terminal segment is broad and rounded.

Length of carapace, 6.5 mm. ; breadth of carapace, 10.25 mm.

Station 3397. 85 fathoms. 1 male.

In this species the carapace is short, the posterior margin wider than
usual in the genus. In its general aspect it recalls P. xantJdformis A. M. Edw. ;
the meri of the ambulatory legs are denticulated on their upper margins as
in xanthifonnis, but in latits the carapace is much broader and more convex in
an antero-posterior sense, the front is less prominent and is destitute of lobes
at the lateral angles; the carpal tooth is blunt, etc.

Panopeus tanneri Fax.
Plate III., Fig. 4, Jf".

Micropanope poUta Rathb., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI. 238, 1893.
Panopeus laniien Fax., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 154, 1893.

Carapace moderately convex both lengthwise and transversely, smooth
and polished in the central and hinder parts, coarsely granular on the ante-
rior gastric and hepatic regions. The gastric and hepatic areas are well ■
marked off" by depressions. Front nearly straight, divided by a median tri-
angular fissure, and projecting as a blunt tooth at each lateral angle ; a
double edge is formed by a groove which runs along the front, the lower
edge projecting further forward than the upper edge ; both upper and lower
edges are finely granulate. The antero-lateral margins of the carapace are
cut into triangular teeth ; the first and second of these teeth are small, coa-
lesced, connected by a shallow sinus; the third and fourth are of about an

20 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

equal size ; the fifth is much smaller ; all the teeth are granulous on their an-
terior border, smooth on their posterior border ; the depressions between the
third and fourth and the fourth and fifth teeth are continued in as furrows
for some distance on the carapace, finally uniting and meeting the cervical
furrow. The upper margin of the orbit forms a tooth at the inner angle
above and outside of the external marginal tooth of the front ; there is a
closed fissure near the middle of the superior orbital border ; the external
fissure is a triangular notch ; a blunt tooth at the inner angle of the lower
maro-in. There is no subhepatic tubercle. A transverse row of tubercles on
the front of the eye-stalk (when viewed retracted within the orbit) just inside
the eye. Chelipeds unsymmetrical ; carpus squamoso-rugose, with a slight
transverse groove, and armed with a prominent but not very sharp internal
tooth ; propodus stout, superior border rounded and squamoso-tuberculate,
outer surface smooth ; fingers of larger chela gaping, movable finger armed
with a large blunt tooth at base ; fingers of smaller chela slendei'er, without
prominent teeth ; fingers of both hands black, hooked at extremities, tips
crossing. Upper edge of merus of ambulatory appendages lightly denticu-
lated, excepting the posterior pair. Base of abdomen entirely covers the
sternal segments ; penultimate segment of abdomen short, posterior angles
prolonged backward ; last segment short, pentagonal. In young specimens
the granules of the carpus and propodus are more numerous and sharper-
pointed.

Length of carapace, 6.25 mm. ; breadth, 10 mm.

Station 3405. 53 fathoms. 5 males (3 adults, 2 young).
♦" 3368. 66 " 1 male.

The name Micropanope polita was published a short time before Panopeus
tanneri, but if this species is referred to the genus Panopeus, the specific name
politus cannot be used, since it was applied to a different species by Professor
S. I, Smith in 1869. The genus Micropanope has not been clearly defined
either by Stimpson or A. Milne Edwards. The type of the genus, Micropan-
ope sculpiipes Stimps. (= M. jmgikitor A. M. Edw.), does not seem to belong
to the same assemblage of species as Panopeus tanneri, which differs from the
typical species of Panopeus merely by the granulation of the carapace and
the serration of the meri of some of the ambulatory appendages. These pecul-
iarities do not, in my opinion, justify the separation of P. tannen from the
genus Panopeus.

PILUMNUS LIMOSUS. 21

OZIUS M. Edw.
Hist. Nat. Crust., I. 404, 1S34,

Ozius verreauxii Sauss.

Rev. et Mag. Zool., 2- Ser., V. 359, Plate XII. Fig. 1, 1853.

One female, from Charles Island, Galapagos, April 1. This species was
found at James Island, Galapagos, and also at Panama during the voyage of
the " Hassler " from Boston to San Francisco in 1872. It has been recorded
from Mazatlan, Mex., and Lower California.

MENIPPE De Haan.
Siebold's Fauna Japouica, Crustacea, p. 21, 1833.

Menippe frontalis a. m. Edw.

Crustaces de la Region Mex., p. 261, Plate XL VIII. Fig. 2, 1879.

One male, collected at low tide on the reef outside Panama. Menippe
frontalis has been previously recorded from Panama and the coast of
Equador.

HETERACT.S!A Lockington.

Proc. Cal. Acad. Soi., VII. 97, 1877-

Heteractsea lunata (M. Edw. et Luc).

Pllumnus lunatus M. Edw. et Luc, D'Orbigny's Voy. dans I'Amer. Merid., Crust,, p. 20, Plate IX.

Fig. 2, 1843.
Reteraclcea lunata Kingsl., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilad., 1879, p. 396, 1880; A. M. Edw., Crustaces de

la Region Max., p. 301, Plate LII. Fig. 2, 1880.

One specimen (male) from Panama. Previou,sly recorded from the coast
of Chile, the west coast of Central America, Cape St. Lucas, and the Gulf of
California. There are specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
brought by the " Hassler " Expedition from Panama and San Diego, Cal.

PILUMNUS Leach.
Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XI, 309, 321, 1815.

Pilumnus limosus Smith.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XIL 285, 1869.

One male from Panama.

22 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Family TRAPEZIIDiE.

TRAPEZIA Latr,
Fam. Nat., p. 269, 1825 [Trapezie]; Eucjcl. Metli., Hist. Nat., X. 695, 1825 [Tmpezial

Trapezia cymodoce (Herbst) ?

? Cancer cymodoce Heebst, Naturgescliicbte der Krabben und Krebse, III., Heft 2, p. 22, Plate LI. Fig. 5,

1801 (of. Gerst^cker, Arcb. Naturgesch. XXII., 1, pp. 125, 126, 1856).
? Trapezia cymodoce Latr., Eucycl. Metb., Hist. Nat., X. 695, 1825.

One female from Acapulco, Mex., April 18. It agrees with specimens
from Panama doubtfully referred to T. cymodoce by Smith.* The epibranchial
lateral spines are in a transverse line with the middle of the carapace, while
in Herbst's type of T. cymodoce, according to Gerstaecker, they lie far behind
the middle. Otherwise the specimen agrees pretty closely with Gerstaecker's
description of Herbst's type. It is the same as, or closely related to, Trapezia
cceridea Ruppell, and T. miniata Jacquinot. There are specimens belonging
to the same species in the Museum of Comparative Zoology collected by
A. Agassiz at Acapulco in 1860, and at the Isles of Pearls, Panama Bay, in
1875. There is also in this Museum one of the specimens collected by
the Wilkes Exploring Expedition at the Sandwich Islands, and referred
to T. cymodoce by Dana. It agrees well with the Acapulco and Panama
specimens.

MierSjt influenced by Herbst's figure, assigns T. cymodoce to the group of
species with the hand subcristate above, and hairy on the outer surface, —
a conclusion contradicted by Herbst's and Gersta^cker's descriptions. The
latter writer has shown that Herbst's /^?(re is very incorrect.

Family PORTUNID^.

AREN.ffiUS Dana.

Araer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 2d Ser., XII. 130, 1851.

Arenseus mexicanus (Geest.).

Etictenofa mexicana Gerst., Arch. Naturgesch., XXII., 1, p. 131, Plate V. Figs. 3, 4, 1856.

Arenaus bidens Smith, Ann. Rep., Peabody Acad. Sci. for 1869 and 1870, p. 90, 1871.

Neptunus mexicanus A. M. Edw., Crustaces de la Region Mex., p. 212, Plate XLII. Fig. 3, 1879.

Three males, Cocos Island, Feb. 28, Previously known from the west
coast of Mexico and Nicaragua.

* Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII. 287, 1869.

t Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5tii Series, II. 409, 1878, Rep. Ciiallenger Brachyura, p. 165, 1886.

ACHELOUS AFFINIS. 23

ACHELOUS De Haan.
Siebold's Fauna Japonica, Crustacea, p. 8, 1833.

Achelous spinimanus (Latr.).

Porlunus spinimanus Latr. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., 2« ed., XXVIII. 47, 1819.
Portunus {Achelous) spinimanus De Haan, Fauna Japonica, Crustacea, p. 8, 1833.

Station 3368. 66 fathoms. 2 males.

These specimens differ from the typical form in having a shorter arm and
hand, a longer spine on the inner side of the carpus ; in having a short spine
at the distal end of the superior border of the propodus and two small spines
at the distal end of tlie merus of the last pair of legs. Of these two spines
the larger is on the posterior lateral angle of the segment, the smaller one
just above it. The carpal spine reaches half way to the extremity of the
spine on the upper margin of the propodus when the hand is flexed. The
length of the carapace is 44.5 mm.; breadth, 69.5 mm.; length of merus,
33 mm. ; length of chela, 47 mm. ; breadth, 15 mm. ; length of dactylus, 25
mm.; length of carpal spine, measured from the anterior border of the
carpus, 10.5 mm.

If these differences prove to be constant in specimens from this region
the form may be called Achelous brevimanus.

Achelous spinmanus inhabits the Atlantic coast of America from Cape
Hatteras to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It has also been recorded from the coast
of Chile.

Achelous afflnis Fax.

Plate IV., Fig. 1, 1% T.

BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 155, 1S93.

Carapace moderately convex both longitudinally and transversely, the
frontal region depressed and horizontal ; surface rugose, granular, and
pubescent. Front not prominent, composed of four blunt teeth, not
counting the internal angle of the orbit ; the two teeth near the median
line are equilaterally triangular, separated from one another by a tri-
ano-ular notch ; the next teeth on the outer side are separated from
those within by a shallow sinus, and fall off abruptly on the outer side
into the deep notch which separates the front from the inner orbital angle.
The two middle teeth of the front are a trifle longer than the lateral teeth.

24 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

The tooth formed by the projecting inner orbital angle does not attain the
level of the frontal teeth, and it is double, the orbital margin just outside of
it being slightly folded, raised, and projected forward so as to form a secon-
dary tooth similar to that in A. spinimaniis, but not so well-marked. The
antero-lateral margin of the carapace is nine-toothed, including the tooth at
the outer orbital angle ; the posterior tooth is hardly larger than those in
front of it ; the posterior margin of these teeth is convex. The anterior
edge of the merus of the chelipeds is armed with five spines. The carpus
has an internal and a smaller external spine. There is a spine on the pro-
podus at the base at the point of articulation with the carpus, and another on
the upper margin a little distance back of the articulation with the dactyl us.
The distal edge of the fifth pair of legs is spinulose.

Length, 25 mm. ; breadth, 39 mm. ; length of merus of cheliped, 24 mm. ;
length of propodus, including digit, 33 mm. ; length of internal carpal spine,
measured from distal margin of carpus, 3.3 mm.

Station 3379. 52 fathoms. 5 males, 4 fem.
" 3390. 56 " 1 male.

A large number were also taken in the tow-net on the surface at the
following stations : —

Off Mala Point, Hydr. 2627, 3355, 3371, 3382, 3386, 3398, and 50 miles
south of Guaymas.

The specimens taken at the surface are small, and much darker in color
than those that came up in the trawl, but they show no structural differences.
I take them to be the same species in the pelagic stage of its existence.

This species is related to Acheloiis dej^ressifrons Stimps., from the Atlantic
side of the Continent. Compared with A. depressifrons it is broader, and
the curve formed by the front and the antero-lateral margin of the carapace
forms an arc with a longer radius ; the lateral lobe of the front is broader ;
the tooth of tlie inner orbital angle is double, as above described ; the teeth
of the antero-lateral margin have broader bases, and the anterior one at the
outer orbital angle is not so prominent ; the protuberances on the cardiac
and branchial areas are less prominent ; the internal carpal spine is shorter,
and the distal margin of the merus of the fifth pair of legs is denticulate
behind the articulation of the carpus.

TRACK YCARCINUS. 25

Family CORYSTID.^.

TRACHYCARCINUS Fax.
Bull. Mus. Coiiip. Zool., XXIV. 156, 1S93.

Carapace pentagonal, moderately convex, lateral margins long, nearly
straight, toothed. Front narrow, produced, three-toothed. Orbits large,
with forward aspect, imperfect, with two hiatuses above, one below, and one
at the inner angle ; lower wall formed chiefly by the carapace. Anterior
margin of buccal cavity not distinctly defined, epistome short, ridges of the
endostome developed. Sternum long and rather narrow. Abdomen of male
narrow and five-jointed, the third, fourth, and fifth segments consolidated.
Eye-stalks very small, retractile within the orbits. Antennules longitudinally
folded. The antennae lie in the inner hiatus of the orbit ; their basal segment
is but slightly enlarged, not filling the hiatus at the inner angle of the orbit
nor attaining to the front, subcylindrical, unarmed, imperfectlj^ fused with
the carapace ; the second segment is longer and slenderer than the first, the
third segment about equal to the second in length, but slenderer; all these
segments are furnished with long and coarse setse ; the whole antenna is
less than one half as long as the carapace. The ischium of the outer maxil-
lipeds is produced at its antero-internal angle ; the merus of the same
appendages is rounded at the antero-external angle, obliquely truncated
but not emarginated at the antero-internal angle, where it articulates with
the following segment. Legs of moderate length. Right and left chelipeds
very unequally developed in the male. Dactyli of ambulatory legs styliform,
straight, slender, longer than the penultimate segments.

The pentagonal shape of the carapace recalls the genus Tehnessus White.
But in Tehnessus the front is divided by a median notch, the orbit is much
more complete, the basal segment of the antenna sending off an external
process that completely fills the hiatus at the inner angle of the orbit.
Although Trachjcarcinvs bears but little resemblance superficially to Triclio-
peVmion A. M. Edw.* on account of the very different shape of the carapace,
it is in reality closely related to the latter genus as is shown by the close
resemblance between them as regards the orbits and antenna?, the merus
of the outer maxillipeds, the form of the chelipeds, etc.

The Corystoid crabs form a heterogeneous assemblage of rather primi-

* Bull. Mus. Couip. Zool., VIII. 19, Plate II., 1880.

4

26 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

tive forms which show distinct affinities with the Maioids, Cancroids, and
PortunidaB.

Trachycarcinus corallinus Fax.

Plate A.

Bull. i\Ius. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 156, 1893.

The carapace is of an irregularly pentagonal shape, the antero-lateral
borders being about twice the length of the postero-lateral ; the general
surface is densely clothed with a dark brown coat which under a lens is seen
to be made of a multitude of close-set club-shaped setse ; when this covering
is scraped off the shell appears smooth and white underneath. The various
regions of the carapace are well marked out by intervening furrows, and
from the more prominent parts of each region there arise groups of flattened
tui^bercles of ivory whiteness which stand out in striking contrast to the
sombre brown of the general surface of the carapace. These tubercles are
arranged in groups or bunches, the principal of which are placed as follows :
two anterior lateral and one posterior median on the gastric region ; four
disposed in two pairs on the cardiac region ; five or six on each branchial
region ; and one, of a crescentic shape, on each hepatic region. Each group
of tubercles resembles the crown of a complex molar tooth whose cusps have
been worn down to a common level. The front is produced into three acute
teeth, the median twice as long as the lateral. The walls of the orbit
exhibit four teeth separated by deep hiatuses ; these teeth are a praeocular,
supraocular, postocular, and subocular ; the praeocular tooth is compressed
and blunt, its anterior edge denticulate. Behind the postocular spine the
antero-lateral border of the carapace displays three prominent teeth, increas-
ing in length successively from before backward ; there is, too, a minute tooth
just back of the largest, posterior lateral tooth. The posterior margin of the
carapace is provided with small teeth and is concave at the middle part.
The eye-stalks are very slender, far from filling the orbits. The eyes them-
selves are not larger than the extremity of the eye-stalk ; they have an im-
perfectly faceted cornea, but show no trace of pigment. The basal segment
of the antenna is small and cylindrical ; it does not quite reach to the margin
of the front, and is not firmly soldered to the carapace ; the other two seg-
ments of the peduncle are longer and slenderer than the basal segment ; the
end of the peduncle does not quite reach to the extremity of the rostrum ;
all of the segments of the peduncle are furnished with long setre, while the

TEACHYCARCINUS CORALLINUS. 27

flagellum (which is about as long as the t\YO distal segments of the peduncle
taken together, and composed of about fifteen segments) is nearly naked.
The chelipeds are very unequal in size on the two sides of the body in the
male sex. In four specimens the right is the larger, in two the left. In
adnlt specimens the large claw is naked, smooth, and ivory-white, like the
tubercles of the carapace ; the merus has a few small teeth along its upper
margin, most of them near the two ends of the segment, and there are also
a few still smaller teeth along the postero-inferior margin ; the carpus is
inflated, its upper margin armed with one strong tooth and denticulated
along its whole length ; the propodus is short and somewhat swollen, the
finger bent down at an obtuse angle with the lower border of the palm ;
there are in most specimens two or three small tubercles or teeth on the
superior margin of the propodus, besides a tubercular process at the articu-
lation of the cai'pus ; the dactylus is strong, down-curved, and furnished with
small tubercles on its upper border ; both fingers are armed with large blunt
teeth on their opposed edges. The smaller chela is furnished with setaj ; it
is slenderer than the large claw, and has pi'oportionally longer fingers ; it is
also sparsely granulated. In the female both chelipeds are of approximately
equal size, and they resemble, both in size and shape, the smaller cheliped of
the male.

The ambulatory appendages are unarmed and clothed with coarse setoe,
which are most thickly set upon the dactyli. The dactyli are considerably
longer than the propodi, nearly cylindrical, very straight, and tipped with a
small, acute, horny nail.

Dimensions of largest specimen (male) : length of carapace, 26 mm. ;
breadth of carapace, 27 mm. ; length of larger cheliped, 50 mm. ; propo-
dus, 20 mm. ; breadth of propodus, 10.5 nun.; length of smaller cheliped,
24 mm. ; propodus, 9 mm. ; breadth of propodus, 4 mm. ; length of first
ambulatory leg, 35 mm.

The carapace of the smallest ovigerous female measures 22X23 mm.

The eggs are spherical and large for the size of the animal ; they vary in
size from one and a third to one and a half millimeters in diameter. About
one hundred are laid by one female.

The depth at w^hich this animal lives is very great for a Brachyuran. I
believe that the only species previously known that normally live below the
500 fathom line are certain species of JEtlima and ^Ihtsina, and Geryon
quinquedens Smith.

28 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

The peculiar form and arrangement of the white tubercles on the cara-
pace give to this animal the aspect of a piece of stone coral.
Station 3353. 695 fathoms. 1 female.

" 3356. 546 " 5 males, 4 fem. (2 ovig.).

" 3418. 660 " 1 male.

Family GECARCINID^E.

GECARCINUS Leach.
Traus. Liuii. Soc. London, XI. 309, 322, 1S15.

Gecarcinus malpilensis Fax.

Plate IV., Fig. 2, ^, 2\
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., XXIV. 157, 1893.

Carapace very broad and convex anteriorly, flattened and narrowed pos-
teriorly ; surface microscopically granulated ; antero-lateral margin rounded,
not denticulated ; the median gastric furrow is well marked ; the furrow
separating the gastric from the branchial regions does not extend forward
far enough to separate the gastric from the hepatic area ; the so-called
genital area is separated by a pronounced groove from the branchial and
cardiac regions, but not from the gastric ; there is a deep indentation at
the anterior extremity of the lateral genital furrows ; the furrows bound-
ing the cardiac region on either side are moderately developed. Front
deflexed at a right angle to the axis of the body, deep, concave above the
margin, margin not reflexed, granulated. The merus of the outer maxilli-
peds is five-sided, outer side convex, distal slightly notched, antero-internal
straight and parallel to the long axis of the body, forming an obtuse angle
with the postero-internal margin, which is slightly concave. Merus and
carpus of chelipeds devoid of spines or teeth. Dactylus of the ambulatory
legs furnished with six rows of spines.

Length, 55 mm. ; breadth, 76 mm. ; width of hind border of carapace,
19 mm. ; width of front. 11 mm. ; depth of front, 7 mm.

Malpelo Island, March 5. 1 male.

This species is very distinct from any previously described. Compared
with the previously known species from the Pacific coast, it is nearest to
G. quadratns Sauss., but the outline of the carapace is very different, being

PLANES. 29

similar to G. ruricola, from the eastern coast. Moreover, the front is nar-
rower, deeper, and bent down at a .sharper angle than in G. qmidrahis, and
the merus of the outer maxillipeds is very different in shape from that
of G. (jitadraius or any other known species.

Family OCYPODID^.

GELASIMUS Latr.

Nouv. Diet, d' Hist. Nat., 2<= ed., XI. 517, 1817.

Gelasimus sp.

A male specimen of a species of Gelasimus was collected on Chatham
Island, Galapagos. It agrees with the figure of Gelasimus macroductt/liis
M. Edw. et Luc.,* except in the proportions of the carapace, which is
broader (13 X 19 mm.) in the Galapagos specimen.

Family GRAPSID^.
PLANES BowDicH.

Excursions iu Madeira and Porto Santo, p. 15, Fig. 2", 2', 1825.

Planes, a MS. name of Dr. Leach's, was first published in T. Edward
Bowdich's " Excursions in Madeira and Porto Santo, during the Autumn
of 1823," London, 1825. In this work Bowdich figured and assigned to
this genus the Cancer minutus of Linne, under the name of Planes clt/^waUis.
The name Planes was afterwards adopted by Bell, White, and Dana, and
more recently by Miers t and Haswell. X But most recent authors have
rejected Planes in favor of the later NuuUlograpsiis of Milne Edwards, § on
account of the insufficiency of Bowdich's description. Accepting the judi-
cious ruling of the American Ornithologists' Union committee on nomen-
clature II — that a recognizable published figure affords a valid basis for a
generic name — I retain Leach's name for this genus ; for Bowdich's figures,
though rudely executed, are unmistakable.

* D'Orbigny's Voj. dans I'Amer. Mcrid., Crust., p. 27, Plate XI. Fig. .3, 184.3.

t Cat. Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crust. New Zealand, p. 39, 1876.

t Cat. Australian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crust., p, 99, 1882.

§ Hist. Nat. Crust., II. 89, 1837.

II The Code of Nomenclature and Check-List of North American Birds, adopted by the American Orni-
thologists' Union ; being the Report of the Committee of the Union on Classification and Nomenclature.
Ne^ York, 1886. Canon XLII., p. 52.

30 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Planes minutus (Linn.).

Cancer miiiulus Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I. 625, 1758.
Planes minutus WuiTE, List Crust. Brit. Mus., p. 42, 1S47.

Station 2628. 1 fern.

" 3413. 2 males, 2 fern, ovig

Off Acapulco, Mex. 1 male.
No local. 2 males, 1 fem. ovig.

All of these specimens were taken from Green Turtles. The carapace of
the largest one (a female) measures 23 X 23 mm.

GRAPSUS Lamakck.
Systeme des Animaux saus Vertebres, p. 150, 1801.

Grapsus grapsus (Linn.).

Cancer grapsus Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1. 630, 1758.

Grapsus grapsus Ives, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1891, p. 190.

Indefatigable and Chatham Islands, Galapagos, 3 males, 3. fem. (1 ovig.).
There are also specimens in this Museum from Charles Island in the same
archipelago, collected during the voyage of the " Hassler."

Compared witli the typical form from Florida, the Galapagos specimens
have a higher and absolutely perpendicular front, the frontal lobes project-
ing even further forward than in specimens from Acapulco labelled " Grapsus
altifrons " by Dr. Stimpson. The spots upon the carapace and legs are fewer
and more definitely circumscribed than in Florida specimens, and the outer
face of the carpus and hand of the chelipeds is uniform red. The ambulatory
legs are more robust. Carapace of a male, 63 X 69 ram.

Family PINNOTHERID^.

PINNIXA White.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1st Series, XVIII. 177, 1846.

Pinnixa panamensis Fax.

Plate v., Fig. 1, T, 1\

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., XXIV. 158, 1893.

Male. — Carapace short and very broad, smooth and punctate for the
most part, granulated at the sides. The lateral angles form a prominent

PINNIXA PANAMENSIS. 31

shoulder, back of which the carapace diminishes abruptly in width. A trans-
verse depression involves the hind part of the gastric and the fore part
of the cardiac regions. This depression is bounded behind by a ridge
which extends across the carapace between the bases of the last pair
of thoracic appendages. Back of this ridge the carapace is deflected at an
angle of about forty-five degrees. Front depressed, divided by a median
notch into two not prominent lobes; margin setose. The chelipeds are
small, with very stout carpus and hand, destitute of spines, but furnished
with some setoe along their edges ; carpus squamose on the anterior and
superior parts of the outer side ; propodus not broader than the carpus,
laterally compressed ; a row of tubercles along the superior border forms a
sort of crest ; a longitudinal row of setiferous squamoid tubercles runs
lengthwise of the hand from the proximal end, stopping short of the base
of the immobile fino-er ; the surface between this and the dorsal crest is
thickly beset with tubercles, but below it the surface is almost smooth down
to a row of tubercles which runs along the inferior margin ; immovable finger
straight, the dactylus closing against it throughout its length ; dactylus fur-
nished with long seta3 on the upper margin ; no prominent teeth or tubercles
on the cuttino- ed^e of either fino;er. First and second ambulatory limbs of
moderate length, nearly naked, with slender and straight dactyli ; last three
segments tuberculate on superior margin. Third pair very much enlarged ;
the merus has a convex anterior border, and is pubescent on the anterior
third of the upper surftice ; posterior margin double, spinulose. Fourth
ambulatory legs very small, not reaching beyond the distal end of the merus
of the third pair ; upper surface smooth. Dactyli of penultimate and last
pairs of legs short, acute, set at angle with the propodi so as to form pre-
hensile hooks. End joint of abdomen broader than the preceding joint,
semicircular. The dactylus of the outer maxillipeds articulates with the
propodus near the distal end of the latter. The carapace is 5 mm. long by
10 mm. broad.

The female is larger than the male, the carapace is more highly polished,
the transverse depression not so pronounced, and the appendages are more
thickly clothed with setoe. Length of carapace, 6.3 mm. ; breadth, 13 mm.

Panama, March 12. 4 males, 6 fem. ovig.

32 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Family CALAPPIDvE.

PLATYMERA M. Edw.
Hist. Nat. Crust., II. 107, 1837.

Platymera gaudichaudii M. Edw.

Hist. Nat. Crust,, II. 108, 1837.

Station 3387. 127 fothoras. 2 males.

Both specimens are adult, the larger measuring 58.5 X 105 mm.
(including the lateral spines). The more prominent parts of the carapace
rise into small tubercles here and there, to the number of about twenty-five.
The position of some of these tubercles appears to be indicated by reddish
spots in Milne Edwards and Lucas's figure of this species.* In the " Alba-
tross" specimens the teeth of the antero-lateral margin are sharper and
smaller than in the figure, the meri of the ambulatory appendages narrower,
and the dactyli are not expanded near their tips.

PMi/mera gaudichaudii has hitherto been known as a Chilean species.

Through the kindness of Miss Rathbim I have had an opportunity to
examine specimens of Pldfymera calif ornicnm ,\ recently described by her.
They are identical with tlie specimens which I have referred to P. gandi-
cJiaudii. I do not think that the very slight discrepancies between these
specimens and the figures in D'Orbigny's Atlas warrant their separation,
especially as neither Miss Rathbun nor I have had specimens from Chile
for comparison. The differences between our specimens and the figures
might well arise from a slight inaccuracy of the draughtsman. The types
of P. califonnensis were dredged off the coast of California, lat. 32° 22' 30" N.
to 37° 43' 20" N., in 26-204 fathoms.

Family MATUTID^.

OSACHILA Stimps.
Bull. Mas. Comp. Zdol., II. ISl, 1870.

Osaohila lata Fax.

Plale v., Figs. B, 2% 2".

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., XXIV. 159. 1893.

Carapace expanded laterall}- ; length : breadth = 3:4; three low obtuse
protuberances on the gastric region, one on the cardiac, three or four on the

* D'Orbigny's Voy. dans rAm6r, Merid., Crust., Plato XIII,
t Proc. U. S, Nat. Mus,, XVI. 253, 1893.

OSACHILA LATA. 33

branchial ; the surface of all of these protuberances is tuberculate, the
tubercles coarsely punctate, the surface between the protuberances smooth
and coarsely punctate. Front prominent, bilobed, the lobes separated by a
completely closed fissure ; frontal margin thick, rounded, with two punc-
tate tubercles ; antero-lateral margin of carapace sharp ; behind the point
where the subhepatic ridge joins this margin it is divided into five obtuse
lobes, each of which is denticulate ; postero-lateral margin single, tubercu-
lated ; posterior margin narrow, concave ; two transverse rows of low tuber-
cles on the hinder part of the carapace anterior to the hind margin. Beneath,
the subhepatic region and the surface of the outer maxillipeds, sternum and
abdomen are tuberculated and heavily pitted, presenting an eroded appear-
ance. Subbranchial area smooth. The merus of the chelipeds is tuberculate
along the upper edge and outside of it ; carpus tuberculate externally, distal
and superior margin produced to a cristiform tooth which continues back
upon the carpus the crest of the superior border of the propodus ; propodus
tuberculate on outer flice, the tubercles largest above, superior border forming
a slight denticulate crest which is split into three indistinct lobes ; lower margin
of hand ornamented with a row of low, but rather large tubercles. The edges
of the ambulatory limbs are slightly cristate ; dactyli pubescent on distal
portion. There are traces of transverse I'ed bands on the ambulatory legs.

Length, 24.5 mm., breadth, 32 mm.

Station 3427. 80 fathoms. 1 male.

In this species there is a crescentic depression on the margin of the
pterygostomian region in front of the base of the chelipeds, leading into
the branchial chamber ; this depression is much more strongly marked than
in Hepatus or in Osachila tuherosa Stimps. [0. acuta Stimps. and 0. stimpsonii
Studer I have not seen). The third, fourth, and fifth abdominal segments
in the male are fused into one, as in Hepatus and 0. tubcrosa. In the genus
Osachila the apex of the merus of the outer maxillipeds is notched or con-
cave, leaving an opening into the excurrent branchial canal when the outer
maxillipeds are closely applied to the buccal area. This orifice does not
exist in Hfpatus or in Actceomorpha Miers, a genus which must be closely
allied to Osachila. The second and third segments of the antennae are present
in Osachila, but only as the merest rudiments.

Three species of Osachila have been previously described : 0. tuherosa
Stimps.* from the Antilles and off Cape Hatteras, 30-164 fathoms ; 0. acuta

* Bull. Mus. Conip. Zool., II. ISl, 1S70.

5

34 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Stimps.* from Panama and Manzanillo ; and 0. stimpsonii Studer,t from near
Ascension Island, 60 fathoms. The latter species appears to be very simi-
lar to, if not the same as, 0. hiberosa. In the breadth of the carapace
0. Ma shows a closer approach to Hepatm than the more typical species
of Osachilu do.

Family DORIPPID^.

.fflTHUSA Koux.

Crustaoes de la Mediterranee, 4*"" Livr., 1830 lElhusa].

.ffilthusa ciliatifrons Fax.

Plate v., Fig. 3, 3', 3".

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 159, 1S93.

Carapace broader than long, branchial regions much inflated ; surface
o-ranulated on the branchial and cardiac regions, pubescent on the gastric
reinon ; front and anterior part of the lateral border ornamented with
long up-turned cilia. Front between the orbits divided by a triangular
median sinus and two slightly shallower lateral sinuses into four triangular
teeth of equal length. The orbital sinuses are very deep, and the external
orbital angles reach as far forward as the frontal teeth, so that the front
maro-in of the carapace, viewed from above or from below, is cut into six
teeth of equal length. The dorsal surface of the carapace is deeply areo-
lated ; the branchio-cardiac lines are deeply impressed and meet in the
median line in front of the heart, cutting off the depressed cardiac area from
the gastric. The gastric region is uneven with pits and farrows. The eyes are
small, on very short peduncles, just reaching, when extended, to the pos-
terior angles of the orbital sinuses ; the eye is terminal, not wider than the
peduncles, and is provided with pigment of a black color. The chelipeds are
equal, small, and slender • the chela is smooth and not more robust than the
carpus ; the fingers are longer than the palm, latei'ally compressed, curved
inward, longitudinally gi'ooved, their prehensile edges straight and regularly
denticulated. The ambulatory limbs are very long (the second considerably
longer than the first), naked and granulated ; the propodus is slightly shorter
than the merus, slightly compressed, with a longitudinal groove on each
side ; the dactylus is one half longer than the propodus, laterally compressed,

* Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X. Hi, 1871.

t Crustaceen der Gazelle, p. 16, Plate I. Fig. 4 : Abbandl. Kbnigl. Akad. Wissensoh. zu Berlin, 1882.

^THUSA LATA. 35

slightly curved, longitudinally grooved and ribbed, the upper edge very sliarp.
The last two pairs of limbs are of about an equal length, not reaching beyond
the distal end of the merus of the second pair of ambulatory appendages,
pubescent excepting the nail which tips their dactyli ; their propodi are
much shorter than the merus and not much longer than the carpus ; dactyli
very short and strongly curved. The sternum is rather coarsely granulate.
Conspicuous red transverse bands adorn the chelipeds and first two pairs of
ambulatory appendages ; there are two of these bands on the merus, one on
the carpus, one on the propodus, and one on the dactylus.

Dimensions of a male : length of carapace, 26.5 mm. ; breadth of cara-
pace, 29.5 mm. ; breadth of anterior margin between external orbital
teeth, 12 mm. ; length of second ambulatory appendages, 74.5 mm. (merus,
12 mm. ; propodus, 15.5 mm. ; dactyhis, 22 mm.).

Station 3389. 210 fathoms. 5 males, 2 fem.
" 3391. 153 " 2 males.

" 3396. 259 " 1 male.

3387. 127 " 1 male juv.

In young small specimens the carapace is not so broad as in the adult (in
fact the length of the carapace may be equal to its breadth), the antero-
lateral angles do not project so far forward, and the gastric area is not so
deeply sunken beneath the level of the branchial regions.

.asthusa lata Rathb.

Plate VI., Fig. 1, 1% 1\

Ethusalata Raiub., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., XVI. 258, 1893.
Mhusa pubesceiis Fax., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 160, 1893.

Station 3367. 100 fathoms. 1 female.

After examining the type specimens of vE". Ma Rathb., I am inclined to
attribute the slight diflFerences between them and ^. pvbesccns to difference
in age, the specimen which I described under the name of ^. puhescens being
more than twice the size of the type specimens of yE. laia. In the male of
JE. lata the right and left chelipeds are very unequal.

This species was first obtained by the " Albatross " in 1889, in the Gulf
of California at a depth of 14-33 fathoms. It is the Pacific representative of
-^. microphthalma Smith * of the Atlantic side of the continent.

* Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III. 418, 1881 ; VI. 22, 1883.

3374.

1823

3380.

899

3398.

1573

3400.

1322

3407.

885

3413.

1360

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

^THUSINA Smith.
Aim. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1S82, p. 349, 1S84 \_Ethtisinci\

.asthusina gracilipes (Miers).

Etimsa {Elhusina) gracilipes Miers, Rep. Challenger Brachjura, pp. 332, 333, Plate XXIX., 1886.

Station 3361. 1471 fathoms. 1 fern.

" 3 males, 2 fem.

" 1 male.

" 2 males.

" 1 male, 2 fem.

" 1 fem.

" 2 males, 1 fem,

In most of these specimens the spine at the antero-external angle of the
carapace is long, as in the fignre of the typical form of Miers's species, bnt it
is bent ontward at a sharper angle, as in Miers's var. rohnsta. The outer
spine of the front is longer in proportion to the inner spine, and the carapace
is rather narrower. The legs are shorter (as in var. rohista), while the chela
is midway in form between the typical gracilipes and var. rohista.

The "Challenger" specimens were obtained near the Philippines in 700
fathoms, in the Arafura Sea in 800 fathoms, and in the Banda Sea in 1425
fathoms.

.ffithusina challengeri (Miers)?

?Eaiisa (El/iusiiia) challengeri Miers, Rep. Challenger Brachyura, p. 331, Plate XXVIII. Fig. 2, 1886.*

Station 3414. 2232 fathoms. 1 fem.

T refer this specimen with some doubt to ^. challaigeri. The fingers of the
chelaj are longer than in that species, the internal distal angle of the ischium
of the external maxillipeds is more salient, and the merus more pear-shaped ;
the front, too, is narrower, the median sinus deeper, and the internal orbital
angle less prominent.

I believe that the depth from which this specimen was brought is the
greatest at which any Brachyuran has ever been taken. ^. abt/ssicola Smith
was dredged by the " Albatross " off the east coast of the United States in
2221 fathoms. Miers's specimen of ^. challengeri was obtained from 1875
fathoms, in Japanese seas.

* On pp. 329, 332, Miers refers to this species by the name of ^E. sinuatifron^.

-ETHUSINA SMITHIANA. 37

^thusina smithiana Pax.

Plate VI., Fiff. 2, 2\
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 160, 1S93.

Ill this species the carapace is a Httle longer than broad, and is not much
narrowed anteriorly. The front is four-toothed, the middle pair of teeth
large, triangular, separated from one another by a wide triangular sinus
■which is broader than the antennular sinus ; between these teeth the marein
is bent down till it meets the epistome below ; the lateral teeth of the front
are spiniform, and shorter than the middle teeth. The surface of the cara-
pace is clothed with a short pubescence and is lightly granulous ; the bran-
chio-cardiac grooves are well marked. The postocular teeth are spiniform
and they project far beyond the extremity of the small eye-stalks. The eyes
are smaller than the extremity of their peduncles. The chelipeds are equal,
smooth, naked, unarmed ; the merus cylindrical, the carpus short and
rounded ; the lingers about equal in length to the body of the chela, com-
pressed, prehensile edges sharp .ind not provided with distinct teeth or
tubercles. The ambulatory legs are nearly naked, the second pair more
than twice the length of the carapace, the dact3'lus longer than the propodus.
The last two pairs of legs terminate in short recurved claws, which are
setose on the posterior edge. The sexes do not seem to differ in any marked
degree.

Length of carapace (male), 9.-3 mm. ; breadth, 8 mm.

Station 3370. 134 fathoms. 3 fem.
" 3380. 899 " 2 males.

This species is nearly related to ^. ah/smcola Smith, but its carapace does
not so much diminish in width anteriorly, the external frontal spines are less
developed, tlie external orbital spines are much longer, and brought forward
so that the orbits face more to the front. From jE. chalkngen Miers it differs
in the greater development of the frontal and external orbital spines.

38 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Family CYMOPOLIID^.
CYMOPOLIA Eoux.

Crustaces de la Mediterrauee, 5™' Livr., 1830.

Cymopolia tuberculata Fax.
Plate VI., Fig. 3, 3".

Bull. Mus. Couip. ZooL, XXIV. 161, 1893.

Carapace very broad, subpentagonal, branchial regions swollen. Front
four-toothed, the teeth blunt, separated from each otlier by narrow sinuses
which are rounded at the bottom ; the two middle teeth are longer than the
lateral ones, and the median sinus is deeper than the two lateral. The
antero-lateral margin of the carapace is four-toothed, counting the promi-
nent tooth at the external angle of the orbit ; the posterior tooth of the
series is the smallest. The upper margin of the orbit has three deep fissures
defining two triangular teeth ; the lower margin of the orbit has two fissures
enclosing a broad truncate tooth or lobe ; there is also a broad and promi-
nent lobe ju.st below the inner orbitiil angle ; above this lobe is a single
tooth at the inner angle. The surface of the carapace is ornamented with
granulated tubercles ; the parts between the tubercles are more finely granu-
lated, and when viewed under a lens are found to be fui-nished with fine
hairs. The chief tubercles are disposed as follows : one pair on the frontal
region behind the jnargin ; four in transverse row on the anterior part of
the gastric area, and five on the posterior part of the same area arranged
thus, ;'; (of these the posterior pair is the smallest); four in a transverse
line on the cardiac region and one median behind the transverse series ;
about six on each branchial area; six just anterior to the straight posterior
margin of the carapace (three on each side). There are three small tubercles
on each eye-stalk near the margin of the cornea. The chelipeds are small,
slender, equal ; the carpus tuberculate, the fingers as long as the liaiid
proper, curved downward and inward, crossing at the tips, their prehensile
edges finely denticulate in small specimens, nearly entire in larger ones. The
second and third ambulatory limbs are very long, the second .slightly larger
than the third ; their merus joints are granulated and costate above, and
armed with a prominent spine at the anterior distal angle and a smaller one
each side at the point of articulation with the carpus ; this holds good of

CYMOPOLIA TUBERCULATA. 39

fill three pairs of ambulatory appendages ; the carpi ai'e carinate on their
anterior margin, with a vestige of a tooth at each end of the carina ; the
anterior edge of the propodus is also carinate. The ambulatory legs are
ornamented with transverse bands of red, three of which cross the merus.
The abdomen and sternum are granulated.

Length, 13 mm. ; breadth, 18 mm.; length of ambulatory leg of second
pair, 34 mm. (merus, 9.3 mm. ; carpus, 5.6 mm. ; propodus, 9 mm. ; dactylus
7.5 mm.).

Station 3355. 182 fathoms. 4 males, 1 fem.

Ci/mopoUa zonaia Rathb.,* lately described from the Gulf of California,
40 fathoms, differs from C. tuherculata as follows : the carapace is narrower
and more quadrangular. The median lobes of the front are small and incon-
spicuous, while the lateral lobes are very broad and are separated from the
median lobes by a slight, shallow notch. In C. tuherculata the four frontal
lobes take on the form of prominent, triangular teeth, clearly separated from
each other by deep triangular sinuses. The antero-lateral margin of the
carapace is three-toothed in C. sonata, four-toothed in C. tuhercvlata. The
tubercles near the posterior margin of the carapace are more elongated in
the former species than in the latter. The hand of the former is much
broader, and is armed with prominent, spiny tubercles. Finally, the meri
of the ambulatory legs are much shorter in C. sonata, and are armed at the
distal end with a blunt, triangular tooth, while in C. tuherculata this tooth is
transformed into a long, sharp spine, and a pair of smaller spines is present,
one on eacli side of the proximal end of the carpus.

The unique type specimen of Cyviopolia dilatata A. M. Edw. t from St.
Kitts, 208 fathoms, has not yet been returned to this Museum. Judging
from Milne Edwards's short diagnosis, it must be very similar to C. tuher-
culata, but in the latter the first sternal segment does not bear the trans-
verse crest which is said to be characteristic of C. dilatata. I am therefore
led to regard C. tuherculata and C. dilatata as closely allied representative
species on the two sides of the continent.

* Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI. 259, 1893.
t Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool , VIII. 28, 1880.

40 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Cymopolia fragilis Eathb.

Plate VI., Fig. 4, 4".
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI. 259, 1893.

Carapace very short and broad, tuberculated, with granules scattered
between the tubercles. Front cut into four blunt teeth, the two in the
middle prominent, the outer ones short. Superior margin of the orbit cut
by two fissures as is the lower margin also ; thei'e is a broad prominent lobe
just below the internal orbital angle, with two teeth above it at the angle.
The antero-lateral margin of the carapace is five-toothed, counting the promi-
nent tooth at the outer angle of the orbit. There are two tubercles on the
frontal region, twelve on the gastric, five on the cardiac (four of which are
an\anged in a transverse row and elongated transversely) ; eight or nine on
each branchial, and a carina more or less broken up into tubercles just in
front of the posterior margin of the carapace. The eye-stalks are furnished
with two blunt tubercles near the edge of the cornea. The chelipeds are
small, slender, equal. The third and fourth pairs of ambulatory limbs are
very long, the merus joints with a low tubercular carina on their anterior
margin and two longitudinal rows of tubercles on their upper face ; the
anterior distal angle is rounded off and not produced into a spine or tooth ;
the anterior edge of the carpi and propodi is sharp, and the upper face of
these joints is two-ribbed. The abdomen and sternum are almost smooth.
The difference in the shape of the abdomen between this species and the
foregoing will be best appreciated by a reference to the figures.

Length, 7 mm. ; breadth, 11 mm. ; length of ambidatory limb of the
second pair, 26.5 mm. (merus, 8 mm. ; carpus, 4.5 mm. ; propodus, 7 mm. ;
dactjdus, 5 mm.).

Station 3369. 52 fathoms. 2 males, 12 fem. ovig.
" 3379. 52 « 8 males.

Cymopolia fragilis was first discovered by the " Albatross " expedition of
1889, off Lower California, in 58 and 71 fathoms.

RANINOPS FOKNICATA. 41

Family LEUCOSIID^.

EBALIA Leach.
Malacostr. Podophtlial. Brit., Plate XXV., 1816 (?).

Ebalia sp.

A badly mutilated specimen of an Ebalia was obtained at Station 3355 in
182 fathoms, — evidently belonging to an imdescribed species. The cara-
pace, as far as can be determined, is subrhomboidal, tuberculated, and thickly
covered with round bead-like granules. The front is truncate; the gastric
region roof-shaped, falling off on each side of the median line into the deep
depression behind the antero-lateral margins. The antero-lateral border is
produced into three lobes, one of which is on the hepatic region and two
(larger) on the branchial, the posterior one forming the lateral angle of
the carapace ; there is also a prominent tubercle on the pterj'gostomian
region. The central part of the branchial region is very prominent and
obscurely divided into three secondary prominences made up of an agglom-
eration of larger and smaller sized granules. The posterior margin is bi-
lobed, each lobe being convex above when the animal is viewed from behind.
The buccal area is separated from the antennular fossae by a small epistome.
The battered condition of the specimen (a male) does not admit of a more
detailed description.

Family RANINIDiF.
RANINOPS A. M. Edw.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIll. 34, 1880.

Raninops fornicata Fax.

Plate VII, Fig. 1, T, IK

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 162, 1893.

Carapace very convex from side to side, naked, smooth or nearly so,
punctate. Kostrum acute, lightly carinate, the carina extending back for a
short distance on the carapace. Superior mai-gin of orbit armed with three
acute teeth, the second of which is curved forward ; the anterior tooth is
separated from the rostrum by a deep rounded sinus, from the second tooth
by an angular notch ; the second tooth is separated from the third by a

42 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

nearly straight interval ; the third tooth lies some distance in front of the
posterior end of the orbit. Back of the orbit there is a strong, procurved
spine on the margin of the carapace. Eye-stalks compressed, equal in length
to one half the width of the carapace. Second joint of the third niaxillipeds
equal to the third joint, crossed obliquely by a piliferous line ; third joint
notched at the antero-internal angle. Cheliped : merns unarmed, microscopi-
cally spinose above, setose below ; carpus minutely rugoso-spinulose, the
superior distal angle projecting as a sharp tooth ; propodite lightly rugose,
upper and lower borders margined, unarmed, palmar edge irregularly
and inconspicuously toothed ; dactylus without any prominent tooth. The
dactylus of the fourth pair of legs has a very convex internal border, the
dactylus of the fifth is long, narrow, and spatulate. Abdomen setose, telson
obtuse at the end.

Length of carapace, 12 mm.; breadth, 8.6 mm.

Station 3369. 52 fathoms. 1 specimen.

A. Milne Edwards's types of R. constricla and R. stmpsoni have not yet
been returned from Paris. Compared with the descriptions of these .species *
R.fornicata differs iVom the first in having a shorter ocular peduncle (one
half the width of the carapace instead of two thirds) and an unarmed merus
joint of the cheliped; from R. stinipsmii it may be distinguished by the
superior margin of the hand being unarmed.

This genus hardly seems to be satisfactorily separated from Nolopus De
Haan.t a genus to which three species have been assigned, viz., N. dorsipes
(Fabr.), :}: N. atlantkus Studer, § and N. oralis Henderson. ||

Family LITHODID^.

GLYPTOLITHODES, gen. nov.

Cephalo-thorax subtriangular, anterior part only one half as wide as the
posterior ; gastric region of the carapace elevated, forming a high conical
prominence ; a prominent, crescentic, rounded ridge on each branchial area,
enclosing the cardiac area in a deep fossa ; upper portion of the rostrum
straight, conical, subacute, much longer than the lower part, which has the

» Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII. 35, 1880.

t Fauna Japouica, Crustacea, p. 138, 1841.

X De Haan, Fauna Jap., Crust., p. 139, Plate XXXV. Fig. 5, Plate J, 1841.

§ Crustaceen der Gazelle, p 17, Plato I. Fig. 5 : Abliamll. Konigl. Akad. Wisseusch. zu Berlin, 1882.

II Rep. Challenger Anomura, p. 31, Plate II. Fig. fi, 1888

GLYPTOLITHODES CRIST ATIPES. 43

form of a laterally-compressed tooth projecting downward and forward be-
tween the bases of the eye-stalks. Antennal scales armed with a few blunt
spines on each margin. Abdomen with three longitudinal rows of calcareous
plates. Internal or superior margin of carpus of chelipeds produced to a
dentate crest. Ambulatory legs short, flattened, spineless, with margins pro-
duced into dentated and crenated crests.

This genus is established to receive the species provisional!}' referred to
the genus RhinoUlhodcs Brandt in my preliminary report on the Crustacea
of the "Albatross" Expedition of 1891.* Since the present memoir was sent
to the press I have received from the United States National Museum, through
the kindness of Mr. J. E. Benedict, a pair of Rhinolithudcs tvosnessensJcii Brandt,
the type of the genus Rhinolithodes. It is clear that the species described by
me is generically distinct from Brandt's species. In Rhinolithodes the legs are of
moderate length, their segments subcylindrical and heavily armed with spines:
in GliiptoVdhodes these appendages are very short (the meri projecting but
little beyond the sides of the carapace), flattened, destitute of spines, their
anterior and posterior edges produced so as to form prominent crests which
on some of the segments are entire, on others crenate or dentate. In Rhino-
lithodes the upper part of the rostrum forms a rounded tubercle shorter than
the lower uncinate process : in Glyptolithodes the upper part of the rostrum
forms a conical subacute tooth, far surpassing the inferior process. The car-
diac area in Rhinolithodes is elevated and spherical : in Gli/jitolilhodcs this area
lies at the bottom of a deep fo.ssa bounded by the raised portions of the
branchial areas. On the whole, the relations between Rhinolithodes and
Glt/jMithodes are less close than those which exist between the former
genus and Phi/llolithodes.

Glyptolithodes cristatipes Fax.
Plate VII., Fig. 2, 2% 2\ 2'.

Rhhtolithodes cristatipes Fax,, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, XXIV. 163, 1S93.

The carapace is subtriangular in outline, its surface devoid of setJB but
covered with low squamiform tubercles ; the whole gastric area is raised into
a conical prominence ; there is also a prominent crescentic rounded ridge on
each branchial region, enclosing the cardiac area in a deep fossa open only
behind. The rostrum is straight and conical, with a vertical plate projecting

» Bull. Mus. Comp. Zobl., XXIV. 103, 1S'J3.

44 STALK-EYED CKUSTACEA.

below from the proximal half down between the eye-stalks ; this plate is
toothed anteriorly but does not reach forward nearly to the tip of the ros-
trum. The antero-lateral margin of the carapace is five-toothed ; the second,
third, and fourth of these teeth give rise to long thread-like cilia. There is
another tooth at the angle between the postero-lateral and posterior margins;
posterior margin straight. The upper surface of the eye-stalk is covered with
small tubercles, and a blunt spine projects over the cornea. The movable
scale of the antenna is spiniform and bears two blunt spinules on the outer
side and two smaller ones on the inner. The chelipeds are unequal (the
ricfht beino- the larger) ; coxa granulated, setose on the lower inside margin ;
lower margin of the ischium and merus armed with three or four blunt teeth,
superior margin of merus toothed, internal distal border setose, external
distal border forming a bilobed crest ; outer face of carpus flat, naked,
squamous, margins cristate, the internal crest expanded and cut into setiferous
lobes ; propodite tuberculated without, smooth within, toothed and setose on
superior margin ; immobile finger, as well as the dactylus, excavated within,
setose ; the larger claw has blunt teeth on the fingers, while the fingers of
the smaller claw have nearly straight cutting edges. The ambulatory
appendages have cristiform anterior margins from the merus to the propodite
inclusive ; the crest of the carpus is entire or slightly crenate, but that of
the merus is bilobed, of the propodite trilobed ; the posterior margins of
these appendages are dentate and more or less setose ; two setiferous teeth
near the proximal end of the upper face of the merus of the hind legs ; the
dactyli are provided with curved, acute, black tips, and with pencils of hair
especially on anterior margins. The abdomen is indurated, with three rows
of tuberculated plates ; toward the posterior end there is a vestige of two
marginal rows of small, imperfectly calcified plates.

Length of carapace, 16.5 mm., breadth 16.5 mm.

Station 3354. 322 fathoms. 1 male.

PARALOMIS White.
Pi-oc. Zoolog. Soc. London, XXIV. 134, 1856.

Through the courtesy of Mr. Benedict of the United States National
Museum, I have had the privilege to examine a specimen of Lithodes granu-
losus Hombr. et Jacq. (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 12583, Straits of Magellan), the
type of the genus Paralomis White. According to Mr. Benedict {in Hit.), this

PARALOMIS. 45

species is congeneric with Echinocenis cibarius White.* He therefore proposes
to treat Pamlomis as a synonym of Echinocenis in a paper soon to be pubhshed.
The two " Challenger " species referred to Paraloiiiis by Profes.sor Hender-
son t are, as Mr. Benedict points out, generically distinct from P. granulosa.
In tlie latter the ambulatory appendages are comparatively !<hort (not very
much longer than the chelipeds) and are tucked in nndernenth the body
during repose, while in Henderson's species tlie ambulatory logs are very
long (much longer than the chelipeds) and are not capable of folding com-
pactly beneath the body.

After a careful examination of Paralomis grannlosa I am disposed to
recognize the genus Paralomis as distinct from Echinoccrus, and furthermore
to assign Echinoccrus diomedece of my prelimiuar}^ repoi't to Paralomis. In
Echinocenis as exemplified either in the type species, E. cibarius, or in E.
foraminaius Stimps., the ambulatory legs are about the same length as the
chelipeds and fall below the lateral dimension of the carapace ; not only do
all the legs fold under the body but their segments are so modified that in an
attitude of repose all of the opposed surfaces and edges are fitted together
with admirable nicety, and the animal is boxed up as effectually as a tortoise
in its shell. The dactyle of the left cheliped shuts over the dactjle of the
right as in Calappa and, as in that genus, the immobile fingers are shortened
and bent down so that their cutting edges are nearly at right angles Avith
the long axis of the chete ; the outer edge of the left dactyle fits throughout
its whole length exactly against a tuberculous ridge along the anterior bor-
der of the right hand. The antero-inferior angle of the merus is bevelled off
for the reception of the chela when flexed, so that the expo.sed face of the
chela is then on a level with the flat expanse /ormed by the sternal plastron
and the bases of the ambulatory legs. Furthermore, a special process devel-
oped on the anterior border of the basal segment of the chelipeds locks the
tips of the chelipeds to the sternum when those appendages are folded in.
In order that the ambulatory legs when flexed may not project below the
level of the sternal plastron, their meral segments are set at an angle with
the ischia, whose inferior distal borders are raised into prominent lidges.
The propodites and dactyli, when folded, impinge on these ridges, but hardly
project beyond them.

• Proo. Zoolog. Soc. London, XVI. 48, 1848.

f Paralomis aculeata Hend., Rep. Challenger Anomura, p. 45, PI. V. Fig. 1. and P. fnrmosa Hend.,
op. cit., p. 46, PI. V. Fig. 2. The two species assigned to Paralomis in my piTliminarv report, P. aspera and
P. longipes (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., XXIV. 164, 165) belong to the aculeata group, which Mr. Benedict
proposes to call hcplolithodes.

46 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

In the genus Paralomis, as typified by P. granulosa and illustrated also
by P. diomedece, the ambulatory appendages are considerably longer than the
chelipeds, and much longer than the carapace is broad ; when flexed beneath
the thorax, the tips of the dactyli extend over the ischia even to the basal
segments; although the legs are folded beneath the body when at rest,
there are none of those special modifications of structure resulting in that
perfect fitting together and fixity of parts exhibited in the genus Echinocerus,
as described above.

The natural position of Paralomis lies between Echinocerus and LcptoUthodcs.

Paralomis diomedeae Fax.
Plate VII., Fig. 3, 8\ 3K

EcJiiiiocerus diomedea Fax., Bull. Mus. Conip. Zotil., XXIV. 164, 1893.

Carapace subpentagonal, gastric and branchial regions inflated, the whole
surface beset with tubercles which give rise to minute seta?. There is one
rather more prominent tubercle in the depression on each side of the gastric
area. Rostrum short, three-spined ; one of the spines is median and inferior,
two are paired near the base above ; in one of the two specimens obtained
the median spine is toothed below. The antero-lateral margin of the cara-
pace is irregidarly toothed. Eye-stalks spinulose above, with one prominent
spine projecting forward over the cornea. The movable scale or spine of
the antenna is spinulose on each side (four or five spines on each margin).
The merus of the cheliped bears a spine on the inner side at the distal end ;
the carpus is smooth outside, the inner border expanded into a seven-toothed
crest setose within, the outer border straight, naked, and keeled ; the chelas
are of unequal size (the right being the larger), setose, spiny on the upper
edge, fingers spoon-shaped within, setose and somewhat gaping.

Ambulatory appendages : the meri are spinose on their edges; the ante-
rior border of the carpus of the first pair is furnished with, a crest whose
edge is even and entire ; the propodite of the first pair is crested along the
proximal half of its anterior border, Avhile the distal half is armed with two
or three teeth ; the carpus and propodite of the second and third pairs are
toothed on the anterior margin, the propodite of the third pair is also toothed
on the posterior margin ; all the segments are hirsute, especially the dactyli.
When the legs are closely folded against the sides of the carapace a wide
interval is left between the carpi of the cheliped and first pair of ambulatory

LEPTOLITHODES ASPER. 47

appendages, bounded by the opposite crests of these segments, and forming
a passage for the admission of water to the gills. This orifice is similar to
that seen in Ecliinocenis fomminaius Stimps., but it is not so perfectly formed.

The apex of the abdomen (in the female) is turned to the right (most
strongly in the larger specimen) ; the marginal plates are wanting on the
left side ; all the abdominal appendages excepting the first are aborted on
the right side.

Length, 64 mm. ; breadth, 75 mm. ; length of cheliped, 73 mm. ; length
of first ambidatory leg, 92 mm. (merus, 24 mm. ; carpus, 20.5 mm. ; propo-
dite, 18 mm.; dactylus, 18.5 mm.).

Station 3384. 458 fathoms. 1 fem. bix^iWiV
3394. 511 « 1 " ovig. WU

The previously known species of Paralomis comes from the Straits of
Magellan.

LEPTOLITHODES Benedict MS.

As before stated on page 45, a specimen of Paralomis granulosa in the
United States National Museum clearly demonstrates the generic diversity
of that species and the two forms assigned to Paralomis by Henderson in his
report on the Anomura of the " Challenger " Expedition. In a paper
which will be published, before the present memoir, in the seventeenth vol-
ume of the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Mr. J. E,
Benedict has established the genus Lepioliihodes for the reception of Paralomis
aciileata Hend. and allied species. To this genus both P. aspera and P. longipes
of my preliminary report belong.

Leptolithodes asper Fax.
Plate VIII.

Paralomis aspera Fax., Bull, Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 164, 1893.

Carapace pentagonal, as broad as long ; gastric, cardiac, and branchial
regions well defined and prominent ; the posterior portion of the postero-
lateral margin is raised into a rounded irregular ridge, and there is a round-
ish hump on each branchial region in front of the posterior margin of the
carapace ; whole surface of carapace and abdomen thickly beset with papillsB
or tubercles, each one of which is encircled with a crown of stiff setae. Ros-
trum short, indistinctly tripartite, multispinose, lower part armed with as

48 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

many as five spines. A sharp dark-tipped spine at the external orbital angle,
another at the antero-lateral angle of the carapace, and four or five, irregu-
larly arranged, on the margin of the branchial region.

The dorsal face of the second abdominal segment consists of a single
plate, nndivided by longitudinal sutures, with a deep depression on each
side of the middle. The following segments are nnsymmetrical on the two
sides in the unique type specimen (female), the abdomen being twisted to
the right. The lateral margins of these segments are laciniated.

Eye-stalks spinulose above, eyes very black, with downward aspect.
Distal segment oi^ antennule much longer than the antecedent segment,
tubercnlous above. Antennte of moderate length ; outer margin of first
segment spinulose; second segment spinulose and produced on the outer
side to a long spine ; movable acicle reaching to the distal end of the
peduncle, spinose, the longer spines marginal, one spinule on the lower side
and another on th upper side near the base; the pennltiniate and nltimate
segments of the pednncle bear small setiferous tubercles. Right cheliped
more robust than its fellow, thickly beset with strong spines. Ambulatory
legs of moderate length for this genus, stout, spinose like the chelipeds;
their basal segments are well-nigh covered by the overlapping margin of the
abdomen (in the female).

Length of carapace, 113 mm.; length of rostrum, 9 mm.; breadth of
carapace, 113 mm.; length of posterior ambnlatory legs, 255 mm. (merus,
68 mm. ; carpus, 39 mm. ; propodite, 72 mm. ; dactylus, 56.5 mm.).

Station 3353. 695 fathoms. 1 fem.

The specimen above described was infested with a huge Pcltoguster, 36 mm.
in breadth.

Leptolithodes longipes Fax.

Plate IX.

Fanilumn longipes Fax., Bull. Mus. Conip. Zoiil., XXIV. 16,5, 1893.

Male. ■ — Carapace triangular ; gastric, cardiac, and branchial regions well
defined, protuberant; the most prominent part of the cardiac area attains to
a higher level than the branchial areas ; whole surface of the carapace thickly
covered with blunt tubercles ; viewed under a lens each tubercle is seen to
be encircled with a ring of short stiff setoe ; one of the tubercles, situated in
front of the centre of the gastric region, is spiniform. Rostrum furnished
with three prominent spines, one median and inferior, two lateral and su-

LEPTOLITHODES LONGIPES. 49

perior ; the latter are not so long as the inferior spine ; there is, besides,
a spinule on the lower side of the inferior spine, and a still smaller one
above, between the roots of the superior pair. There are two pairs of
long spines on the anterior margin of the carapace, one at the external
orbital angles, the other at the antero-lateral angles of the carapace. There
are also three or four prominent sphies on the side of each branchial area.

Eye-stalks spinulose above. Basal segment of the antenna armed with
an external spine, the second segment with several spines, the most promi-
nent of which is on the outer side ; acicle furnished with five prongs or
spines, the largest median, the others lateral ; flagellum much longer than the
carapace. Cheliped of moderate size (the right one is lost from the only male
specimen secured), coxa tuberculate on the lower face, the following seg-
ments armed with strong spines, fingers excavated within, slightly gaping,
penicillate, cutting edges entire. Ambulatory appendages very long, second
and third pairs of about equal length and longer than the first pair ; all of
them armed, like the chelipeds, with spines ; the spines tend toward a regu-
lar arrangement in longitudinal rows, and the spaces between the spines are
smooth and naked, i. e. nearly free from spinules, tubercles, and set«.

Second segment of the abdomen composed of a single calcified plate,
marked by a deep hollow on each side of the middle. The other segments
of the abdomen are of a leathery, semi-membranaceous consistency, and are
made up of five longitudinal rows of plates ; viz., one median row, flanked
by a row on each side, the latter in turn bounded externally by a marginal
series. The whole surface of the abdomen is verrucose.

Length of carapace, including rostrum, 84 mm. ; greatest breadth of cara-
pace, 78 mm. ; breadth between the antero-lateral angles of carapace, 34
mm. ; length of last ambulatory appendages, 242 mm. (merus, 76 mm.,
carpus, 36 mm., propodite, 64 nmi., dactyliis, 47 mm.).

In the female the right chela is larger than the left, and the prehensile
edges of the fingers are furnished with blunt teeth. The abdomen is unsvm-
metrical, the apex turned to the right, the marginal plates absent from the
left side ; the right side bears but one ovigerous appendage (the first). The
abdomen nearly conceals the basal segments of the thoracic legs, which in
the male are almost wholly exposed.

Station 3371. 770 fathoms. 1 male, 1 fem. ovig.

The esu measures 2 mm. in diameter.

In this species the abdominal segments posterior to the second are mem-

7

50 STALK-EYED CKUSTACEA.

branaceous, as in the genus Dermaturus Brandt.* In all essential structural
features, however, it agrees with the preceding species {LcptoUthodes aspcr)
and conforms to tlie genus Leptolithodes.

A Leptolithodes, in some respects intermediate between L. loncjipes and
L. aspcr, inhabits both the east and west coasts of the North Pacific (British
Columbia and Japan). From this species (which is appnrently undescribed)
both L. longipes and L. asper of the tropical Pacific coast of America are
probably derived.

LITHODES Latk.

Gen. Crust., 1. 39, 1806.

Lithodes panamensis Fax.
Plate X., Fig. 1, T T T.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 166, 1893.

Carapace subpiriform, of about equal length and breadth ; gastric and
branchial regions very convex ; a deep depression on each side at the an-
terior limit of the branchial areas, and another between the gastric and
cardiac areas. Rostrum cylindrical, terminating in three spines or teeth,
one of which is median, the other two lateral ; a long horn, slightly up-
curved, is given off from the lower side of the proximal end of the rostrum.
The whole surface of the carapace is rough with low warty protuberances ;
the gastric region bears two pairs of spines, the anterior pair separated by a
greater interval than the posterior pair. Two small spines on each branchial
area and two on the intestinal region. The orbit is bounded externally by
a prominent spine, and there are five more spines on the lateral border of
the carapace ; viz., one at the antero-lateral angle, one on the hepatic region,
and three on the branchial. Besides these, there is a rudimentary lateral
spine near the anterior limit of the branchial region. The posterior margin
of the carapace is tuberculated, not spinose. The third segment of the anten-
nular peduncle is equal to the first segment in length and considerably
longer than the second segment. The antennae are about equal in length to
the carapace without the rostrum ; the second segment is armed with a long
and sharp external spine ; there is, moreover, on the antenna of the right
side a movable thorn-like acicle equal in length to the last two segments of

* Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imper. Sci. St. Petersbourg, VIII. 268, 1850.

LITHODES PANAMENSIS. 51

the peduncle together ; the acicle is armed with a small tooth on the external
margin midway between the base and the tip. There is no trace of an acicle
on the left antenna in the type specimen, which is the only one obtained.
The last segment of the peduncle is nearly twice as long as the penultimate
segment. The chelipeds are furnished with scattered tubercles, a few of
which assume a spiny character. The left cheliped is rather slenderer
than its fellow. The ambulatory legs are long and rather slender, their
meri sparsely furnished above with tubercles, which tend to assume a spiny
form on the anterior and posterior margins ; at the distal end of the anterior
margin of the meri there is a prominent spine-like tooth ; the carpi and
propodites are armed with teeth, as shown in the figure ; the dactyli are
equipped with four short spines (two superior and two lateral) near the
proximal end. The abdominal segments (of the female) are roughened by
low tubercles and dentate on their margins. The lateral teeth of the mar-
ginal plates of the right side are drawn out into long spines, as shown in
Fig. 1'', Plate X. The tergal plate of the second abdominal segment is com-
pletely fused with the epimera, showing no trace of an intervening suture.
The marginal (episternal ?) plates of this segment are bounded within by a
distinct suture.

Length of carapace, excluding rostrum, 79 mm. ; rostrum, 14 mm. ;
breadth of carapace, 79.5 mm. ; length of posterior pair of ambulatory
legs, 193 ram. (merus, 58.5 mm. ; carpus, 31 mm., propodite, 54 mm., dac-
tylus, 33 mm.).

Station 3384. 458 fathoms. 1 fem.

Litlwdes panamensis finds its nearest relatives in L. titrritits Ortm.,* from
Japan, and L. murrayi Hend.,t from Prince Edward Island in the Southern
Ocean.

Two more species of LUhodes were obtained, but they are represented by
specimens too young to furnish specific characters. One of these immature
forms very closely resembles young individuals of LUhodes agassizii Smith, such
as are represented on Plate I., Fig. 2, of Bull. Mus. Comp. Zocil., Vol. X.,
No. 1, and probably belongs to the same or a closely allied species. It is
represented by three individuals (the largest 14 mm. long) from Station
3365, 1010 fathoms. Station 3407, 885 fathoms, and Station 3418, 660

* Ortmann, Zonlog. Jalirb., Abth. f. Syst., VI. 320, Taf. XII. Fig. 20, 1892.
t Heudersou, Rep. Challenger Auomura, p. 43, Plate IV., 18S8.

52 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

fathoms. The other species is represented by a single example from Sta-
tion 3425, 680 fathoms, and is portrayed on Plate X., Fig. 2. The rostrum
in this specimen is more than one half as long as the rest of the carapace,
and is forked at the tip, as in L. viaia (Linn.) and L. murrai/i Hend. There
is a long spine on the lower side of the base of the rostrum, directed for-
ward, and there are two pairs of lateral rostral spines. The second anten-
nal segment is armed with a long spine which bears a short spinule on its
outer side near the base. Length of carapace without the rostrum, 17 mm. ;
length of rostrum, 9 mm. ; breadth of carapace, 16 mm.

Family CCENOBITID^.

CCENOBITA Late.

Fam. Nat. pp. 276, 277, 1S25 ICembitel; Ouvier's Regue Aiiimal, 2= ed., IV. 77, 1829 [Cceiiobita].

Ccenobita compressus Gueb.

Voyage de " La Coquille," Zool., T. IL, Part IL, 1« Div., p. 29, 1830.

Lidefatigable Island, Galapagos, 1 male in shell of Nerita seabricosta.
Acapulco, Mexico, 21 specimens in shells of Nerita, Nassa, Murex, Tcrehra,
Purpura, Modulus, Cerithiiim, Natica, etc.

Guerin's types of this widely distributed and variable species came from
Payta, Peru. A recent revision of the genus Coeiiohita, by E. L. Bouvier, will
be found in Bull, de la Soc. Philomath, de Paris, 8™= Ser., II. 143-150, 1890,
and III. 21, 1891.

Family PAGURID^.
CANCELLUS M. Edw.

Aim. Sci. Nat., Zool., 2« Ser., VI. 262, 286, 1836.

Cancellus tanneri Fax.
Plate XL, Piff. 1-r.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., XXIV. 167, 1893.

The anterior part of the carapace, in front of the cervical suture, is
calcified, about as broad as long ; the anterior margin is produced to form
a rudimentary triangular rostrum between the eye-stalks, and concave on
each side of the median line ; the antero-lateral angles project forward as far
as the rostrum and are broadly rounded ; the infero-lateral margin is densely

CANCELLUS TANNERI. 53

pilose. Behind the cervical groove the cardiac area is conspicuous as a cal-
cified plate, rounded behind; on each side of the anterior part of the cardiac
area there is a narrow, distinctly calcified area belonging to the branchial
region ; aside from this the branchial areas are soft and membranous. The
abdomen is very short and obese, convex above in both directions, soft and
clothed with a short velvety down, excepting the last three segments, which
are calcified ; the terminal segment or telson is broader than long, its sides
regularly rounded, its hind margin nearly straight. The abdomen as a whole
is not quite bilaterally symmetrical, the right side being more swollen than
the left, a condition which gives the abdomen a slight twist to the left.

The eye-stalks are slender, cylindrical, slightly curved inward, and some-
what shorter than the anterior section of the carapace ; the eyes are small,
not broader than the eye-stalk, and of a dark brown hue. The opththalmic
scales are triangular, short, acute, and produced to a prominent angle on
the external side of the proximal end. The antennular peduncle is about
one half as long as the eye-stalk ; it bears a short flagellum which reaches
beyond the eyes by one half of its length. The antennal scale is short and
triangular ; it ends in a small distal spine ; the external margin is armed with
three, the internal margin with two, small spinous teeth.

The chelipeds are short, stout, and .symmetrical. As in the other spe-
cies of this genus, the upper surface of tlie propodite and anterior part of the
carpus are flattened so as to form, when the right and left chelipeds are
brought together, a facet, — the front wall of the operculum which clo.ses the
orifice of the cavity in which the animal dwells. The inner margin of each
demi-facet is raised into a crest, whose margin is cut into closely approxi-
mated quadrangular lobes by perpendicular fissures ; the free margin of each
lobe, moreover, is irregularly toothed ; the whole upper and outer surface of
the propodite is more or less rugose. The fingers are short and thick ; they
meet only at the tips, which are furnished with very lai'ge, horny, black
nails ; the opposed edges of the fingers are armed with coarse teeth ; the
movable finger is strongly curved and its surface is tuberculose ; both fingers
are furnished with pencils of long and coarse bristles. The movable finger
(dactylus) moves in a plane oblique to the plane of symmetry of the body.
The superior face of the anterior part of the carpus, together with the cor-
responding face of the propodite and dactylus of the second pair of legs, is
flattened to form the external part of the operculum. As in the chelipeds,
so here the margins of the opercular facet are cut into denticulated lobes ;

54 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

they are, furthermore, furnished with numerous light-colored setae. The
opercular face between the lobulated margins is granulated. The dactylus
is about equal to the propodite in length, and ends in a brown, horny claw.
The third pair of appendages is furnished with scattered amber-colored setas,
those on the superior margin arising from tubercles or blunt teeth, which are
found on the merus, carpus, propodite, and dactylus. The dactylus of these
appendages again is equal in length to the propodite, and is tipped with a
horny nail or claw. The coxal segment of the last pair of thoracic appen-
dages has the anterior border convex, but not produced to form a prominent

lobe.

The calcified parts of the test are white, spotted with red. On the eye-
stalks and legs the spots show a tendency to coalesce in transverse bands.

Length of carapace, 7 mm.; breadth of carapace, 5 mm.; eye-stalk, 3 mm.

Station 3368. 66 fathoms. 1 male.

The sole specimen obtained was found within a cavity formed in a piece
of dead coral rock.

Three other species of Cancellus have been described, viz., CanceUiis
canaliculcdus (Herbst) * from the East Indies, C. typus M. Edw.,t habitat un-
known, and C. parfaiti A. M. Edw. et Bouv. % from the Cape Verde Islands.
Compared with C. canalicvMus, C. tanncri is distinguished by its much
shorter afid stouter abdomen, by the lobation of the marginal crests of the
chelipeds and s^econd pair of legs, by the pubescence of the thorax and abdo-
men, and the shortness of the antennae. From C. tijims it differs in having
the anterior border of the carapace less deeply incised on either side of the
rostrum, and the telson squarely truncated posteriorly and not notched in
the middle ; the coxae of the last pair of legs, too, present a very different
shape in that they lack the prominent anterior lobe observable in C. fypus.
C. jiarfaiti has not been figured. It is said to agree closely with C. canalicu-
laius, save that the margins of the opercular facets of the legs are cut into
quadrangular lobes as in C. tanncri. Judging from Milne Edwards and Bou-
vier's diagnosis, it would seem to differ from C. tanncri in having longer eye-
stalks, less pubescence upon thorax and abdomen, and the coxal segments of
the posterior legs far more protuberant.

* Cancer canaliculaius Herbst, Naturgescliichte der Krabben uiid Krebse, Bd. III., Heft IV., p. 22,
Plate LX. Fig 0, 1804.

t Ann. ScL Nat., Zool, 2« Ser., VI. 286, 287, Plate XIV. Fig. 3, 3«, 1836 ; Hist. Nat. des Crustaces,
II. 213, 1837.

t B\ill. Soc. Pliiloraath. de Paris, 8™" Ser., III. C9, 70, 1891.

EUPAGURUS CALIFORNIENSIS. 55

In the unique type specimen of C. tawicri the abdomen is not quite sym-
metrical, but this may be an individual peculiarity resulting fioiu the shape of
the cavity in the stone which formed its abode.

CALCINUS Daxa.

Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V. 268, 185].

Calcinus obscurus Stimps.

Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII. 83, 1859.

Two specimens, collected at Panama. The larger specimen is in the
shell of Ncrita scabricosta.

EUPAGURUS Brandt (restr.).

Middendoi-ff's Sibirische Reise, Bd. II., Tli. I, p. 105, 1851. Restricted by Stimpson, Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. PhiJa. X. 236, IS58.

Eupagurus californiensis Benedict.

Plate XL, Fig. 2-P.

Proc U. S. Nat. Mus , XV. 21, 1892.

This species belongs to the E. tenidm.amis group (subgenus Elassochirus
Benedict*), which includes smooth species with broadly oval right hand,
very small left hand, and ophthalmic scales usually long, pointed, and con-
cave above. The species belonging to this group in many ways approach
the genus P^lopagunis A. M. Edw. et Bouv.,t but the right hand is not trans-
formed into the highly specialized operculum of Pglopagurus, and there are
no paired sexual appendages on the abdomen in either sex.

Descnpiion of a male. — Body and appendages, in general, smooth and free
from hairs. Carapace shorter than the abdomen ; anterior section longer
than the posterior, indurated, smooth, polished, naked, convex from side to
side, longer than wide ; gastric region bounded on each side by a conspicuous
longitudinal furrow ; median projection of the front short and acute, pro-
duced beyond the lateral projections, which are angular but not acute ; a stiff
hair springs from each side of the base of the median projection of the front.
Eye-stalks rather long, curved slightly outward, somewhat enlarged at the
distal end, and furnished with a few small tufts of hair arranged in a longitu-

» Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XV. 1, 1892. f Mem. Mus, Coinp. Zool., Vol. XIV., No 3, p. 74, 1893.

56 . STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

dinal line on the mifltlle of the dorsal side. Ophthalmic scales long, pointed,
grooved on the dorsal side. Antennular and antennal peduncles not much
lon^-er than the eye-stalk. Second segment of antenna produced on the
outer side into an acute process which reaches about one third of the way to
the tip of the antennal acicle ; there is also a minute acute tooth at the inner
distal ano-le of this segment of the antenna. The acicle is somewhat shorter
than the eye-stalk.

Chelipeds very unequal in size. Right cheliped reaching forward about
the same distance as the ambulatoi-y legs. The merus of this appendage
reaches but little beyond the eye ; it is trigonal, the surface for the most
part smooth and naked, the upper margin obtuse and unarmed, the distal
dorsal border armed with three small acute teeth ; the lower face of the
merus is somewhat hollowed out and the antero-lateral margins on either
side of the articulating membrane between this segment and the carpus are
cristate and denticulate. The carpus widens from the proximal to the distal
end where the width exceeds the length of the segment ; its upper surf^ice
is convex, naked, rather sparsely ornamented with very minute tubercles
visible under a lens, its inner margin armed with about nine coarse blunt
teeth (alternately larger and smaller), its outer margin clearly defined by a
low, obscurely toothed ridge. The hand is very broad, its upper face convex
in both directions, and set with minute rounded tubercles which increase in
size on the distal part of the segment, especially on the immovable finger ;
the inner border produced into bluntly toothed crest which projects far be-
yond the corresponding border of the dactylus ; the outer margin is defined
by a crenate rim ; the lower face is beset with low, inconspicuous, granular
tubercles. The outer margin of the dactylus is cut into rounded teeth, and
a conspicuous blunt-toothed ridge runs the length of the upper face ; the sur-
face between this ridge and the outer edge is deeply concave ; the prehensile
edges of both fingers are armed with coarse calcareous teeth.

The left cheliped is very small and slender, reaching only to the distal
end of the carpus of the left ambulatory appendages. The merus is laterally
compressed ; its upper margin is rounded, the lower external margin is
spinulose at the distal end, near the articulation with the carpus. The upper
side of the carpus is concave and bordered on each side with a row of spines;
there is a sharp tooth at the distal end of the external inferior margin. The
chela is longer than the carpus, with fingers longer than the palm ; the dorsal
face of the hand is convex, rising into an obscurely tuberculated ridge which

CATAPAGURUS DIOMEDE^. 57

runs from the carpal articulation to the base of the immovable finger ; scat-
tered hairs are found on the chela ; they are most numerous near the tips of
the fingers.

The ambulatory legs are pretty smooth, with rounded margins. The
dactykis of the first pair is equal to the propodite in length, while the dacty-
lus of the second pair exceeds the propodite. The dactyli of both pairs are
furnished with stiff setae, most conspicuous along the lower margin ; a curved,
sharp nail tips the dactyli. At the distal end of the upper margin of the
carpi a small, sharp tooth is seen projecting over the proximal part of the
propodite.

The fourtli pair of legs is sub-chelate, the rasjD upon the propodite is
formed by a single series of scales. The propodite of the fifth pair of legs
is furnished with a tuft of long setse and a broad rasp whose posterior margin
is concave.

The left side of the abdomen carries three two-branched appendages.
The telson is divided by a broad notch into two somewhat unsymmetrical
lobes ; the posterior margin is spinulose.

Length of body, 23.5 mm. ; length of carapace, 9 mm.

Station 3368. 66 fathoms. 2 males, without carcincecia.

These specimens agree closely with types of E. californiemis in the U. S.
National Museum from Catalina Harbor, Cal., 30 to 60 fathoms.

MM. Milne Edwards and Bouvier have lately described and figured a
Eupagurus from Sand Key, Fla., imder the name E. smitML* Since this name
had been previously used by Mr. Benedict for another species of Eupayums
from the Gulf of California,t it becomes necessary to change the name of
Milne Edwards and Bouvier's species, which may be called Eupagurus bouvieri.

CATAPAGURUS A. M. Edw.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, VIII. 46, 1880.

Catapagurus diomedese Fax.
PMe XIII., Fig. 2-2'K

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 171, 1893.

The carapace is smooth and naked, and divided into an anterior and pos-
terior section by the cervical groove. The anterior margin projects slightly

* Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XIV., No. 3, p. 140, Plate X. Fig. 1-12, 1893.
t Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XV. 4, 1S92.

8

58 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

between the eye-stalks, forming a blunt rudimentary rostrum. Tlie gastric
reo-ion is sharply defined, and presents an indistinct longitudinal furrow on
each side of the median line-; it is lightly convex in both directions. The
branchial regions of the right and left sides are strongly inflated, and sharply
separated from one another by a re-entrant angle formed by the curving,
forward of the posterior border of the carapace on each side of the median
line.

The eye-stalks are rather long and slender, being about equal in length
to the anterior section of the carapace. The ophthalmic scales are very small
and minutely bifid at the tip. The third segment of the antennular pedun-
cle is about two thirds the length of the eye-stalk, and increases in diameter
from the base to the distal end ; the superior flagellum is rather longer than
the distal segment of the peduncle, and its enlarged, ciliated basal portion
forms rather more than one third of its whole length. The inferior flagel-
lum is about one half as long as the superior, and is composed of about
eleven segments. The peduncle of the antenna surpasses the eye-stalk by
one half the length of its distal segment ; the acicle is long and slender,
tipped with a few sette ; it reaches forward a little beyond the eye ; the
flagellum reaches beyond the tips of the ambulatory legs. The chelipeds are
nearly alike in shape and size ; their segments are clothed with long setae,
which assume a tomento.se appearance on the chelae ; the carpus is about
equal in length to the chela, its inner face is perpendicular, the inner mar-
gin of the upper side is armed with seven small spines, and there is also
a spine at the distal end of the superior margin ; the chela is short and
thick, the fingers about the same length as the basal portion of the propodite,
.slightly downcurved, meeting throughout their length, working horizon-
tally. The ambulatory legs are of nearly equal length, surpassing the cheli-
peds, setose, the carpus armed with a sharp tooth at the distal end of its
upper side ; the propodite is twice as long as the carpus, the dactylus is
considerably longer than the propodite, and like that segment is distinctly
curved ; it is tipped by a small horny nail. The fourth pair of legs are but
slightly subcheliform ; the rasp is formed of a single row of scales.

There are three small, rudimentary appendages on the left side of the
abdomen ; the first and second of these are two-branched, the secondary
branch being exceedingly minute. The sexual tube which issues from the
coxal segment of the last thoracic appendage of the right side is very
long.

SPIROPAGURUS OCCIDENTALIS. 59

Length of carapace, 5.5 mm. ; abdomen, 8 mm. ; cheliped, 12.5 nnn.;
last ambulatory leg, 17.5 mm. ; ocular peduncle, 2.5 mm.

Station 3355. 182 fathoms. 1 male, without carcinoecium.

This species differs much from the more typical species of Catapagiints,
C. sharreri K. M. Edvv. and C. gracilis Smith, in the shortness of its chelipeds
and ambulatory limbs, the symmetry of its chelipeds, and the length of the
protruded vas deferens. It is more nearly related to C. austraUs Henderson.*
It would seem to have a close general likeness to Pagiirodcs pilifer Hender-
son, but the gills in C. diomeclcce are of the phyllobranchiate type.

SPIROPAGURUS Stimps.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., X. 236, 1858.

Spiropagurus occidentalis Fax.
Plate XIV., Fig. 1-1^

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zobl., XXIV. 172, 1893.

The carapace is smooth and naked except on the sides of the branchial
regions where a few hairs arise ; the branchial regions are swollen, mem-
branaceous, and covered with a net-work of white lines; the cardiac region is
long and narrow ; the portion of the carapace in front of the cervical groove
is calcified, produced in the median line anteriorly to form a short, broad,
and obtuse rostrum, which does not conceal the ophthalmic segment; the
lateral teeth are acute and project as far as the rostrum does; they form
a sharp demarcation between the front and the oblique antero-lateral border
of the carapace.

The ophthalmic scales are triangular, with simple tips. The ocular pedun-
cles are enlarged at the distal end, hardly overreaching the distal end of the
second segment of the antennular flagellum, and the third segment of the
antennal flagellum. The last segment of the antennular peduncle is more
than twice as long as the penultimate segment. The second segment of the
antennal peduncle is produced externally into a long, sharp tooth ; the
antero-internal angle is likewise armed with a small spine; the acicle is long,
sharp, curved, and furnished with setae, as are also the several joints of the
peduncle.

The chelipeds are subequal, the right chela being appreciably larger

* Rep. Challenger Anomura, p. 76, Plate VIII. Fig. 1, 1888.

60 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

than the left; the ischium is armed with about five denticles along the
internal margin ; the inner margin of the merus is armed with the same
number of rather larger teeth ; the inner margin of l)Oth of these segments
is furnished with long and slender setae ; the surface of the carpus is rough
with setiferous rugte, and is armed with scattered spinules upon its upper
face, and with a row of larger spines along the internal margin of the upper
face. The external face of the propodite is armed with spines which are
regularly arranged in five longitudinal rows ; only at the distal end of the
propodite, at the base of the fingers, do these spines lose their regular serial
arrangement; from the bases of these spines spring long setse ; the fingers are
acute, tuberculo-spinose and setose, like the hand. The fingers of the left
hand are longer in proportion to the palm than those of the right hand.

The ambulatory legs are rather stout and longer than the chelipeds; their
lateral surfaces are smooth; the upper margin of the carpi is armed with
a row of little spines, and the corresponding margin of the propodites is den-
ticulated ; the dactyli are longer than the propodites, but not so long as the
propodites and carpi combined ; the anterior pair of ambulatory legs differs
from the posterior pair in having the dactylus and propodite a little shorter,
and the lower edge of the merus more hairy and minutely spinulose. The
telson is deeply cut by a broad median notch in its hind margin into two
lobes, the left of which is the larger. The margins of both lobes are spinose.

There is (in the alcoholic specimens) a narrow red ring around both
fingers near their tips, a broader band of the same color around the base of
the fingers, and a red spot on the inner side of the anterior face of the hand.

Length of carapace, 6.5 mm. ; greatest breadth of carapace, 6 mm. ;
length of ocular peduncles, 2.3 mm.

Station 3368. 66 fathoms. 1 male.
3379. 52 " "

Carcinoecium : Phos.

This species, like S. iris A. M. Edw., is characterized by the spiny armature
of the chelipeds. It differs from S. iris in having a smaller number of spines
upon the anterior face of the chela, and in their arrangement in a few defi-
nite longitudinal rows, the surface between the rows being spineless and
reticulated. The chela does not display the lively iridescence so striking in
Milne Edwards's species, nor are the ophthalmic scales bidentate at the end.
The merus of the third maxillipeds is not armed with a distal spine as in
jS". iris.

PYLOPAGURUS LONGIMANUS. 61

PYLOPAGURUS A. M. Edw. et B

ouv.

Bull. Soc. Philomath, de Paris, 8™° Sur., III. 108, 1S91 (type species mmimneA — Eitpagurus
discoidalis A. M. Edw.) ; Mem. Mus. Comp. ZooL, Vol. XIV., No. 3, p. 74, 1893 (geuus described).

Eight species of Pijlopacjunis have hitherto been described, all of them
restricted to the West Indian region with the exception of one species,
P. unguMus (Studer), which has been found also near the Cape of Good
Hope. They inhabit moderate depths (20-508 fathoms). Three species
were secured during the "Albatross" Expedition, all of them closely allied
to West Indian forms.

rylopagxirus longimanus Fax.
Plate XII., Fig. 1-1'.

Bull. Mus Comp. Zool, XXIV. 168, 1893.

Carapace smooth, naked, polished, very convex from side to side ; ros-
trum short, triangular, subacute, advanced further than the rounded lateral
angles. Abdomen longer than the cephalo-thorax. Eye-stalks equal in
length to the first two segments of the antennular peduncle, smooth, pol-
ished, with a few seta3 on the dorsal face. Ophthalmic segment uncovered.
Ophthalmic scales separated by a considerable interval, triangular, their tips
split in a horizontal plane so that they end in two acute teeth, one above
the other, the lower tooth the longer. Last segment of the antennular
peduncle very long and slender (much longer than the eye-stalk), with long
sette on its lower side. Second segment of antennal peduncle armed with a
small and acute median tooth at the distal end of the dorsal face, and pro-
longed into a short and broad triangular external process; third segment
robust, reaching nearly to the end of the eye-stalk ; distal segment long and
slender ; flagellum setose, reaching to the distal end of the carpus of the
larger cheliped when this appendage is extended ; antennal acicle reaching
the end of the eye, curved upward, and furnished with "many long set*,
especially on the superior border and near the tip. The right cheliped
attains an enormous size, much exceeding the whole body in length ; the
outer face of the merus is nearly smooth, but the lower and inner faces of
this segment are granulated ; the carpus is very large, equalling in length
all the preceding segments combined ; it broadens gradually from the proxi-
mal to the distal end, is subquadrate in shape, the height equalling the

62 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

breadth of the distal end ; its whole surface is granular, the granules assum-
ino- the form of small spiuulous tubercles on the dorsal face, which is limited
within by a row of larger teeth. The chela is irregularly oval, the external
side is flattened to form an opercular facet whose proximal limit falls short
of the articulation with the carpus ; the opercular face is surrounded by a
maro-in of denticles, and its whole surface is thickly set with granules or
minute tubercles; the inner or lower side is very convex, granulated, and
deeply excavated at the proximal end to receive the carpus when the chela
is flexed ; the outer margin of the dactylus is somewhat concave toward the
distal end ; the inner or prehensile edges of both fingers are denticulated,
and there is a single tooth of larger size near the middle of the immovable
fino-er which is received in a shallow concavity opposite to it on the inner
margin of the dactylus.

The left cheliped is very small in comparison with its fellow, its distal
end hardly reaching beyond the middle of the cai'pus of tlie latter ; its seg-
ments are much more hairy than those of the right cheliped ; the surface of
the merus is pretty smooth barring a few spinules on the inferior margin ;
the carpus is equal in length to the merus, and is armed with a series of
teeth on the upper margin ; these teeth increase in length toward the
distal end of the segment ; the basal part of the propodite is short and
swollen, the fingers very long, gaping at the base ; the outer or upper
faces of the propodite and dactylus are granulated and definitely bounded by
a line of regularly arranged granules on the outer margin of the dactylus
and the inferior margin of the propodite ; the inner or lower face of the
chela is pretty free from granules, but is furnished with numerous setas,
those on the dactylus being grouped in conspicuous tufts or pencils.

The two pairs of ambulatory legs are of about equal length, but those of
the right side are much longer than those on the left. The former reach as
far as the middle of the large claw, while the latter only reach to its proxi-
mal end. Both pairs of ambulatory legs are laterally compressed. Those
of the first pair are armed with a row of spiny teeth on the upper margin
of the carpus and propodite, and a series of smaller denticles is observable on
the distal half of the lower edge of the merus. In those of the second pair
the same armature is found on the carpus, but it is hardly visible on the
propodite and merus. The dactyli are somewhat longer than the propo-
dites; they are tipped with acute, horny claws and furnished with short,
stiff sette along their margins.

PYLOPAGURUS LONGIMANUS. 63

The hand of the next pair of appendages is ahnost perfectly chelate, and
is furnished with but few hairs ; its rasp is restricted to the distal part of the
claw, but is nevertheless broad and composed of many rows of scales. The
hand of the last pair of thoracic appendages is cheliforni, ornamented with a
tuft of very long and curved hairs on the upper border ; the proximal or
hind border of the rasp is concave.

The abdomen is longer than the carapace ; the integument is very thin
and soft, barring the last two segments, whose doi'sal walls are well calcified.
Asymmetry is but little apparent except through the disparity of the ter-
minal appendages, and the absence of false feet on the right side. False
feet are found on the left side to the number of three (in the male). Each
of them consists of a basal stem which carries two setiferous branches of very
unequal size. The sixth somite is divided into two unequal parts b}' a trans-
verse suture ; of the appendages borne by this somite the one on the left side
is much larger than that on the right. Tiie telson is imperfectly divided by
a transverse suture, and a notch in the posterior margin divides the hinder
portion into two lobes which are not quite symmetrical. The posterior
margin is armed with a few minute denticles.

Traces of color are still perceptible in the alcoholic specimens, especially
upon the legs, which are yellowish, variously banded and mottled with red.

Length of carapace, 10 mm. ; length of carapace in front of cervical
groove, 5 mm. ; length of eye-stalk, 4 mm. ; length of right cheliped,
34.5 mm. (merus, 8 mm., carpus, 11 mm., propodite, 14.8 X 8 nun., dactylus,
10 mm.); length of left cheliped, 18 mm. (chela, 6 mm.), length of first
right ambulatory leg, 7 mm. ; dactylus of first right ambulatory leg, 8.5 mm.

In younger and smaller specimens the chelipeds are shorter in proportion
to the length of the body and the major claw is shorter, broader, and more
regularly oval in outline. A specimen whose carapace is 6.5 mm. long gives
the following dimensions for the right cheliped: total length, 16.5 mm.;
merus, 4.5 mm. ; carpus, 5.5 mm. ; propodite, 7.5 mm. ; dactylus, 4.5 mm.

Station 3368. 66 fathoms. 5 males.

One specimen is in a Gastropod shell thickly encrusted with Bryozoa, the
others are without carcinoecia.

Pijlopagums longimanus is similar to P. imgulatus (Studer),* but may be

* Eupagurus iingulatus Studer, Crustaceen der Gazelle, p. 26, Plate IT. Y\s.. 13: .\l)handl. Kbiiisl. Akad.
Wissensch. zu Berlin, 1S82 ; Pi/lopagurus ungulaiiis A. M. Edw. et Bouv., Mem. Mus. Comp. ZoBl., Vol.
XIV., No. 3, p. SO, Plate VI. Fig. 15-18, 1893.

64 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

readily distinguislied from the latter by the great size of the right cheliped,
the irregularly oval outline of the right chela, the great length of the distal
segment of the antennular peduncle, etc.

Pylopagurus aflBnis Fax.
Plate XII., Fig. 2-2\

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 169, 1893.

This species is nearly related to P. iingtiMus, from which it differs in the
following respects : the eye-stalks are longer, and narrower at the distal end ;
the external prolongation of the second segment of the antenna is longer
and slenderer ; the upper margin of the carpus of the right cheliped is armed
with two or three spines, the largest of which is close to the anterior border ;
the outer face of the carpus is smooth save where a light tubercular ridge
runs along the middle. In P. imgidatus this face of the carpus is thickly
covered with spinulous granules which assume larger proportions and a uni-
serial arrangement on the superior and inferior margins. On extending the
comparison to the large chela, further differences between the two species
become apparent. In both species the external face is flat, covered with
minute spinulous granules, and surrounded by a border of sharp spines ; but
in P. affinis the marginal spines are larger and more irregular, and the flat
opercular facet is not sharply defined at the proximal end by the regular
arrangement of the marginal spines as in P. ungulatus ; instead, one finds the
marginal series of spines broken down at this point, thus eflfacing any distinct
limit between the opercular face of the chela and the articular surface which
connects the propodite with the carpus. The inner or lower surface of the
large chela is smooth in P. affinis, granulated in P. wujulatus. The left cheli-
ped is quite different in the two species : in P. affinis the several segments of
which it is composed give rise to long setce which give the appendage a
very hairy appearance when contrasted with P. ioigiilatus ; the inferior
border of the chela is conspicuously toothed, while in P. imgiilaius it is entire.
The ambulatory legs are more hairy in the Pacific species than in P. ungu-
latus, and their carpal joints are not so distinctly dentate on the superior
border. The rasps of the fourth pair of legs are multiserial in both species.
The telson P. affinis is symmetrical, subcircular in outline, its posterior border
convex and entire ; in P. ungulatus, the telson has a deep and wide posterior
median notch.

PYLOPAGUEUS HIRTIMANUS. 65

Length, about 12 mm. ; length of carapace, 4.5 mm.

Station 3397. 85 fathoms. 1 male.

There are three simple, unpaired abdominal appendages on the left side,
in the type spechnen. The vasa deferentia are extruded from the base of
the fifth legs on each side. They appear as slender threads, the one on the
right side much longer than its fellow, and twisted (see Plate XII. Fig. 2').

The type specimen inhabited a JVassa shell whose orifice was built out
and enlarged by an encrusting, branching Bryozoon.

Pylopagurus hirtimanus Fax.
Plate XIII., Fig. 1, T.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 170, 1S93.

This species closely resembles P. rosaccus A. M. Edw. et Bouv.,* from the
West Indian seas. Compared with the type of P. rosaceiis it presents the fol-
lowing differences : the eye-stalks are a little slenderer, and together with
the ophthalmic scales are separated by a wide interval, in which the anten-
nules lie, exposed from above. In P. rosacens, on the contrary, the ophthal-
mic stalks and scales are closely approximated, concealing the antennules
beneath. The outer face of the right chela is ornamented with conical
tubercles whose bases are expanded into circular plates ; these plates are
closely packed over the surface of the chela so that no interstices are left
between them ; their borders are cut into a large number of minute radiat-
ing processes ; on the basal half of the propodite the tubercles give rise to
long setfB which render that part of the claw conspicuously hirsute, in con-
trast with the distal part which is naked ; furthermore, on the distal half of
the propodite, especially on the concave surface of the immovable finger, the
tubercular processes tend to become obsolete, leaving only the basal circular
radiate plates ; the bases of the conical teeth along the outer mai-gin of
the hand and movable finger are expanded into flattened roundish
surfaces with radiate margins ; these surfaces form a conspicuous outer
border to the hand ; the inner face of the hand is tuberculated. In P. rosaccus
the tubercles of the outer face of the chela are encircled by rounded gran-
ules much less numerous than the radiating points in P. hirtimanus ; the
tubercles are so loosely arranged that numerous interstices are apparent
between them ; the hairs on the basal half of the hand are not so well

* Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XIV., No. 3, p. 97, Plate VII. Fig. 10-17, 1893.

66 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

developed as in the Pacific species, the whole outer face of the immov-
able finger is strongly tuberculated, the teeth of the lower margin are not
expanded into conspicuous plates, and the inner face of the chela is nearly
smooth. The carpus in P. hirtimanus is armed with larger spines on the
internal margin, is more hairy, and more coarsely granulated on its inner,
inferior, and outer surfaces than it is in P. rosaceus. The left chela is com-
paratively smaller than in P. rosaceus, is more strongly toothed along the
internal margin of the propodite and dactylus, and exhibits, besides, most of
the above-specified peculiarities of the right claw. The primary branch of
the unpaired abdominal appendages is shorter and broader than in P. rosa-
ceus. The rasp on the propodus of the fourth pair of legs is uniserial as in
P. rosaceus.

Length of carapace of largest male, 12 mm. ; length of carapace in front
of cervical groove, 7 mm.; breadth across the branchial regions, 9.5 mm. ;
length of large claw, 11 mm.; breadth of large claw, 7 mm.

Station 3367. 100 fathoms. 2 males, 1 fem.
3368. 06 " 5 " 5 "

Carcinoecia : Phos, Columbella, Nassa.

A good deal of the color is still preserved in alcohol. The lower surface
of the eye-stalk is quite a deep red, while the upper surface is a pale yellow.
The merus and carpus of the chelipeds and all the segments of the ambula-
tory legs from the ischium to the dactylus inclusive are banded transversely
with bright red on a yellowish ground.

PAGURISTES Dana.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., V. 269, 271, 1851.

Paguristes fecundus Fax.

Plate XIV., Fig. 2-2' .

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., XXIV. 173, 1893.

The anterior or gastric section of the 'carapace is smooth in the central
and hinder parts, rugose near the front, and tuberculose in the antero-
lateral region, where a few of the tubercles assume a spiny form ; from
the tubercular surface spring long slender set^e. The anterior margin of
the carapace is produced in the median line so as to form an acute triangu-
lar rostrum which projects beyond the subacute lateral proces.ses ; between

PAGURISTES FECUNDUS. 67

the rostrum and the lateral processes the anterior border is concave and
thickened so as to form a rim. The anterior gastric lobes are clearly
defined anteriorly.

The ocular peduncles are long and cylindrical, reaching considerably
beyond the antennal peduncle, but not quite so fiir as the antennular
peduncle. The ophthalmic scales are of moderate size and bidentate at the
tip, the external tooth very minute. The antennal acicle reaches almost to
the end of the pedimcle ; it is setose, and armed with six spines, two of which
form a terminal fork, the others being marginal. The external prolongation
of the second antennal segment is narrow, setose, and minutely spinulose ;
there is, moreover, a spinule on the upper face of this segment behind the
base of the acicle ; the antennal flagellum is very short (about equal in
length to the anterior section of the carapace). The third pair of maxilli-
peds are closely approximated at their bases ; their merus joints are armed
with three or four denticles on the lower margin and one at the distal end
of the upper margin.

The chelipeds are short and of like size and shape ; the merus is smooth
within, rugose without ; the two inferior margins armed with minute black-
tipped spinules. The carpus is tomentose and spinulose, the largest spines
occurring along the superior border ; the hand is both spinulose and pubes-
cent, but the hair is less dense upon the fingers than upon the basal portion
of the hand, which is short and swollen below. The fingers are short, exca-
vated within, and terminate bluntly in dark, corneous nails. The ambula-
tory limbs are pubescent, particularly on the upper and lower margins ;
the distal end of the merus, and also the carpus, propodite, and dactylus
are armed with numerous spines, the most prominent of which are
arranged in a row along the upper border of the carpus and propodite;
the dactylus is about equal in length to the propodite and carpus together.
The legs of the fourth pair are furnished with long hairs on their upper mar-
gin, and there are a few spines on the upper margin of the carpus ; the pro-
podite is rather longer than the dactylus, and the rasping surface on its lower
margin occupies two thirds of its length. The last pair of legs are much less
hairy than the preceding pair ; the rasping surface, which is truncate pos-
teriorly, falls a little short of reaching the middle of the hand. The telson
is divided by a pair of lateral incisions and a median one into four lobes,
those on the left side the larger ; the pair of terminal lobes are obscurely
toothed on their margins.

68 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Length of carapace, 9.5 mm.; breadth, 7 mm.; length of ocular peduncle,

4 mm.

Station 3368. 66 fathoms. 2 fem. ovig., in shells of Mitra and Phos.

This species is nearly related to P. lymani A. M, Edw. et Bouv.* of the
West Indian region, and to P. subpilosus Hend.f of New Zealand. From the
former it is distinguished by the more prominent and acute rostrum which
overhangs the ocular segment, by the smaller number of spines on the
antennal acicle, and by the armature of the telson, the margin of which is
ornamented with obscure teeth, while in P. li/mani it is furnished with
numerous spines whose tips are horny and dark colored. From P. snbpilosus
it differs in having shorter eye-stalks and antennal acicle, fewer spines on
the antennal acicle, a longer and narrower external prolongation of the
second joint of the antenna, and a differently shaped telson.

The ovisacs of both specimens are large and filled with eggs.

PARAPAGURUS Smith.
Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci., V. 50, 1879.

Parapagurus pilosimanus abyssorum (Hend.).

Tarapagitrus abyssorum A. M. Edw. MS., Hend., Rep. Challenger Anomura, p. 87, Plate IX.

Fig. 2, 1888.
Parapagurus pilosimanus, var. abyssorum A. M. Edw. et Bouv., Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., 7'"° Ser.,

XIII. 205, 1892.

Statior

I 3362.

1175 fathoms.

1 male.

«

3363.

978

a

5 males, 5 fem.

((

3364.

902

1 male.

u

3366.

1067

2 males, 3 fem.

«

3371.

770

6 males, 15 fem

ti

3374.

1823

1 fem.

u

3375.

1201

1 male.

et

3376.

1132

2 males, 2 fem.

i(

3380.

899

1 male.

Cl

3392.

1270

1 male, 1 fem.

a

3393.

1020

2 males, 2 fem!

(C

3400.

1322

4 males, 3 fem.

((

3407.

885

1 male.

* Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XIV., No. 3, p. 49, Plate IV. Fig. 13-22, 1893.
t Rep. Challenger Anomura, p. 77, Plate VIII. Fig. 2, 2«, 1888.

PETROLISTHES AGASSIZII. 69

Station 3413. 1360 fathoms. 2 males, 6 fem.

" 3429. 919 " 2 males.

3431. 995 " 1 male, 2 fem.

" 3432. 1421 " 1 male, 1 fem.

The carcinoecia are Gastropod shells which support, and in most cases
are more or less completely absorbed by, a sea-anemone or a colony of
Epizoanthus. Among the determinable shells are Solariella, Naiica, and Phos.

Family PORCELLANID^.
PETROLISTHES Stimps.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X. 227, 1858.

Petrolisthes occidentalis Stimps.

Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII. 73, 1859.

Reef at Panama, March 12. 4 males, 8 fem. ovig.

In recent alcoholic specimens the transverse ridges and sqnamiform tuber-
cles of the carapace are dark red, the intervening spaces yellowish. The
lower surface, including the abdomen, deep madder.

Petrolisthes agassizii Fax.
Plate XV., Fig. 1, P.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 174, 1S93.

In this pretty species the whole upper surface of the carapace is crossed
b}' piliferous plications or rugaj which are broken and irregular on the ante-
rior half of the carapace, but posteriorly they extend across the whole upper
surface without a break. The length of the carapace is equal to the breadth,
the front is prominent, somewhat deflexed, not trifid ; a longitudinal median
sulcus extends back some distance on the gastric region. The supraorbital
margin is convex and thickened, separated from the front by a deep groove ;
the posterior angle of the orbit is obtuse, but denticulated. On the lateral
margin of the carapace a minute spine is discernible just behind the cervical
groove. The pterygostomian region is clothed with a dense pubescence.
The basal joint of the antenna has a prominent denticulated lobe on its inner
side. Chelipeds : merus rugose, armed with a strong tooth on the distal
internal angle ; carpus long, thickly set with flat, squamous tubercles both
above and below, anterior border three-toothed, upper surface with two Ion-

70 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

gitudinal depressions running the length of the segment; propodite long,
closely set with piliferous squames on both surfaces ; a longitudinal depres-
sion runs from the articulation of the dactjlus back to the carpus ; both
fino-ers densely pubescent within at base. Ambulatory appendages: meri
rugose, with spinules on anterior margin, and a spine at the posterior angle
of the distal end of the first and second pairs. The surface of the abdomen,
sternum, and outer maxillipeds is thrown into setiferous folds or ridges.

Color (in alcohol) : reddish, lighter below, the pigment assuming the
form of spots on the basal parts of the abdomen ; a large blood-red spot
on the propodite of the outer maxillipeds.

Carapace, 5x5 mm. ; cheliped, 3-i mm. ; carpus, 10.5 mm. ; chela, 20 mm.

One male, taken with the preceding species on the reef at Panama at low
tide, March 12.

In the shape of the carapace and the front this species bears a close
resemblance to Peirolisthes sexspinosiis (Gibbes) and P. occidenialis Stimps., but
the transverse ridges ai'e more broken anteriorly, while posteriorly they
extend uninterruptedly across the whole width of the carapace, being here
more perfectly developed and less broken than in the two species named
above. The carpus and claw, moreover, are longer and narrower, the ante-
rior margin of the carpus is three-toothed instead of five-toothed. The
squames of the carpus and claw do not tend to wideu out into ridges or folds
on either tlie upper or lower surfaces, but preserve the form of close set
imbricated scales over the whole surface, including the space between the
longitudinal depressions of the carpus and along the depressed lin« of the
propodite. The forui of the carpus approaches nearer to that of Peirolisthes
armatus (Gibbes),* but the present species may be readily distinguished from
P. armatus by the prominent rugoe of the carapace, and squames of the che-
lipeds. From P. cdmirdsii (Sauss.) the present species is distinguished
by its longer chelipeds, by the ridges of the hinder part of the carapace
extending clear across the carapace Avithout interruption, etc. The ridges
of the frontal lobes are much more strongly developed in P. agassizii than in
any of the allied species mentioned above.

* Porcelluiia armata Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 3d Meeting, p. 190, 1850. Dr. Stimpsou,
■when 1,-ibelling the Crustacea in tlie Siiiitlisonian Institution and Museum of Comparative Zoology, separated
the Panama specimens of Petrolisthes armatus under the name of Petrolistlies similis, sp. uov., and specimens
so labelled were afterward sent to the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. These were seen by Professor Hciulerson,
and are referred to in his I'eport on the "Challenger" Anomura, p. 109, as P. similis Stimps. But. Slimpson,
in publication, referred these specimens to P. armatus (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII. 74, 1S59), and
never, so far as I can learn, published his P. similis.

PACHYCHELES PANAMENSIS. 71

PACHYCHELES Stimps.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X. 228, 1858.

Pachycheles panamensis Fax.
Plate XV., Fig. 2, 2\

Bull. Mils. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 175, 1893.

Carapace subcircular, the longitudinal and transverse diameters nearly
equal, upper surface flattened, granulate and setose, especially on the gastric
and anterior portion of the branchial regions, posterior portions of the
branchial regions lightly rugose. Front broad, produced to a roimded
median lobe, lateral portions straight, inner orbital angle rounded, not pro-
duced ; outer orbital angle projecting as a triangular tooth between the eye
and the base of the antenna. Lateral border of the carapace with a con-
cavity behind the antenna ; the margin is slightly raised as a riui which is
lost in one of the branchial rugoe before reaching the hind border of the cara-
pace ; hind border slightly concave. Chelipeds unequal, the right being
the larger ; upper surface of the merus rugose and setose, under surface
smooth, internal distal angle produced as a denticulated tooth ; carpus short
and broad, upper surface tuberculous and setose, internal border armed with
a large tooth at the base, followed by one or two smaller teeth, lower surface
smooth and naked ; upper surface of the propodite furnished with small
tubercles which bear stiff bristles, inner margin rounded, not toothed, outer
margin granulated, lower suface convex, naked and polished near the centre
(where the surface is reticulated in the larger claw), squamoso-granular and
setose near the edges ; fingers gaping, crossing at tips, toothless on both the
inner and outer margins (or at most slightly denticulated on the outer mar-
gin). Ambulatory appendages setose.

Length of carapace, 6.5 mm., breadth, 7 nun. ; breadth of frontal margin,
2 mm.

Panama, March 12. 1 fem. ovig.

Pachycheles rudk Stimps. is a larger species, with the posterior margin of
the carapace more concave (the concavity having almost the shape of a trian-
gular notch) ; the carapace and chelipeds are less setose than in P. panamensis,
the anterior margin of the carpus not prominently toothed, and there is a
strong protuberance near the middle of the upper surface of the propodite.
In P. tubcrculipcs Lockington the central part of the front is triangular and

2 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

deeply furrowed along the median line, the clielipeds and ambulatory legs
are knobbed so as to present " a mass of tubercles above." P. panamensis
appears to be near P. harbaius A. M. Edw. from the Azores, but in the latter
species the front is broader and the carpus more denticulated.

Family GALATEID^.

PLEURONCODES Stimps.
Aun. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIL 245, 1S60.

Pleuroncodes monodon (M. Edw.) ?
Plate XV., Fig. 3-3'.

? Guluthea monodon M. Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust., II. 276, 1837.
"i Pleuroncodes monodon Stimps., Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII. 245, 1860.
Pleuroncodes monodon ? Tax., Bull. Mus. Conip. Zool., XXIV. 170, 1893.

Station 3385. 286 fathoms. 16 males, 7 fern. (" half a bushel rejected").
" 3386. 242 " 9 " 14 "

" 3396. 259 " 2 " 2 "

" 3423. 94 " 18 " 11 "

Compared with Milne Edwards's figure* of P. monodon, the "Albatross"
specimens, especially the males, present a more obese appearance ; their
greatest width is across the cardiac region, while in the figure of P. monodon
(which undoubtedly represents a female) it is near the posterior end of the
carapace ; the cardiac area, in the examples before me, is sunk below the
level of the rest of the carapace, and the transverse piliferous lines are more
broken at this point, as well as on the gastric region, than appears to be the
case in P. monodon, to judge from the figure referred to. Unless these dis-
crepancies are due to the inaccuracy of Milne Edwards's draughtsman, the
"Albatross" specimens belong to a new species. The type specimens of
P. monodon came from the coast of Chile.

In P. plan/'pes Stimps. the penultimate segments of the ambulatory
appendages are flattened and ciliated, and the cardiac area is not depressed
as in the " Albatross" specimens. P. planipes appears to be a pelagic form.
It has been taken off the coast of California and western Mexico.

The lateral expansion of the carapace of P. monodon carries the antero-
lateral angle some distance outward bej'ond the antero-lateral spine. This

* Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., 3*™« Ser., XVI., Plate XI. Fig. 6-9, 1851.

MUNIDA OBESA. 73

point is not brought out in the figure on Plate XV., but the reader is cau-
tioned against inferring that there is any difference in this regard between
the " Albatross " specimens and the one figured by Milne Edwards. The
length of the rostral lioi-n is somewhat variable, being often considerably
longer than in the specimen figured.

MUNIDA Leach.
Diet. Sci. Nat., XVIII. 52, 1820.

About forty-five species of Munida are now known. The " Albatross "
collection of 1891 contains five species, four of which were previously
unknown. Professor Alphonse Milne Edwards's final illustrated report on the
Galateidce collected by the " Blake " Expeditions has not yet appeared, but I
have before me the types of the ten species of Munida briefly diagnosed in his
preliminary report which was published in 1880.* The specimens (" Blake "
Sta. No. 36) recorded by Milne Edwards as Munida caribbcea Stimps. are the
same species as those described on the same page as a new species under the
name Munida irrasa. The specimens doubtfully referred to Munida caribbcua
Stimps. by Prof. S. 1. Smith f are Munida iris of Milne Edwards. Stimp-
son's Munida caribbcea is absolutely indeterminable from his brief notice of \i,X
and the types were burned in the great Chicago fire. The name caribbwa
should, then, be dropped and Milne Edwards's iris and irrasa should be
retained.

Professor Henderson § considers Munida valida Smith to be identical with
Munida miles A. M. Edw. On comparing the types of M. miles with Smith's
figure of M. valida, it appears that the supraocular spines are much longer
and more divergent in the latter than they are in M. miles.

Munida obesa Fax.
Plate XVI., Fig. 1, 1".

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 176, 1893.

In this species we see an approach to the genus Plenroncodes, since the
sides or latero-inferior walls of the carapace are somewhat swollen, so that

* Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo5l., VIII. 47-52, Dec. 1S80.

t Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III. 428, Jan. 18S1 ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, X. 22, Plate X. Fiar. 1, 1SS2 ;
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VI. 40, Plate III. Fig. 11, 1883; Ami. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1S82, p. 355,
1884 ; id. for 1885, p. 643, 1886.

+ Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII. 244, 1860.

§ Rep. Clialleuger Anomura, p. 126, 1888.

10

74 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

they show a little when the animal is viewed from above. The basal seg-
ment of the antennae, moreover, is more exposed from above than it is in
the more typical species of llunida.

The latei'al rostral spines, or supraocular spines, are curved upward more
than the median rostral spine, and the three are nearly parallel ; the lateral
spines reach about half way to the tip of the median ; all three are micro-
scopically spinulose on their upper edge. There are two pairs of spines on
the anterior part of the gastric region in line with the lateral rostral spines.
Of these two pairs the anterior is the larger. There is also a longitudinal
line of spinules in the median line between the two pairs just spoken of. The
arrangement of the other spines on the anterior portion of the carapace will
be best understood by reference to the figure on Plate XVI. The cardiac
area is somewhat sunlc below the level of the surrounding parts, its anterior
margin is denticulated, with a larger spine on each side. Tlie lateral mar-
gins of the carapace are armed with ten or eleven spines, the one on the
antero-lateral angle being the longest. The second abdominal segment is
ornamented with a transverse row of eight small spines. Tiie other abdomi-
nal segments are normally destitute of spines, but in a few of the many
specimens before me there are two or four small spinules on the third seg-
ment. The pleura3 of the third, fourth, and sixth abdominal segments are
acute, the rest blunt. The eyes are large and are provided with rather long
cilia on the edge of tlie cornea. The basal joint of the antenna is armed
with a long and sharp spine which reaches forward beyond the eyes; the
second joint also has a long spine on each side. The chelipeds are long and
hairy ; the merus, carpus, and basal part of the propodite are spiny, the
fingers long, slender, the cutting edges straight and finely spinulous.* The
ambulatory appendages are setose, the upper and lower edges of the merus
are spinulose, and there is, moreover, a row of spinules on the outer surface,
this external line of spinules being best developed on the proximal end of the
segment; the carpus is armed with small spines on the upper margin and

* lu some of the males the chela is broader than in others, aud the basal part of the propodal digit is
curved so that there is a distinct gap at the base of the fingers, with one or two rather prominent teeth on
the base of the cutting edge of the dactylus. This difference in the form of tlie chela is generally found among
the males of the different species of Miini'la, and has been referred to by Henderson (Clialleugcr Auomura,
p. 127), as a ease of dimorphism. I have elsewhere (Amcr. Jouni. Sci., 3d Ser., XXVII. 42-14, 1884) shown
that the two forms of the male in tlie genus Camharus are alternating stages in the life of the same indi-
vidual, one phase being assumed during the breeding periods, the other during the intervening seasons oi
sexual quiescence. Jules Bonnier (Comptes Rendus de I'Acad. Sci., CXI. 987, 1890) has shown that the
same condition of things exists among the Amphipoda. I have no doubt that the two forms of the male in
the genus Munida are to be explained in tlie same way.

MUNIDA REFULGENS. 75

one spine on the distal end of the lower margin ; the penultimate and ter-
minal joints are unarmed.

Length, 65 mm. ; length of carapace, 34.5 mm. ; breadth of carapace
between epimeral sutures, 21 mm. ; length of rostrum, 11 mm. ; length of
cheliped, 84 mm. (merus, 26 mm., carpus, 10 mm., basal portion of chela, 18
mm., dactylus, 21 mm.).

Station 3389. 210 fathoms. 2 males, 7 fem.
3355. 182 " 5 young.

Munida refulgens Fax.

Plate X VII.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 177, 1893.

In this species the setae on the ridges of the thorax and abdomen and on
the legs are resplendent with iridescent hues. The carapace narrows anteri-
orly. The rostrum is long, triangular in cross section, the upper surface
scabrous, the lateral margins armed with two to four spines, which are gene-
rally unsymmetrically placed on the two sides. The supraocular spines are
short. There is a transverse line of spinules back of the base of the rostrum,
the two which lie on each side of the median line being larger than the
others. Seven marginal spines on each side of the carapace, the ones at the
antero-lateral angles the largest. There are no spines on the abdominal seg-
ments. The abdominal pleurae are acute. The basal joint of the antenna has
a plate-like expansion, but is not spinose ; the second joint is furnished with
an external spine. The inferior border of the merus of the third maxilliped
is furnished with four spines, the proximal of which is the longest. Cheli-
peds very long, squamose, and clothed with silky setfB ; the merus has a row
of spines on the upper margin, another on the inner side, and a row of
smaller ones on the outer side ; the carpus is provided with three or four
spinules at the distal end ; the chela is slender, the outer finger flattened,
ribbed above, the outer edge rather convex and expanded toward the base ;
cutting edges of fingers finely denticulated. The anterior border of the merus
and carpus of the ambulatory appendages is spinose.

The general color in life is red, deepest on the carapace and chelse ; the
transverse setiferous lines of the carapace as well as the dactyli of the ambu-
latory legs are yellow ; eyes black. In the alcoholic specimens the color is
retained in the chelae, and particularly in the rostrum.

Station 3367.

100 ftithoms

" 3378.

112 "

" 3379.

52 "

". 3427.

80 '"

76 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Dimensions of largest specimen (male) : length, 91 mm. ; length of cara-
pace, including rostrum, 43 mm. ; breadth of carapace, 34 mm. ; length of
cheliped, 211 mm. ; merus, 90 mm., carpus, 15 mm., basal part of chela,
56 mm., dactylus, 42 mm.

13 males, 18 fem. (7 ovig.).
15 males, 19 fem. (14 ovig.).
1 young.
1 "

In M. iris A. M. Edw., the setae are iridescent, as in this species, but the
rostrum lacks the lateral spines, and the supraocular spines are much longer,
reaching beyond the eyes. From M. trrasaA. M. Edw., which is also an irides-
cent species, 31. refiilgens differs in the shape of the hand, in the relatively
shorter median rostral spine, which is provided with lateral spines, etc.

Munida propinqua Fax.
Plate XVIII., Fig. 1, r.

BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 178, 1893.

The carapace of this species is rather flat ; the rostral spines are sca-
brous, the supraocular reaching to a point beyond the eyes ; there is a promi-
inent spine on the gastric area behind each supraocular spine, another on
each side behind and external to these, and a pair of very small ones on the
median line at the base of the rostrum ; besides these there are about four
small spines on the anterior half of the carapace. The anterior lateral angle
of the carapace is truncated, the lateral border seven-spined. The pleurte of
the abdomen are rounded, short, and broad ; the second abdominal segment
is furnished with a transvei'se row of about eight spines, the rest of the seg-
ments being destitute of spines ; the terga of the second to the fourth seg-
ments are very smooth behind the central transverse fossae. The first joint
of the antenna is armed with a long spine, the second joint with one on each
side. There is a minute spine at the antero-inferior angle of the carapace.
The chelipeds are robust, setose, and spiny ; merus spiny on upper and inner
parts ; carpus spiny on all sides ; the hand is furnished with two rows of
spines on the lower side, another along the middle of the outer face, and
three irregular series along the upper side ; both the fingers are spinulose.
Ambulatory limbs setose, spiny along the superior and inferior edges.

In small specimens the supraocular spines may be shorter than the eye-
stalks.

MUNIDA GRACILIPES. 77

Length, 84 mm.; carapace (including the rostrum), 45.5 mm. ; breadth,
26 mm. ; length of cheliped, 96 mm.

Station 3384. 458 fathoms. 11 males, 6 fem. (ovig.).
3394. 511 " 1 male.

3404. 385 " 1 male juv.

This species resembles M. valida Smith and M. miles A. M. Edw., but the
carapace of M. propinqua is flatter, the cardiac area is more distinctly circum-
scribed by a furrow, the abdomen bears spines on the second segment only,
and the abdominal segments are not so much sculptured.

Munida gracilipes Fax.

Plate XVI., Fig. 2-2K

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 179, 1893.

Carapace rather flat and quadrangular. Supraocular spines less than
one half the length of the rostrum, shorter than the ocular peduncle.
Four spinules on the gastric area arranged in the form of a square, — two
behind each supraocular spine ; a longitudinal row of obsolescent spinules
in the median line from base of rostrum to the cardiac area; one spine
on the cardiac region, a pair on the intestinal region, and one on each side of
the cardiac region just back of the cervical suture. The lateral margins of
the carapace are armed with about seven spines, the first of which is the
largest. The second abdominal segment is armed with a transverse row of
six spines, the third with a row of four, the fourth with a row of four, and
one median spine behind the transverse row. This is the normal arrange-
ment, but in one specimen out of the four there is an additional pair of
spines on the second and third segments back of the transverse row. The
pleurJB of the third, fourth, and fifth abdominal segments are acute. Eyes
very large, reniform. The chelipeds are very long and slender, the merus
spinose (the chief of the spines being on the inner side of the joint), the
carpus also is spinose. The hand has about eight spines on tlie upper mar-
gin and one on the lower; there are several acute spines on the outer border
of the movable finger, the cutting edges of the fingers are straight, finely
denticulated or spinulose.

Length, 24 mm. ; breadth, 8 mm. ; length of cheliped, 34 mm.

Station 3391. 153 fathoms. 4 specimens.

3Itmida gracilipes is nearly allied to M. stimpsoni A. M. Edw., which it

78 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

appears to represent on the Pacific side of America. When compared with
the type specimens of 31. stimjjsoni the differences are very evident, though
somewhat difficult to describe. The carapace of M. gmcilipes \s much flatter,
smoother, and more shining than in 31. stimpsoni ; the transverse ridges are
more prominent, fewer in number, and do not show that tendency to break
up into imbricated, granulated scales which is so characteristic of 31. stimpsoni.
The supraocular spines are shorter, closer to the median rostral spine, and
fused more completely with the latter at the base. The eye is larger, the
transverse ridges on the abdominal somites fewer in number. The lateral
spines of the carapace and the abdominal spines are more fully developed.
The cardiac area is narrower and bounded by more distinct furrows.

Munida microphthalma A. M. Edw. ?

'> Miinida microphthalma A. M. Edw., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII. 51, 1880.
Ihmidu microphUitdma ? Fax., Bidl. Mus. Coinp. Zoo!., XXIV. 179, 1893.

Station 3370. 134 fathoms. 1 fem. ovig., 20 mm. long.

Compared Avith the type specimens of 31. micropMlialnia, the " Albatross"
specimen has the rostrum shorter and less strongly upturned ; the supra-
ocular spines, too, are shorter (shorter than the eyes). There is no row of
spines, but merely a ridge, along the superior or external face of the hand.
The second abdominal somite bears only two spines instead of eight, as in
the type ; but this is of no great importance, since the spines of that segment
are altogether absent in one of the " Blake '' sjjccimens (Station No. 2), and
in one noticed by Henderson in the " Challenger" collections.

31. microphlhahna was taken by the " Blake " among the West Indies in
573-1030 fathoms, and by the " Challenger " in the same region in 390
fathoms, north of Kermadec Islands in 600 fathoms, and near Ascension
Island in 425 fathoms.

GALACANTHA A. M. Edw.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zobl, VIII. 52, 1880.

Galacantha rostrata A. m. Edw.
FUte B, Fig. 1, T.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII. 52, 1880.

Station 3362. 1175 fathoms. 1 male.

" 3400. 1322 " 3 males, 2 fem. (1 ovig.).

3413. 1360 " 1 fem.

GALACANTHA DIOMEDE/E. 79

The " Albatross " specimens differ constantly from the typical West
Indian form in the following particulars : The spines at the antero-lateral
angles of the carapace are more divergent, the anterior spine being more
nearly parallel with the axis of the body ; the posterior spine is relatively
longer ; the abdomen is smoother toward the central part of the segments ;
the dorsal spine of the fourth abdominal segment is smaller. In other re-
gards there is considerable variation among different individuals. The color
in life is orange-red, fading into pale yellowish on the carapace and abdomen.

The characters pointed out by Henderson * to separate G. bcUis from
G. rostrata can hardly be deemed of specific value, nor does it seem probable
that G. taUsmaiiiif is anything more than individual, age, or perhaps local
variation of the same species. G. taUsmanii is a manuscript name of A. Milne
Edwards's ; but this writer appears to have abandoned its claims to recogni-
tion as a valid species, since it is not included in his enumeration of the
known species of Galacantha given in the " Considerations Generales sur la
Famille des Galatheides." % Finally, as far as can be determined by Wood-
Mason's short description, G. areohta\ differs from G. rodrata chiefly in the
coarser granulation of the carapace, and may perhaps be viewed to more
advantage as an East Indian race of G. rosirata. If my suspicions concerning
the relationship of the above-named forms be well founded, we behold in
G. rosirata a somewhat variable abyssal species of world-wide distribution,
represented on both sides of the Atlantic, off the Pacific coast of America,
in the Banda Sea, and in the Bay of Bengal.

The typical form of G. rostrata comes from the West Indian region, 1098-
1591 fathoms. It has been figured by S. I. Smith. ||

Galacantha diomedese Fax.
Plate XXV.

Bull. Mils. Coiiip. Zool., XXIV. ISO, 1893.

Rostrum without lateral spines ; distal part turned upward at an angle of
less than 95° in most specimens, but in some cases the inclination is greater ;

* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Scr., XVI. 418, 1885 ; Rep. Challenger Aiiomura, p. Ifi7, Plate XIX.
Fig. 6, ISSS.

f Heuderson, Rep. ChaJicnger Anomura, p. 167, Plate XX. Pig. 1, 1888.

X A. Milne Edwards et Bouvier, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., 7^"" Ser., XVI. 270, 1894.

§ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VII. 200, 1891.

II Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. X., No. 1, Plate IX. Fig. 2, 2", 1882; Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm.
for 1885, Plate VI. Fig. 1, 1", 1886.

80 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

basal part marginate, the margin running for some distance along the an-
terior edge of the carapace ; a slight keel runs back from the rostrum to
the median gastric spine. Gastric spine smaller than in G. rostrata ; anterior
lateral spine much longer than the posterior; there is an additional small
spine on each side of the carapace just behind the anterior branchial lobe.
Anterior half of the carapace ornamented with setiferous squamous tuber-
cles ; on the posterior half of the carapace the tubercles assume the form of
interrupted transverse ridges. The median spines of the abdomen are small,
diminishing successively in size from the first to the third, which is obsolete
in many examples. Upper surface of abdomen rather hairy, the transverse
ridges devoid of teeth or tubercles, pleurte tuberculose, angles rounded. The
legs are rough with granular setose tubercles. There are t\^'0 prominent
spines at the distal end of the carpus of the chelipeds, and one at the distal
end of the carpus and merus of the ambulatoiy limbs. The antennce are
twice and a half as long as the body.

Dimensions of a female specimen : length of body, 79 mm. ; length of
carapace, 39 mm. ; breadth of carapace, not including the lateral spines,
25 mm.

This species runs into a well-marked variety in which the anterior lateral
spines as well as the median gastric spine are very much smaller than in the
typical form. This variety, which I have named Galacaniha diomedece, var.
parvispina, is figured on Plate XXV., Fig. 2. At one Station (3429) both
forms were obtained at the same haul.

G. diomedece differs from all other known species of Galacaniha by the
rugose character of the sculpture on the hinder half of the cara23ace. In
the relative proportion of the anterior and posterior lateral spines it agrees
with G. spinosa. It may be easily distinguished from G. spinosa by the
entirely different sculpture of the carapace, by the absence of transverse
rows of tubercles on the abdominal terga, etc.

Station 3357. 782 fathoms. 1 fem. juv.

3363.

978

3 males.

3 fem. ovig.

3364.

902

1 fem.

3366.

1067

3 males,

1 fem. ovig.

3371.

770

5 males,

2 fem. (1 ovig.)

3373.

1877

1 male.

3393.

1020

3 males.

3407.

885

2 males,

1 fem.

Station 3429.

919 fathoms

Var.

'parvispina.

Station 3418.

660 fathoms.

" 3419.

772 "

" 3424.

676

" 3429.

919

" 3435.

859

" 3436.

905

MUNIDOPSIS. 81

1 male.

1 male.
1 fem. ovig.
1 male.
1 male.

18 males, 17 fem. (6 ovig.).
6 males, 4 fem. (3 ovig.).
In both G. rostrata and G. diomcdece thei'e is a curious sexual difference
In the male the proximal half of the telson is furnished on each side with
long, amber-colored setse which are entirely wanting in the female. The
same difference between the sexes is found in some species of 3Iumdopsis.

G. dmnedece is often invested with parasites. One of the males from
Station 3371 bears a Peltogastcr, while seven specimens (5 males, 2 females)
of var. imrvispiim house a Bopyrus in the left branchial chamber.
The eggs of this species measure 3 x 2.5 mm.

MUNIDOPSIS Whiteates.
Amer. Journ. Arts and Sci., 3d Ser., VII. 212, 1874.

The type species of this genus is Munidopsis curvirostra Whiteaves, from
the eastern coast of North America. The genus has been redescribed by
A. Milne Edwards, under the name Galatliodes in the Bulletin of the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Vol. VIII., p. 53, 1880. In the same paper Milne
Edwards proposed the two genera Oropliorrhjnclim and Elasinonotiis for the
reception of certain species closely allied to Munidopsis. Orophorrhjnclms has
already been united with Elasmonoius by Henderson. Elasmonotvs was insti-
tuted to embrace the species characterized by a flat, quadrangular carapace
devoid of spines. But such species are connected with the typical 3Iiinidopsis
by so many intermediate forms, which may be assigned to either genus at the
whim of the describer, that I have united Elasmonoius and Ifnnidopsis as one
genus. As the genus Anoplonotus of Smith * does not seem to be sufficiently
distinct from Elasmonoius, it is here merged, with the latter, in Munidopsis.

The union of Munidopsis, Orophorrhynchus, and Elasmonoius, necessitates
renaming two of Henderson's species, viz. Munidopsis brerimana and Elasmo-
noius laiifrons, since both of the trivial names had been previously employed

* Proc. U. S, Nat. Mus., VI. 50, I8S3.
11

82 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

for other species by A. Milne Edwards {Elasmonotus hrevhnaniis and Galathodes
latifrons). For Munidopsis hrevimana Hend. may be substituted Munidopsis
ciliata, a name lately given by Wood-Mason to a Munidopsis from the Bay of
Beno-al, which does not appear to be distinct from Henderson's species*
Elasmonotus latifrons Hend. may be called Munidopsis laiirostris.

The genus 3Iunidopsis, taken in this extended sense, contains about seventy
species, sixteen of which were discovered during the voyage of the " Alba-
tross" in 1891, and were first described in my preliminary report on the
Crustacea of the expedition in 1893.

After the present report was written I received a memoir entitled " Con-
siderations Generales sur la Famille des Galatheides,"-|- written by Prof. Milne
Edwards conjointly with Mr. E. L. Bouvier. In this memoir the classification
of the Galateidcc is treated anew and in more detail. All of the genera pro-
posed by the senior author in 1880 are retained, although transformed almost
beyond recognition by the imposition of new diagnoses and new limitations.
Galathodes is restricted to the species characterized by a broad, flat, triangidar
rostrum, often carinated on its upper side, and armed towards its anterior end
with a pair of prominent lateral spines or teeth, in front of which the distal
extremity of the rostrum suddenly contracts. This new diagnosis of the
genus Galathodes eliminates eight of the ten species upon which the genus
was originally based, leaving G. latifrons and G. tridens alone in Galathodes,
the eight others being transferred to Munidopsis. So of the six species of
Orophorrhijnchus of the original paper three are now transferred to Munidopsis,
one to Elasmonotus, one [0. spinosus) is ignored, leaving but one of the origi-
nal species, 0. aries, in OropJiorrhi/nchus, of which genus it becomes the type.

The difficulty encountered by Prof. Milne Edwards in distributing his
own species among his own genera would seem clearly to show the artificial
nature of the genera proposed, and amply to vindicate the course of those
naturalists who have refused to adopt them.

It is true, as Milne Edwards and Bouvier maintain, that the most char-
acteristic of the species ranged by them in the genera Orophorrhi/nchus and
Elasmonotus differ from the more typical species of Munidopsis as much as or
more than the species assigned to the genus Galacaniiia. But there is this
difference : the species of Galacantha, although they differ but sliglitlj^ in
structure from Munidopsis, yet form a sharply defined and natural group dis-

* See p. 84. f Ann. Soi. Nat., Zool., 1^^^ Ser., XVI. 191-327, 1894.

MUNIDOPSIS BAIRDII. 83

connected from the latter genus in the absence of transitional species. Gala-
thodes, Orophorrhynchus, and Elasmonotus, on the contrary, are bound by a
perfectly graduated series of numerous connecting forms with the typical
species of Munidojms*

In the large and plastic genus Munidopsis, evolution has progressed along
several lines of species, and for the purposes of a monographer it may be
nseful to assign names to the extremes of modification found Avithin the
limits of the genus, in order that the interrelations of the species may be
brought into view. This is the function, as I understand it, of the category
of classification known as subgenus, in which we see a genus in the process of
forming, as it were. By the more or less complete extinction of interme-
diate species we may assume that genera of the present have come from
subgenera of the past, and that future genera will be evolved from sub-
genera of the present. I would distinguish between genera and subgenera
much as the American ornithologists do between species and subspecies.!
Viewed in this light, subgenera may play a very useful part in a philosophi-
cal system of nomenclature.

Munidopsis bairdii Smith.

Oalacaniha bairdii Smith, Proc. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1882, p. 356, 1884.

Miiiadopsis bairdii Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., A' II. 493, 1884; Auu. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for
1885, p. 649, Plate V. Fig. 2, 1886.

Station 3381. 1772 fathoms. 1 male.

Differs from the type, as described by Smith, as follows : the central pair
of spines of the gastric area and the anterior pair of spines of the cardiac area
are absent ; the rostrum has three spines on the right side, four on the left ;
the posterior margin of the carapace has three spines on the right side, two
on the left ; the body is slenderer. The differences are perhaps partly indi-
vidual, partly sexual, Smith's description and figure having been made from
a female specimen.

* Professor Henderson iu 1885 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.. 5th Ser., XA^I. 417) |)roposed the genus Galathop-
sis as a refuge for certain species intermediate between Munidopsis and Elasmoiiolus. Tliis only added to the
difficulty hy drawing two arbitrary lines of division in place of one. In his final report, on the "Challenger"
Anomura, Henderson suppressed the genus Galalhopsis and assigned the intermediate species to Elasmonotus,
expressing at the same time his grave doubts concerning the separability of Elasmonotus from Munidopsis
(Challenger Anomura, pp. 158, 105). It is of interest in this connection to note that Milne Edwards and Bou-
vier (op. cit., p. 283) incline to place these same species in Munidopsis rather than in Elasmonotus.

f The Code of Nomenclature and Check-List of North American Birds adopted by the American Orni-
thologists' Union, being the Report of the Committee of the Union on Classification and Nomenclature, p. 31.
New York, 1886.

84 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

M. haij-dii has been taken off the east coast of the United States in 1497
and 1742 fathoms.

Munidopsis ciliata Wood-Mason.
Plate XVIIL, Fig. 3.

Munidopsis brevimana Hend., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5tli Ser., XVI. 414, 1885 ; Rep. CLalleuger Ano-

mura, p. 154, Plate XVII. Fig. 1, 2, 1888. {Nomen praoc.*)
Munidopsis ciliata Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VII. 200, 1891.

Station 3353. 695 fathoms. 1 male.
3363. 978 " 1 male.

" 3392. 1270 " 1 fem.

" 3393. 1020 " 2 males.

Most of the " Albatross " specimens are more hairy than those described
by Henderson. In this respect they agree with M. ciliata Wood-Mason.
These specimens also show that the number of lateral spines of the carapace,
relied upon by Wood-Mason to distinguish his species from M. brevimana
Hend., is inconstant.

In some specimens there is an extra spine on each side of the front mar-
gin of the carapace, between the supraantennal spine and the spine at the
antero-lateral angle.

Just as these pages are going to press, the type specimen of Munidopsis
nitida (A. M. Edw.)t is returned from Paris. It is a male 23 mm. long
(" Blake" Sta. 163, Guadaloupe, 769 fathoms), and differs from AI. ciliata but
very slightly. The carapace is less hairy and more polished ; the transverse
squamiform ridges, which are very evident in M. ciliata, are obsolescent.
The transverse furrow which divides the terga of the second, third, and
fourth abdominal somites into two prominent ridges in M. ciliata is but faintly
indicated in M. nitida. The tubercles on the superior face of the merus of
the ambulatory appendages, moreover, are much less pronounced in Milne
Edwards's species. In short, 31. nitida is a less heavily sculptured and less
hairy form than M. ciliata. The characters that separate the two forms
appear to be of racial or varietal, rather than specific, value, but the name
M. cilinta may be provisionally retained for the Pacific and Indian Ocean
form until the distribution of each form is more fully known.

* See pp. 81, 82.

t Orophorrh/iichus nitidiis A. M. Edw., Bull. Miis. Comp. Zool, VIII. 59, 1880 ; Munidopsis nitida
A. M. Edw. et Bouv., Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., 7'""^ Sen, XVI. 275, 1S94.

MUNIDOPSIS SUBSQUAMOSA. 85

Munidopsis vicina Fax.
Plate XVIIL, Fig. 2, 2\

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 181, 1893.

Near M. ciliata, from which it differs as follows : it is a very much smaller
species, the adult ovigerous female being only twenty-nine millimeters long ;
the anterior margin of the propodite of the ambulatory appendages bears two
very prominent spines ; on comparing the telson of M. vicina with that of
M. ciliata a marked diiference is apparent in the division of the telson by
sutures, — a difference most readily comprehended by a glance at Figs. 2 and
3 of Plate XVIII. The pair of long and narrow plates which lie on each side
of the small central plate in M. ciliata are entirely wanting in M. vicina. As
in M. ciliata, the carapace of M. vicina is covered with squamoid tubercles, the
rostrum is curved slightly upward, and the chela is short.

Length, 29 mm. ; breadth, 9.5 mm.

Station 3360. 1672 fathoms. 1 fem.
" 3382. 1793 " 1 fem. ovig.

The specimen from Station 3360 is a smoother, less setose form than the
specimen from Station 3382.

Munidopsis subsquamosa Hend.

Ami. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5tli Ser., XVI. 41i, 1SS5 ; Rep. Clialleuger Anomura, p. 152, Plate XVII.

Fig. 4, 1888.

Station 3360. 1672 fathoms. 1 male.
" 3361. 1471 " 1 fem.

The rostrum is curved upward to a considerable degree in the " Alba-
tross " specimens (most strongly in the female), and there are but three
spines on the gastric area, — two in a transverse line at the base of the ros-
trum, and a smaller one in the median line a little further behind. The
outer or lower margin of the hand, too, is more concave than in Henderson's
figure of M. subsquamosa.

The types of this species were taken off Japan in 1875 fathoms. A
nearly allied form, M. subsquamosa pallida Alcock,* has been dredged in the
Bay of Bengal, 1803 fathoms.

* Auu. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6ih Ser., XIII. 331, 1894.

86 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Munidopsis subsquamosa aculeata Hend.

Munidopsis subsquamosa, var. aculeata Hend., Rep. Challenger Anomura, p. 153, Plate XVI. Fig. 1, 1888.

Station 3382. 1793 fathoms. 2 males, 1 fern. ovig.

The rostrum is shorter than is represented in Henderson's figure. In the
two males the hind border of the sixth abdominal somite is produced in the
median line into a prominent rounded process. The outline of the telson in
Hendei'son's figure is apparently very incorrectly drawn.

The eggs measure 3 X 3.3 mm.

The " Challenger " specimens were captured between Marion Island and
the Crozets in 1375 fathoms, and off the west coast of Patagonia in 1450
fathoms.

This form is closely allied to M. crassa Smith,* from off the east coast of
the United States, 1742-2620 fathoms. The latter species is distinguished by
its large rostrum and the spine which projects from the outer edge of the
eye-stalk just behind the cornea.

Munidopsis villosa Fax.
Plate XIX., Fig. 2.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zobl., XXIV. 182, 1898.

The whole surface of the body and limbs is beset with setae which arise
from low squamous tubercles and transverse rugae on the carapace and from
the transverse ridges of the abdominal segments. The rostrum is triangular,
the distal half strongly upturned, cylindrical and pointed, the proximal half
naked below and slightly carinated in the median line. A pair of tubercles
ending in spiny points lie on the anterior part of the gastric region. One
spine at antero-lateral angle of carapace, one at the front end of the anterior
branchial lobes, and a rudimentary one further behind on the side of the
branchial region. Fi-ontal border armed on each side with a spine over the
base of the antenna. There is a median spine on the second, third, and fifth
abdominal segments, and a rudiment of one on the fourth. The abdominal
pleursB have rounded external angles. The eyes are freely movable and des-
titute of spines. The second antennal segment is armed with a prominent

* Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. 49i, 1884 ; Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1885, p. 6i5, Plate
IV., 1886.

MUNIDOPSIS ORNATA. 87

external spine. The chelipeds are robust, setose, and granulate ; the merus
has a short superior spine and two lateral spines at the distal end ; the carpus
is similarly equipped, though on one side the superior spine is obsolescent ;
the chela is broad and strong, the fingers excavated, denticulated on their
cutting edges and at their tips. The merus of the first pair of ambulatory
appendages has an external distal spine ; the carpus of all the ambulatory
limbs has two low longitudinal ridges, and the carpus of the first and sec-
ond pair has a spine on the upper border at the distal end of the joint.

Length, 55 mm. ; breadth, 18 mm. ; length of carapace, 31 mm. ; ros-
trum, 8 mm.

Station 3394. 511 fathoms. 1 male.

Muuidopsis lillosa is very closely allied to the West Indian Mmiidopsis
ahhreviata (A. M. Edw.),* from which it differs as follows : the tubercles and
ridges of the carapace are more jironounced and the whole surface of the
animal more hairy. The frontal border is armed on each side with a sharp
spine, which is wanting in M. ahhreviata. The median dorsal spine on the
fourth abdominal somite is obsolete, while the fifth somite bears a well-
developed acute spine, like those on the second and third somites. In
M. ahhreviata the fifth somite is unarmed. The distal half of the rostrum
is curved upward much more strongly in M. villosa than it is in M. ahhreviata.

Mujiidopsis villosa is represented by a single specimen in the " Albatross "
collection. It is very much larger than the type specimen of 31. ahhreviata
from the '• Blake " dredgings, and it is possible that the peculiarities above
specified may be due to age or individual variation. But I think it more
probable that we have to do with two closely allied or representative species
on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of the continent.

Munidopsis ornata Fax.
Plate XX., Fig. 1, T.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 186, 1893.

Carapace convex, the whole upper surface, including the rostrum, thickly
covered with low squamous tubercles ; under a magnifying power the sur-
face of each tubercle is seen to be made up of a number of secondary
scale-like prominences ; the tubercles are not lengthened out transversely to
form ridges in any part of the surface ; two of the tubercles on the gastric

* Galathodes abbreviatus A. M, EcW., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII. 55, 1880 ; Munidopsis ahbrmata
A. M. Edw. et Bouv., Auu. Sci. Nat., Zool., l^"'' Ser., XVI. 275, 1894.

88 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

region take on a spiny character. The rostrum is nearly horizontal, triangu-
lar in cross-section, the margins serrate ; the anterior border of the carapace
is convex between the eyes and the antennae, but has no spine at this point ;
lateral border four-toothed, one of the teeth lying at the antero-lateral angle,
two on the hepatic region, and one on the edge of the branchial region
behind the cervical suture ; the posterior border is delicately festooned, but
not armed with spines. The abdomen is spineless, its surface punctate, an-
terior half of the pleurES of the second segment tuberculate, all the pleurse
rounded. The eye has a transverse granulated tubercle running over the
cornea from the inner side. The antennae are very slender and do not
exceed the carapace in length. The chelipeds are moderately robust, the
merus tuberculate and armed with a row of short spines along the upper
edge ; the carpus spino-tuberculate, with two longitudinal furrows on the
outer side ; hand almost smooth on the inner side, outer side and superior
surface roughened with low tubercles ; fingers curved slightly upward, spoon-
shaped at the denticulate and setose tips. Ambulatory appendages : meri
flattened, tuberculate, upper edge produced to a spinose carina; the carpi
have three denticulate ridges ; propodites scabrous, with an irregular row of
spines on under side ; the dactyli have black tips and are finely spinulose on
their posterior edges.

Length, 23 mm. ; length of carapace, 12 mm. ; breadth, 8 mm. ; length
of rostrum, 3 mm.

Station 3404. 385 fathoms. 1 male.

Munidopsis agassizii Fax.
PlateXVIII.,Fig.4,4\

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, XXIV, 182, 1893.

The carapace of this species is moderately convex, with a deep trans-
verse depression across the anterior part of the cardiac area. The rostrum
is long, slightly upturned, and armed near the middle with a pair of lateral
spines. The gastric area has three pairs of spines, the anterior pair the
largest. There is one spine on each anterior branchial lobe. The cardiac
area bears two or three pairs of spines. The lateral margins of the carapace
carry from six to eight spines each, and there is a longitudinal series of small
spines within the margin on the branchial area. A small spine is situated
on the anterior margin between the eye and the antenna. The posterior

MUNIDOPSIS HYSTRIX. 89

border of the carapace is ornamented with six (in one specimen seven)
spines. There are also several spines on the sides of the carapace below
the epimeral suture. There is a very small spine over each eye. The an-
tennae are shorter than the body, the first joint bears a long external spine,
the second joint two lateral spines, the third joint two lateral spines and one
superior. The chelipeds are long and slender, the merus and carpus have no
long spines, the propodite carries four spines on the upper edge and several
rudimentary spinules ; the fingers are spinulose, their cutting edges straight
and denticulated. The ambulatory appendages have spiny meri and carpi,
the longest spines being one at the distal superior border of each of these
joints. The second, third, and fourth abdominal terga bear four spines each,
and the pleura? of the second abdominal somite carry a few spinules. The
abdominal pleuroe are rounded.

Length, 23 mm. ; length of carapace, 12.4 mm. ; breadth of carapace,
8 mm. ; length of rostrum, 4.5 mm.

Station 3389. 210 fathoms. 1 male, 1 fern.

This species bears a general resemblance to M. erinacea (A. M. Edw.) and
M. spinifera (A. M. Edw.). It differs from both of these in having a flatter
carapace marked by a deeper transverse depression across the cardiac area ;
in having a larger number of spines on the sides of the carapace; in the pres-
ence of spines on the pterygostomian regions, and a small but distinct spine
over the eye. It also has strong spines on the superior edge of the hand
which are wanting in M. erinacea and M. spinifera. In the possession of three
pairs of gastric spines it agrees with M. spinifera, but differs from M. erinacea.

Munidopsis hystrix Fax.
Plate XIX., Fig. 1, 1".

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 183, 1893.

Carapace setose and thickly covered with small spinous tubercles ; three
spines of special prominence on the gastric area disposed in the form of a
triano-le, with apex directed backward ; one on the cardiac area ; two (rarely
six) on the hind margin of the carapace ; one on each branchial area. There
is a spine at the external angle of the orbit, and the lateral margin of the
carapace is spinose. The rostrum is long, lightly curved upward from the
base to the tip, and armed with from two to five spines on each side ; these
spines are unsymmetrically arranged on the two sides The second, third,

12

90 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

and fourth abdominal segments are conspicuously two-ridged ; the second
segment has a pair of small spines on the anterior ridge, and another pair
nearer the median line on the posterior I'idge ; the third segment also has a
pair of spines on the anterior ridge, and in some specimens a third spine in
the median line on the posterior ridge. The abdominal pleurae are trun-
cate. The chelipeds are long, very spiny from the proximal end of the merus
to the base of the fingers ; the chief spines of the propodite are on the upper
margin of the segment ; there are two spines near the base of the dactylus.
The ambulatory appendages are long, setose, and spinose, excepting the dac-
tylus. None of the legs are furnished with epipodites. A spine over the eye.
Antennge shorter than the body ; a spine on the outer side of the first seg-
ment, one on each side of the second and third segments, and one on the
upper surface of the third segment.

Length of ovigerous female, 48.5 mm. ; length of carapace, 26 mm. ;
breadth, 15 mm. ; rostrum, 8 mm.

Station 3417. 493 fathoms. 1 male, 2 fern. ovig.

" 3424. 676 " 4 fern. (2 ovig.).

" 3425. 680 " 7 males, 5 fem. (2 ovig.).

Munidopsis sericea Fax.

Plate XIX., Fig. 3, 3".
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 184, 1893,

The whole surface of the body and limbs is covered with a silky pubes-
cence. The rostrum is long, curved gently upward, convex above, but not
carinated, armed with a prominent spine on each side near the middle,
and with three minute spinules near the base. Gastric region swollen,
armed with two conical spines and ten or twelve small spinoid tubercles.
The cardiac region has a prominent transverse ridge near the centre, in front
of which is a deep depression separating it from the gastric region ; the ridge
is armed with a pair of short spinules. There is a small spine on the anterior
border between the eye and the antenna, a large one at the antero-external
angle, three on the border of each anterior branchial lobe (the middle one of
these three spines is the largest), and one small one on the border of each
branchial region just behind the posterior branch of the cervical groove ;
there- are besides about ten spinous tubercles on each branchial area, and five
or six pairs of spinules on the posterior margin of the carapace. Ptery-

MUNIDOPSIS MARGARITA. 91

gostomian regions granulated. There is a pair of spines on the second,
third, and fourth abdominal segments ; besides these there are several small
spinules on the terga and pleurse of these segments ; the pleuraB are rather
narrow, with rounded lateral angles. The chelipeds are wanting in the
unique specimen. The ambulatory appendages are spinulose, the spinules
of the dactyli restricted to the hind margin. The eye is provided with a
a very minute spine. The antennse are rather longer than the body, the
basal joint has a short external spine, a longer one at the lower internal
angle, and a smaller one at a higher level on the inner side. The latter
spine shows, when the animal is viewed from above, between the eye-stalk
and the antenna. The subsequent segments of the antenna are armed as
usual in this genus.

Length, 39 mm. ; length of carapace, 12 mm. ; length of rostrum, 8 mm. ;
breadth of carapace, 12 mm.

Station 3394. 511 fathoms. 1 male.

Munidopsis margarita Fax.

Plate XX., Fig. 2.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., XXIV. 184, 1893.

In this species the rostrum has a gentle upward curve near the tip ; it is
carinate above, and minutely spinulous on the margins. The surface of the
carapace is rough with squamous tubercles and forward-pointed spines.
The gastric and cardiac regions are prominent, and separated from one
another by a deep depression ; a pair of spines on the gastric region, and
one spine on the cardiac region attain a special prominence. A long sharp
spine outside the eye forms the outer wall of a well-marked orbit. There
are eight spines on each lateral margin, six on the posterior margin (includ-
ing those at the postero-lateral angles). The branchial areas are iridescent.
Second abdominal segment : the anterior transverse ridge, which is broken
down in the centre, bears on each side a prominent hooked spine, which is
enlarged at the base, and denticulated on the outer margin ; the posterior
ridge is furnished with three hooked spines; the pleurfe of this segment bear
each a broad, flattened, forward-pointing tooth with denticulated edges; when
the animal is viewed from above, this tooth appears to form the lateral ex-
tremity of the pleura, which really lies below it and is rounded. Third abdom-
inal segment : both ridges are spiny and denticulate, three spines being

92 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

specially prominent on each ridge. Fourth abdominal segment : armed
with but one small median spinule. The sides of the carapace below the
epimeral sutures are covered with spiny tubercles, and display an iridescent
lustre. The eye has two spines projecting over the cornea from the inner
side ; the posterior of these spines is very minute. The antennae are very
slender, and about as long as the carapace ; the first and second joints are
provided with a prominent external spine, the third joint with three spines,
viz. one external, one internal, and one superior. The chelipeds are absent
in both the specimens. The ambulatory appendages are spinulose on all
the segments except the dactyli, which are finely serrate on the hind margin.
The legs, and more especially the sternum, are iridescent, like mother-of-
pearl. This iridescence is seen in a less degree in several other species
of this genus.

Length, 20 mm. ; length of carapace, 11 mm. ; breadth, 7 mm. ; length
of rostrum, 3.5 mm.

Station 3404, 385 fathoms. 1 male, 1 fern.

Munidopsis crinita Fax.
Plate XX., Fig. 3, 3".

Munidopsis crinita Fax., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 185, 1893.

GalafJiodes crinitus A. M. Edw. et Bouv., Ann Sci. Nat., Zool., 7™' Ser., XVI. 279, 1891.

The whole surface is clothed with long setJB, which are longest and
densest on the chelipeds and ambulatory appendages. The rostrum is
very broad at the base, and ends in tlu'ee points, the middle of which is
the longest ; the rostrum is slightly carinate in the median line. The cara-
pace is roughened by low setiferous ridges ; the antero-lateral angles are
obliquely truncate ; a spine over the antenna, and four on the lateral mar-
gin, the last one just behind the posterior branch of the cervical suture, the
third one obsolescent ; hind margin unarmed. A pair of spines on the gastric
region behind the base of the rostrum. The abdomen is devoid of spines,
and there is no spine over the eye. The antennae are slender, shorter than
the body ; the basal joint is provided with a long spine on the external side,
and another on the internal side ; the second joint has an external spine, the
thii'd an internal one. Chelipeds : internal edge of merus five-spined, su-
perior edge also fui'nished with a row of smaller spines ; carpus with one
prominent internal spine ; hand unarmed, broadest at base of fingers, cutting

MUNIDOPSIS SCABRA. 93

edges of fingers toothed. Ambulatory limbs setose, hind border of dactyli
spinulose.

Length, 19.5 mm. j carapace, 11.5 mm.; rostrum, 2.6 mm.; breadth of
carapace, 7.5 mm.

Station 3384. 458 fathoms. 1 fem.

This species, which belongs to the genus Galathodcs as recently restricted
by MM. A. Milne Edwards and Bouvier, resembles M. tridentaiu (Esmark),
31. latifrons (A. M. Edw.), and M. tndens (A. M. Edw.). It differs from all
these species by its dense pilosity, the shortness of the rostrum, and the
great breadth of the hand at the base of the fingers. It further differs from
M. tridentata through the possession of a pair of gastric spines, and through
the absence of prominent spines on the meri of the ambulatory appendages ;
from M. latifrons through the presence of gastric spines, and the absence of
spines on the tergum of the second abdominal somite ; from M. tndens
through the presence of five internal meral spines and one powerful internal
carpal spine borne by the cheliped. M. tridentafa comes from the eastern
Atlantic, M. latifrons from the Barbadoes, M. tridens from St. Kitts.

Munidopsis scabra Fax.
Plate XXI., Fig. 1, T.

BuU. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., XXIV. 186, 1893.

The rostrum is triangular, slightly curved upward, carinated above, the
lateral edges and the carina lightly denticulated. The carapace is covered
with squamous setiferous tubercles, which end in spiny points. There is
a transver.se row of six more prominent spiny tubercles on the gastric region.
The posterior border of the carapace is ornamented with a denticulated rim
(about eight denticles). There is a spine between the eye and the antenna
below the anterior margin of the carapace. The abdomen is devoid of
spines, the pleurae have truncated lateral angles. A very short spine pro-
jects over the cornea of the eye. The antennce are shorter than the body;
a spine on the outer side of the basal joint, one on each side of the second
joint, and one on each side, and one on superior margin of the third joint.
The chelipeds are long, spinose, except the fingers; hand long, the basal
part longer than the fingers. All the joints of the ambulatory appendages
are spin}', except the dactyli.

94 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Length (ovigerous female), 40 mm. ; length of carapace, 13.5 mm. ;
breadth, 14 mm.; rostrum, 5 mm.

Station, 3424. 676 fathoms. 2 males, 1 female ovig.
3425. 680 " 1 male, 1 " "

Mnnidopsis scabra resembles M. sharreri (A. M. Edw.), but may be at once
dlstino-uished from the latter b}' the shortness of the ocular spines, and the
great development of the spiny-pointed tubercles of the carapace.

Munidopsis tanneri Fax.
Plate XXIL, Fig. 1, T.

Bull. Mus. Corap. Zool., XXIV. 187, 1893.

Carapace flat, quadrangular, covered with squamous setiferous tubercles
which have a tendency to develop spiny points on the gastric region. This
is especially true of a transverse row of six on the anterior part of this
reo-ion. The rostrum is triangular and horizontal. There is a prominent
spine on each side of the anterior margin of the carapace between the eye
and the antenna, another at the antero-lateral angle, and two or three on the
side of the anterior branchial lobe ; the hind border of the carapace is den-
ticulated. A small spine over the eye. AntennfB shorter than the body; one
spine on the outer side of the first joint, two lateral and one superior on the
second and third joints. Cheliped (present in only one specimen) long, slen-
der ; merus and carpus many-spined ; propodite spiny along the upper and
lower margins ; tips of fingers enlarged and denticulated. Ambulatory
limbs : a prominent row of spines on the upper edge of the merus and
carpus, propodite and dactylus devoid of spines. Abdomen without spines;
pleurae narrow, angles rounded.

Length, 41 mm. ; length of carapace, 23.5 mm. ; breadth, 15.5 mm. ;
rostrum, 6 mm.

Station 3396. 259 fathoms. 2 males, 1 fem. (1 male with Bopynis.)
3397. 85 " 1 male.

This species is nearly related to M. scabra, but differs from the latter
species in having the carapace broader and flatter, with squamous tubercles
which are not produced into points, except a few on the gastric area. The
spine between the eye and the antenna is longer ; the propodites of the
ambulatory legs are smoother, with no well-developed spines.

MUNIDOPSIS HAMATA. 95

Munidopsis hamata Fax.
Plate XXL, Fig. 2, ^«, 2\

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 1S7, 1S93.

Body and limbs clothed with short, scattered setaj. Eostrum long, curved
slightly upward, basal half furrowed longitudinally, with a row of short
spines on each side of the furrow ; infero-lateral edges of rostrum also fur-
nished with small spines. Carapace quadrangular, anterior border forming a
right angle with lateral border, both borders spinulose ; lateral border with
an indentation at anterior boundary of anterior branchial lobe ; a deep de-
pression back of each anterior branchial lobe, and another across the anterior
part of the cardiac region ; the upper surface of the carapace is adorned with
spinidose tubercles, and a median longitudinal row of more prominent spines
runs along the gastric and cardiac regions ; the anterior spine of the cardiac
region overhangs the transverse depression, the posterior spine of the row
springs from the hind rim of the cai\apace. There is a median hooked spine
on the tergum of the second, third, fourth, and fifth abdominal segments, and
many spiny tubercles irregularly disposed on these segments ; the pleurae of
the third to the sixth abdominal segments are narrow but blunt, those of the
second to the fifth are costate. The ocular peduncle is movable, and devoid
of a spine. The antennaj are about as long as the body ; the basal joint has
an inferior spine and a small external spine ; the second joint also bears an
external spine. The chelipeds are long and slender, all the joints from
the ischium to the propodite are equipped with longitudinal rows of small
spines ; the chela is not broader than the basal part of the propodite, the
fingers are straight, their prehensile edges, denticulate. The ambulatory
appendages are spinulose. There are no epipodites on the five pairs of
legs.

Length of a male, 49 mm. ; length of carapace, 25 mm.; breadth of cara-
pace, 14 mm. ; length of rostrum, 9 mm. ; length of cheliped, 47.5 mm.
(merus, 15 mm., carpus, 5.5 mm., chela, 19 mm.).

Station 3394. 511 fathoms. 13 males, 16 fem. ovig.
" 3395. 730 " 3 males.

96 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Munidopsis depressa Fax.
Plate XXII., Fig. 2, ^, 2K

BuU. Mus. Corap. Zool., XXIV. 189, 1S93.

Closely allied to M. liamata, but differs as follows : the cephalothorax is
more swollen, so that the sides of the carapace are visible below the epimeral
sutures when the animal is viewed from above. The median row of spines
on the carapace consists of a smaller number of spines (two on the gastric
region, one on the cardiac region, and one on the posterior margin). The
spinules of the lateral margin of the carapace are less developed. The de-
pression on the carapace involves the gastric region to a greater degree.
The anterior margin of the carapace is not so straight, and it is not spinulif-
erous. The antero-lateral spine is more prominent, the eyes smaller, and
the antenna? shorter (shorter than the carapace). There is, moreover, no
spine on the fifth abdominal segment.

Length, 32 mm.; carapace, 19 mm.; rostrum, 5 mm.; breadth of cara-
pace, 12.5 mm.

Station 3425. 680 fathoms. 1 male.

Munidopsis aspera (Hend.).

Elamonotus asper Hend , Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., XVI. 416, 1885 ; Eep. ChaUenger Ajiomura,

p. 163, Plate XIX. Fig. 4, 1888.
Munidopsis aspera Fax., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, XXIV. 188, 1893.

Station 3357. 782 fathoms. 1 fem. ovig.

" 3358. 555 " 1 male.

" 3370. 134 " 1 fem.

" 3402. 421 " 2 males, 5 fem. (3 ovig.).

" 3403. 384 " 1 male.

" 3406. 551 " 2 males.

This species is subject to considerable variation. In the specimens from
Stations 3402, 3403, and 3406, the tubercles of the carapace are more numer-
ous and less spiny than in those secured at the other stations. The ambula-
tory appendages of all the " Albatross " examples are apparently more spiny
than in the types from the " Challenger." The latter came from the Straits
of Magellan, 245 fathoms.

MUNIDOPSIS CARINIPES. 97

Munidopsis quadrata Fax,
Plate XXIII., Fig. I, T, 1\ T.

Munidopsis quadrata Fax., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 188, 1893.

Elasmonotus quadratus A. M. Edw. et Bouv., Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., 7^"°= Ser., XVI. 281, 282, 1894.

Carapace quadrangular, the anterior and lateral margins forming a right
angle ; upper surface flat, spineless, but furnished with low squamous tuber-
cles. Eostrum curved upward, broad at base, narrowing anteriorly to form
a long sharp acumen. Central part of gastric region prominent above the
anterior branchial lobes, from which it is separated by deep pits. A promi-
nent transverse ridge on cardiac region forming the posterior wall of a deep
fossa. Antero-lateral angles rounded. Second segment of abdomen armed
with a median spine, which is curved forward ; third and fourth segments
with a very prominent ridge, which bears an acute median tooth ; pleurae of
second segment faintly tubei'culate, the others narrow, with the external
angles rounded but not truncate. Eye spineless, almost concealed by the
base of the rostrum. Antennae about as long as the carapace ; a conspicu-
ous spine on the upper side of the third segment. Cheliped long, tubercu-
late, with the exception of the fingers ; chela slender, fingers not gaping.
Ambulatory legs tuberculate, with the exception of the dactyli, which are
furnished with small teeth on their posterior margins.

Length of body, 29 mm. ; length of carapace, 15.5. mm.; breadth of cara-
pace, 9 mm. ; length of rostrum, 6 mm. ; length of cheliped, 30 mm.

There is some variation in the length and upward curvature of the ros-
tnnn among the different specimens. A female from Station 3424 (Plate
XXIIL, Fig. V), differs markedly from the males, in having the tubercles on
the carapace and appendages much more strongly developed.

Station 3424. 676 fathoms. 2 males, 1 fem. ovig.
" 3425. 680 " 1 male.

Munidopsis carinipes Fax.
Plate XXIV., Fig. 1, 1% 1\

Munidopsis carinipes Fax., Bull. Mus. Coiiip. Zool, XXIV. 189, 1893.

Elasmonotus carinipes Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., XIII. 333, April, 1894.

« A. M. Edw. et Bouv., Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., 7*'"<' Ser., XVI. 281, 282, May, 1894.

Carapace quadrangular, flat, marked by a median tuberculated ridge on
the gastric and cardiac regions ; sides converging a little from front back-
is

98 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

ward ; the antero-lateral angles form a rounded shoulder. Rostrum broad at
base, nearly horizontal ; sides converging near tip, which is blunt ; upper
surface nearly flat, lightly granulated. The rest of the upper sui'face of the
carapace has a coarser granulation. There is a conspicuous hooked tooth on
the third and the fourth abdominal segments, and in some specimens there is
a rudimentary one on the second and the fifth segments ; the teeth on the
third and fourth segments have denticulated margins in adult specimens ;
abdominal pleurae long and narrow. Chelipeds very long, lightly tubercu-
late ; chela long, slender ; fingers rather short, smooth, with straight, denti-
culated prehensile margins. The meri of the ambulatory legs granulated ;
superior border produced to a crest, the edge of which is entire ; the lower
margin of the meri is also entire ; the carpi have three tuberculated ridges,
one of whicli is superior, two external ; the propodites lightly tuberculated ;
dactyli smooth, their hind margins armed with about five teeth. Eye
spineless, nearly hidden under the rostrum. Antennae shorter than the cara-
pace ; first, third, and fourth joints armed with an external spine.

Length, 30 mm, ; carapace, 16 mm. ; breadth, 9.5 mm. ; rostrum, 5 mm. ;
cheliped, 40 mm. (merus, 13 mm., carpus, 4.5 mm., propodite, 17 mm., dacty-
lus, 7 mm.).

Station 3353. 695 fathoms. 2 males, 1 fem. ovig.

Near M. Imigimana {Elasmonotus longimanus A. M. Edw.), from which it
differs in having the rostrum more nearly plane and more tapering, the
merus of the cheliped much less strongly tuberculated, the meri of the
ambulatory limbs more strongly carinated, with lower margin entire instead
of denticulate ; the spine on antennal peduncle is more prominent, while the
tooth on the second segment of the abdomen is absent, or at best rudi-
mentary. The chelipeds of the female specimen of M. carinipes are lost.

Munidopsis inermis Fax.
Plate XXIII., Fig. 2, ^.

BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 191, 1S93.

In this species the whole surface of the body and appendages is naked
and free from spines and tvibercles. The carapace is rather flat above, with
subparallel sides ; the gastric region is protuberant, and separated from the
hepatic and cardiac areas by conspicuous furrows. The surface of the cara-
pace is punctate, lightly granulate and rugose on the branchial regions.

MUNIDOPSIS LATIROSTRIS. 99

The rostrum is triangular, blunt at the apex, bent strongly downward, and
slightly carinate above. The antero-lateral angle is rounded, and a rounded
lobe projects from the anterior margin above the base of the antenna. The
abdomen is smooth, naked, devoid of spines and ridges ; the abdominal pleurae
are rounded. Ocular peduncle free, spineless. The peduncle of the antenna
is also destitute of spines ; the flagellum is wanting in the only specimen
obtained. The chelipeds are also missing. The ambulatory appendages are
smooth, unarmed ; the dactyli long (equal to the propodites in length),
slightly curved, acute at the tips. The appendages of the third, fourth,
and fifth abdominal segments are simple and rudimentary. The merus of
the third maxillipeds is short, its antero-internal margin three-toothed ; the
palpus of this appendage is nearly as long as the merus and ischium
combined.

Length 12 mm. ; carapace, 6 mm. ; breadth, 4 mm.

Station 3354. 322 fathoms. 1 male.

This species nearly resembles M. poUta {Anoplonotus politus Smith), but the
carapace of the former is longer and narrower, the rostrum is curved more
strongly downward, and the propodites of the ambulatory limbs are much
shorter in proportion to the dactyli.

Munidopsis latirostris Fax.

Elasmonotus latifrons Hend., Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5tli Ser., XVI. 416, 1885 ; Rep. Challenger Anomura,

p. 160, Plate XIX. Fig. 1, 1888. {Norn. prceoc.)*
Orophorhi/itchus latifrons A. M. Edw. et BoDV., Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., 7*™ Ser., XVI. 287, 1894.

Station 3381. 1772 fathoms. 1 fern.
3391. 153 " 1 "

In his first description of this species Prof. Henderson describes the
eye-stalks as fused with the sides of the rostrum, while in his final report he
states that they are slightly movable. In the " Albatross " specimens they
are firmly soldered to the rostrum. Henderson also says that the ambulatory
limbs have a few short blunt spines on the anterior margin of the meri,
carpi, and propodites. In the "Albatross" specimens the spines of the meri
are on the posterior margin of the joint, but these specimens agree so well with
Henderson's description in other respects that I do not doubt that they be-
long to the same species. The unique " Challenger" specimen was obtained
between Papua and the Admiralty Islands at a depth of 1070 fathoms.

* See pp. 81, 82.

100 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Munidopsis hendersoniana Fax.
PUe XXIV., Fig. 2, ^, 2\ ^.

Munidopsis hendersoniana Fax., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 190, 1893.

Orophorhi/nchits hendersonianus A. M. Edw. et Bouv., Ami. Sci. Nat., Zool., 7*'"' Ser., XVI. 287, 1894.

In this species, as in M. marginata {Elasmomtus marginatus Hend.), M.
edwardsii [Elasmonotus edwardm W.-M.), etc., the lateral margins of the cara-
pace are produced into sharp crests which overhang the sides of the body.
The upper surface of the carapace is rather flat, and is clothed with a close,
short pubescence ; the sides of the carapace are nearly parallel. The rostrum
is long, acute, nearly horizontal, the upper surface roof-shaped. There is a
prominent tooth at the external orbital angle, and another smaller one at the
antero-external angle of the carapace ; otherwise the carapace is unarmed.
The eye-stalks are immovable, their proximal ends being anchylosed with the
ocular segment ; they project forward far beyond the eye, forming sharp
horns one half as long as the rostrum ; seen from above, the eye-stalks
appear like lateral spines of the rostrum ; they are pubescent, like the cara-
pace. The antennae are shorter than the body ; their basal segments are armed
with a prominent triangular tooth on the anterior margin of the lower side,
while the second segments are similarly equipped with a tooth on the outer
side. The chelipeds are short and pubescent ; there is a prominent spine at
the distal superior angle of the ischium, and a tooth near the distal end of
the internal margin ; five or six teeth along the superior margin of the merus,
and one on each side of the distal end of the same segment ; the carpus bears
a superior tooth near the proximal end, together with three teeth on the distal
margin ; the chela is short and thick, the hand devoid of teeth or spines ; the
fingers are very short and thick, meeting one another only at their spoon-
shaped denticulated tips ; there is a rounded tubercle at the base of the inner
margin of the immovable finger ; the outer margin of this finger is denticu-
lated. Ambulatory limbs : five to seven spines on the superior and external
inferior margin of the meri (those on the superior margin the largest) ;
upper edge of carpus three to four-spined ; propodites unarmed ; inner mar-
gin of dactyli denticulated. Abdomen without spines, somewhat tomentose.

Length, 37 mm. ; carapace, 20 mm. ; rostrum, 6.5 mm. ; breadth of cara-
pace, 12 ram. ; length of cheliped, 28 mm.

Station 3393. 1020 fathoms. 3 males, 1 fem. (with Pettogaster).

UROPTYCHUS PUBESCENS. IQl

Nearly allied to M. edwardsii (Wood-Mason) * of the Bay of Bengal, but
easily distinguished from that species by the lateral margins of the carapace,
which in Wood-Mason's species are divided into two lobes, whilst in M. hen-
dersoniana they are entire.

UROPTYCHUS Hexd.

Dipti/chus A. M. Edw., Bull. Mus. Coiiip. Zobl., VIII. Gl, 18S0 {nom.praoc).
Uroptychm Hend , Rep. Cballeuger Anoiuura, p. 173, 1888.

Uroptychus nitidus occidentalis Fax.
Plate XXVI., Fix,. 1, T.

Uroptychus nitidus occidentalis Fax., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 192, 1893.

Diptychus nitidus, var. occidentalis A. M. Edw. et Bouv., Ana. Sci. Nat , Zool., 7*"" Ser., XVI. 306, 1894.

Differs from the typical Uroptijchus nitidus (A. M. Edw.)t as follows : the
branchial regions are more swollen, giving to the posterior half of the cara-
pace a more convex lateral outline ; the rostrum is shorter, the chelipeds
shorter and more robust, the fingers shorter in proportion to the length of
the basal part of the propodite ; the branchial regions are more distinctly
margined. It approaches in some respects U. uncifer (A. M. Edw.), in which
the rostrum and chelipeds are still shorter. U. poliius Hend., another closely
related form, is distinguished by its short antennal acicle.

Length of body of a female, 29 mm. ; length of cai-apace, 15 mm. ; length
of rostrum, 4 mm. ; breadth of carapace between antero-lateral spines, 5 mm. ;
breadth across the branchial region, 10 mm. ; length of cheliped, 44.5 mm.
(merus, 11 mm., carpus, 12.5 mm., chela, 17.5 mm., dactylus, 6 mm.).

Station 3384. 458 fathoms. 2 males, 2 fern. ovig.

Uroptychus pubescens Fax.
Plate XX VI., Fig. 3, 3% 3\

Uroptychus pubescens Fax., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 192, 1893.

Biptyclms pubescens A. M. Edw. et Bouv., Aim. Sci. Nat., Zool., 7'""' Ser., XVI. 306, 1894.

Carapace, without including rostrum, broader than long, pubescent ; a
transverse row of spines across the gastric region from one side of the cara-
pace to the other ; lateral border of carapace spinose ; the anterior margin

* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6tli Sen, VII. 201, 1891.
t Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII. 02, 1880.

102 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

has a deep concavity above the eye, outer angle of the concavity armed with
a spine. Rostrum one half as long as the rest of the carapace, bent down-
ward a little, acute, with entire setiferous margins. Eye small, not broader
than the eye-stalk, with brown pigment. Abdomen naked, smooth, pleura
subacute. Antennas equal in length to the carapace with the rostrum ; acicle
shorter than the peduncle. Chelipeds long, all the joints as far as the fingers
spinulose, the spinules with broad bases ; propodite not broader than the
carpus ; carpus equal in length to the basal portion of the propodite ;
fino-ers straight, a sliglit tooth near the base of the dactylus ; the tips of the
fingers cross. Meri of ambulatory legs minutely spinulose on the superior
margin, distal end of propodite spiniferous on the hind margin, whole hind
margin of dactylus armed with spines; all the joints of the ambulatory limbs
furnished with long setas.

Length (female), 44 mm. ; breadth, 17.5 mm. ; length of carapace,
21 mm.; length of rostrum, 7.5 mm.; length of cheliped, 57 mm. (merus,
12 mm., carpus, 15 mm., chela, 24 mm., dactylus, 9.3 mm.).

Station 3354. 322 fathoms. 2 fern. ovig.
" 3355. 182 " 1 fem. ovig.

This species is more nearly related to U. insignis Hend. than to any other
described species.

Uroptychus bellus Fax.
Plate XXVI., Fig. 2, 2", 2".

Uroptychus bellus Fax., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.. XXIV. 193, 1893.

Dipli/chus bellus A. M. Edw. et Bouv., Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., 7*"" Ser., XVI. 306, 1894.

Carapace broad, branchial regions inflated, upper surface naked, smooth,
and polished ; the branchio-cardiac lines meet in the median line of the
carapace ; the anterior margin has a concavity above the eye, forming an
orbit with a spinule at its external angle. There is one spine at the antero-
lateral angle of the carapace, and ten or eleven on the lateral margin ;
the lateral spines decrease in size posteriorly. The rostrum is long, taper-
ing, acute at the apex, and concave at the base above. The abdomen
is smooth, the pleurse subacute. The eye-stalks are short and stout, the
eye not wider than the peduncle, black. The antennae are very slender,
shorter than the carapace, the acicle considerably shorter than the peduncle.
Chelipeds very long, naked except for a few setae on the fingers, polLshed ;
the ischium bears a spine on the superior margin and several others on the

AXIUS ACUTIFRONS. 103

lower side ; the merus and carpus are armed with spines arranged in longi-
tudinal rows ; there is a row of spines on the upper margin of the propodite
(the row is double at the proximal end), another series on the outer face
reaching from the proximal end about half way to the distal end, and
another still shorter row of more rudimentary spines just outside the latter
series ; the fingers are separated by a gap ; their prehensile edges are den-
ticulate, with one or more prominent teeth near the base of the dactylus.
Ambulatory appendages : meri and carpi of the first and second pairs spinu-
lose along the upper edge, these joints being spineless on the third pair. All
of the ambulatory appendages are subchelate, the distal end of the propodite
being enlarged and furnished with spines against which the spined dactylus
closes.

Length (male), 17 mm. ; carapace, 10.5 mm. ; rostrum, 4.5 mm. ; breadth
of carapace, 7.7 mm.; cheliped, 31 mm. (merus, 7 mm., carpus, 9 mm., chela,
14 mm., dactylus, 5 mm.).

Station 3354. 322 fathoms. 1 fem. ovig.
3355. 182 " 1 male.

Family AXIIDtE.

AXIUS Leach.
Trans. Linn. Soo. London, XI. 335, 313, 1S15.

Axius acutifrons (Bate).
Plate XXVIIL, Fig. 2.

Eicoitaxiiis acutifrons Bate, Rep. Cliallenger Macrura, p. 40, Plate V. Fig. 2, 1SS8.
Axius acutifrons F.\x., Bull. Mus. Conip. ZooL, XXIV. 193, 1893.

Station 3358. 555 fathoms. 2 males, 4 fem. ovig.
" 3359. 465 " 3 males, 3 fem. (2 ovig.).

The Challenger specimens were taken off Banda, lat. 4° 31' S., long.
129° 57' 20" E., in 360 fathoms.

The females carry about nine eggs, which are large for the size of the
animal (1.5 X 1 m.).

Spence Bate established the genus Eiconaxius to receive three species
from the " Challenger," which differ from Axius stirh;jnchiis Leach — the type
of the genus Axhis — in the presence of a long spine (stylocerite) on the
second joint of the external antenna? outside of the movable acicle (scapho-

104 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

cerite). In the figures of Amis stirhi/nchiis given by Leach,* and by Milne
Edwards,! a short stylocerite is discernible, and in some of the species
referred to Axius by recent authors, this structure appears to assume larger
proportions. For iiistance, in Alius annatus Smith,:]: the stylocerite is de-
scribed as " slender, acute, and more than half as long as the rest of the
segment, while the acicle [scaphocerite] is slender, straight, and as long as
the fourth segment." I have therefore provisionally united the genera
Eiconaxius and Axius.^

Axius crista-galli Fax.

Plate XXVIIL, Fig. 1-1\

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 193, 1S93.

This species agrees closely with A. acutifrons in all its parts except the
rostrum and the larger claw, which differ as follows : the margins of the ros-
trum, which ui A. acutifrons are only microscopically denticulated, are in the
present species armed with prominent teeth ; the median carina of the ros-
trum, entire, or at most but slightly serrate in the former species, is here
cut into about seven prominent teeth, so as to resemble a low cock's-comb.
The larger claw (which is on the left side in three specimens, on the right
side in two) differs from the corresponding structure of ^. acutifrons in lack-
ing the serration on the superior margin of the propodite, in the presence of
a strong tubercle on the anterior border of the hand between the bases of
the fingers, and in the absence of prominent teeth on the prehensile edges
of the fingers. For a comparison of the claws of these two species, see Plate
XXVIIL, Fig. 1, 2. The eyes are faceted, but nearly colorless in tliis species
and in A. acutifrons. If Bate's genus Eiconaxius be adopted as a valid one,
this species will be included in it.

Length of a male, 24.5 mm. ; length of carapace, 10 mm.

Station 3359. 465 fathoms. 3 males, 1 fem. ovig.

The female carries eighteen eggs of large size (2 X 1.5 mm.).

* Malacostraca Podoplith. Brit., Plate XXXIII. Fig. 2.

t Cuvier's Regiie Animal, Disciples' ed., Plate XLVIII. Fig. 2«.

X Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III. 433, 1881.

§ Accoi-ding to Ortmauii (Zoolog. Jalirb., Abtli. f. Syst., VI. 46, 1891) tbe presence of sexual appen-
dages on the first abdouiiual somite of the male is characteristic of the family Axiidie. But in Mconaxius
acutifrons Bate, and in the closely related species ^.rz«.! crista-galli Fax., the first abdominal somite is entirely
devoid of appendages in the male sex, and Ortmann (op. cit., p. 50) states that the abdominal appendages of
Eiconaxius farrece are like those of E. acutifrons.

CALASTACUS. 105

CALASTACUS Fax.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 194, 1893.

Cephalo-thorax laterally compressed. Abdomen long, enlarged in the
middle, narrowed at each extremity, pleurae broad and rounded. Rostrum
long, pointed ; eyes rudimentary, subglobose, without pigment and un-
faceted. Second antennae on a horizontal line with the first antenna ; the
second segment is armed with a long external spine (stylocerite), and a still
longer articulated style-shaped scale (scaphocerite). Third maxillipeds pedi-
form. First and second pairs of legs chelate. First abdominal appendages
of the male modified to serve as sexual organs (gonopods). Outer branch
of the swimmerets divided near the posterior margin by a diagonal suture.
Telson long, quadrangular. Gills composed of a central stem, bearing two
rows of filaments. The number and arrangement of the gills are shown by
the following formula : —

Somites

VIII.*

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIT.

Epipods

1

1

1

1

1

1

=

(6)

Podobranchiae

1

1

1

1

0=4

Arthrobranchise

o

o

2

2

2

= 10

Pleurobranchise

0=0

14 + (6)

This genus is closely related to Calocaris Bell In both genera the con-
dition of the aborted eyes is the same; the two anterior pairs of legs alone are
chelate ; the first abdominal segment bears, in the male, a pair of specialized
sexual appendages, and the outer plate of the sixth pair of abdominal ap-
pendages is divided near the end by a diagonal suture. I have not seen
females of either genus, nor have I examined the gill arrangement of Calo-
caris, there being but two specimens of Calocaris macandrcce in this Museum.!

The presence of a long styloid scaphocerite appended to the peduncle of

* The somite which bears the second pair of maxillipeds is here reckoned as the eighth,
t According to Ortmann (Zoolog. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., VI. 50, 1891) the branchial formula for Calo-
caris macandrete is as follows : —

Somites viii. ix. x. xi. xii. xiii. xiv.

Epipods 0011110= (4)

Podobranchiae 1 1 1 1 1 0=5

Arthrobranchia; 1 2 2 2 2 2 = 11

Pleurobrauchia; 0=0

10 + (4)

14

106 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

the second antennge distinguishes Calastacus from Calocaris. The second
antenna of Calocaris macandreoi is represented on Plate XXVII., Fig. 2, 2",
for comparison with the same organ of Calastacus (Fig. 1'^).

Calastacus stilirostris Eax.
Plate XXVIL, Fig. 1-V.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. XXIV. 191, 1893.

Male. — Carapace laterally compressed, naked, punctate ; rostrum long,
narrow, acute, apex slightly upturned ; two strong spines directed upward
and forward at the base of the rostrum ; from the root of the rostrum the
median dorsal line of the carapace is very convex ; a light median carina
runs along the back from the base of the rostrum, fading out before reach-
ing the hind border of the carapace. The gastric area is lightly corrugated
on each side of the carina. Abdomen longer than the carapace (including
the rostrum), naked, smooth ; first segment small, with rudimentary pleural
projections ; pleurte of the succeeding segments broad, rounded, and bent
outward ; telson long, quadrangular, with convex hind border.

Eyes rudimentary, subglobose, devoid of pigment and corneal facets.
Peduncle of first antenna composed of three stout segments, decreasing in
size successively from the first to the third. Basal segment of second an-
tenna provided with a sharp spine on inner edge of lower side ; second
segment armed with a long and sharp distal external spine (stylocerite) ;
from between the base of this spine and the following segment springs a
slender, sharp, articulated spine (scaphocerite) which nearly reaches the
end of the succeeding segment ; inner edge of the second joint also carries
a median and a distal spinule, the latter of which is the larger ; the third
and fourth segments are unarmed, the latter short and carrying a long
flagellum, which exceeds the whole length of the body. EpiStome largely
developed, terminating anteriorly in a triangular process at the base of the
antennules.

Chelipeds long, symmetrical on the two sides ; coxa furnished with a
small spine on the anterior border of the distal end ; the ischium has from
one to four spines on the lower margin ; merus laterally compressed, armed
with a spine on the upper edge near the distal end, and a variable number
of spines (four to eight) on the lower edge ; one of these, near the distal
end of the segment, is very long ; there is also a small spine on the ex-

PANULIRUS. 107

ternal margin of the merus at its point of articulation with the carpus.
Carpus triangular, unarmed. Chela with sharp upper and lower margins;
upper margin with five to seven spines, inner and outer faces with a few
scattered spinules ; fingers with denticulate prehensile margins and curved
crossed tips. Second pair of legs also chelate, but the chela is small. The
remaining pairs of legs are not chelate, the dactyli curved, slender, and
acute.

The first abdominal appendages are modified for copulatory purposes ;
they are composed of a basal stem which bears an expanded terminal plate
concave on its inner face (Plate XXVII., Fig. l**). The second abdominal
limb consists of a basal stem which carries a three-jointed inner and a mul-
tiarticulate outer bi-anch ; at the proximal end of the second joint of the
inner branch is a minute blunt process (stylamblys of Bate). The three
following pairs of abdominal appendages are made up of a stem and two
terminal branches, the inner of which bears a rather long and slender styl-
amblys. The last pair of abdominal appendages, or swimmerets, are broad ;
both branches have a longitudinal median rib, and the outer branch is
divided near the tip by a suture that runs diagonally from the external
margin to the posterior margin ; along this suture are seen articulated
spinules, and there is also an unarticulated spine on the external border of
the inner plate near the distal end.

For the branchial formula, see p. 105, under the generic diagnosis.

Length of carapace, 22.2 mm. ; rostrum, 5.5 mm. ; abdomen, 30 mm. ;
cheliped, 39 mm. ; merus of cheliped, 14 mm. ; chela, 17 mm.

Station 3418. 660 fathoms. 9 males.

Family PALINURID^.

PANULIRUS Gray.

List Crust. Brit. Mus., p. 69, 1847.

Panulirus sp.

A small specimen of Pannlims, 23 mm. long, was taken at Station 3354,
322 fathoms. It is too young to show its specific characters.

The only other representatives of this family found in the collection are
seven specimens in the Phyllosonia stage.

108 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Family ERYONTID^.

ERYONICUS Bate.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Set., X. 456, 1882 ; Rep. Challenger Macrura, p. 122, 1888. [Eryo/ieicus.']

The genus Ert/oniciis was established by Spence Bate for the reception of
a remarkable Eryonid, Eri/oniciis ccecus Bate, secured during the voyage of
the " Challenger," Feb. 11, 1873, off the Canary Islands, ostensibly from a
depth of 1620 fathoms. This specimen, which was only 13 mm. (i in.) long,
remained unique until 1890, when a similar specimen was captured in the
Bay of Bengal, 690-920 fathoms, by the naturalists of H. M. S. " Investi-
gator." The latter specimen, which was larger than the one obtained by
the "Challenger" (36 mm. long), was recorded but not described by Wood-
Mason in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6th Series, VII.
199, 1891. Wood-Mason believed it to be an immature form of some species
of Pentacheles (Ful^chcks), as had already been suggested by Spence Bate.

Eight specimens of Eri/onicus were secured by the "Albatross" in 1891,
the largest of which measures 62.5 mm. (nearly 2| in.) in length. With so
many and such large individuals at my disposal, I have been able to correct
some of the errors and supply some of the deficiencies in Spence Bate's
account of this interesting animal.

The first abdominal somite, which was destitute of appendages in the
type described by Bate, in the largest of the " Albatross " specimens (a
male) bears a pair of limbs specialized for sexual functions, very like the
corresponding appendages in the genus Polychclcs. The inner branch of the
appendages of the second abdominal somite bears ttvo processes (stylam-
blydes), as in the other genera of Eryontidce.. The first abdominal somite
of the female, also, carries a pair of less highly modified, simple, two-jointed
appendages. The existence of well developed external sexual organs, taken
in connection with the dimensions of the largest of the " Albatross " speci-
mens, at once disposes of the theory that Eryonicus is an immature stage
in the development of some other genus.

The ophthalmopoda, far from being absent in this genus, as Bate asserts,
present in the adult (see Plate XXX., Figs. 1, 1", 1-) the same form and
dimensions as in the genus PolychcUs. They consist of a large lobe, im-
movably fixed in a deep sinus in the anterior border of the carapace ; this
lobe sends forth an elongated cylindrical process outward and downward

ERYONICUS. 109

le

below the antero-lateral angle of the carapace ; the anterior margin of tl
lobe, moreover, bears a prominent papilla, or tubercle. The ophthahnopoda
are distinct even in the smallest of the " Albatross " specimens, which meas-
ures only nineteen millimeters in length (Plate XXX., Fig. 1'); but here the
lobes are smaller, not filling the ophthalmic sinuses nor giving off the lateral
processes which, in the adult, project over the base of the antennal peduncles
beneath the antero-lateral angles of the carapace. The tubercle on tlie an-
terior margin of the ophthalmic lobe is present in the young as in the adult.
On the whole, the condition of the ophthalmic lobes in the immatiu'c Eri/o-
nicus approaches that of Willemoesia.

The mouth parts of Enjonicus are for the first time described and figured
on pp. 112, 113, and Plate XXIX., Figs. 2-2^ A comparison of these or-
gans with the corresponding organs in Pohjchdvs as described and figured
by Spence Bate in his report on the "Challenger" Macrura, and by
S. I. Smith in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X. 26, 27, Plate IV., Figs. 2-7,
will show how closely they resemble each other in the two genera.

In the largest male the fifth pair of legs is chelate, but the propodal digit
is only one half as long as the dactylus. In small, immature individuals the
propodal digit is undeveloped, the leg terminating simply in the dactylus.
In the largest of the females the chela of the fifth pair of legs is more per-
fect than in the male, owing to the greater relative length of the propodal
digit.

Spence Bate's description and illustration of the structure of the gills
apply to the immature stage onl}-. In the adult the gills are similar to those
of the other genera of Eri/ontidce, consisting of a stem which gives oft' long,
very delicate lateral filaments ; the filaments decrease in length at the distal
end of the stem, until, near the very tip, they are reduced to mere papilla).
The number and arrangement of the gills and epipods are exhibited in a
tabular form on page 114. The epipods are for the most part reduced to
abortive rudiments, as in those species of Poli/chcles u])on which Spence
Bate founded the genus Stereomastis.

Analysis reveals a close structural similarity between the genera Ert/o-
niciis and Pobjchdes. The only important features distinguishing the former
genus fi'om the latter appear to be the following : 1st, the great inflation of
the globular cephalo-thorax ; 2d, the comparatively small size of the abdo-
men ; .3d, the form of the process of the basal segment of the second pair of
antennae (phymacerite), which assumes the form of a long cylindrical rod,

110 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

free throughout its length, whereas in Pohjcheles this process is short and
curved, with the distal end flattened in such a fashion as to form a facet
which slides over the lower face of the basal segment of the antennules.

The huge spherical carapace of Erijonlms perhaps serves as a hydrostatic
apparatus, by means of which the animal is enabled to lead a free-swimming
life at some distance above the ocean bottom. The great depths of the sound-
ings at some of the stations where Eryonicus has come up in the trawl may
be delusive, as in the case of swimming Hoplophoridce and Sergestidce, which are
often found in the trawl that has been lowered to great depths. At Station
3888, twenty-five miles from the nearest land, where the depth was 1168
fathoms, the Tanner self-closing net* was lowered to 400 fathoms and towed
for seventeen minutes. The net was then hauled up to the surface after the
lower part had been securely closed by the messenger at 400 fathoms. The
lower part of the net was found to contain absolutely no life, while the upper
part, which had remained open all the way from 400 fathoms to the surface,
contained four specimens of Eri/oniciis, 19-29 mm. long, together with other
swimming forms. t At Stations 3375 and 3383, although captured in the
trawl which had been lowered to the depths of 1201 and 1832 fathoms,
Eryonicus was found associated with several swimming forms. At Station
3403 a specimen of Eryonicus spimilosus was brought up in the trawl where
the bottom was only 384 fathoms.

From these facts it is possible, if not probable, that Eryonicus leads a free-
swimming existence at depths moderate compared with those frequented by
truly abyssal species. On the other hand, the structure of its visual organs
and its absence from collections made with the surface tow-net preclude the
thought of its living at or very near the surface.

Eryonicus caecus Bate?
Plate B., Fig. 2; Plate XXIX., Fig. 2-2^ ; Plate XXX.

^ Ert/onekus ctecus Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser, X. 457, 1882 ; Rep. Challenger Maerura, pp. 122-

126, Fig. 30, Plate XII. E, 18SS.
Eri/oiiicus cipcus? Fax., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zobl. XXIV. 197, 1893.

Male. — The rostrum consists of a pair of very small spinules. The median
ridge of the carapace is armed with small spines arranged thus : 2 (rostral).
1. 2. 1. 1 — 2. 2. 1. 2. There are four minute spinules on each side of the

* For a description of the Tanner net, see A. Agassiz, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIII. 46-48, 1892.
t See A. Agassiz, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIII. 48, 49, 1892.

ERYONICUS C^CUS. Ill

gastric region arranged in a longitudinal series behind the orbital sinns, one
at the bifurcation of the cervical ridge, and one at the anterior end of the
anterior branch of the cervical riduje. The subdorsal or branchial rido;e of
each side bears five spin ales, and there is one spinule on the branchial area
between the median and branchial carinse. The lateral carina, which runs
from the external angle of the orbit to the posterior margin of the carapace,
and is homologous with the lateral margin of the carapace in Polijclicks and
Willemoesia, bears sixteen spines arranged thus : 6 — 3 — 7 ; of these the last
four are the largest. Below this lateral carina there are two longitudinal
ridges on each side of the carapace, the upper of which extends from the
outer side of the base of the second antenna almost to the hind border of
the carapace, and is spinulose along the anterior third of its course ; the
lower carina starts on the margin of the pterygostomian region one third
of the way from the anterior end of the carapace, curves outward and
extends back to the posterior margin of the carapace ; this carina is very
prominent posteriorly, and bears five spines, decreasing in length from the
first to the fifth, and followed by small denticles ; the anterior spines in this
series are the largest on the body ; on the line of this ridge the carapace is
bent sharply inward and becomes horizontal. The internal orbital angle is
furnished with a minute spine not in advance of the rostrum. The external
orbital angle has a strong spine, the first of the lateral ridge. The orbital
sinus is deep, and its posterior or blind end is broad and rounded. The
ophthalmic lobes are armed with an outward-turned spine on their front
margins.

The abdomen is adorned with five longitudinal rows of spines, one
median and two pairs lateral ; the median or dorsal row is made up of
one spine on the first abdominal somite, two on the second, third, fourth,
and fifth, one on the sixth, and two on the proximal end of the telson ; of
the two dorsal spines on the second, third, fourth, and fifth somites, the
anterior one is the longer, and is connected with the minute posterior one by
an elevated ridge ; the single dorsal spine of the sixth somite is sharp and
erect. The upper of the two lateral abdominal rows consists of a single spine
just above the pleura of each somite from the second to the sixth, while
the lower lateral row consists of one small spine on the upper portion of the
pleurie of the second to the fifth somites. The pleurte of the first abdominal
somite are small, turned forward, and articulated with the hind part of the
carapace ; the second, third, fourth, and fifth pleurae are rounded, their mar-

112 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

"•ins spinulose ; the sixth are acute, and anned with a small spine at the
point, but otherwise unarmed. The telson, besides bearing the two spines
above-mentioned, is sparsely spinulose along its margin ; it bears two longi-
tudinal dorsal ridges, and its posterior end is subacute.

The proximal segment of the first antennae is short and broad, and is pro-
duced at the inner distal angle into a long, sharp, tooth-like process, which is
hairy along the basal part of the inner side, but not armed with spines ; the
outer side of the segment is swollen and furnished with two small spines at
the distal end ; the second and third segments diminish successively in size;
the third segment bears two flagella, the upper and outer of which is only
one half as long as the lower and inner one ; the sliorter one is composed of
about thirty segments, the lower one of about fifty. The basal segment of
the peduncle of the second antenna is short and broad, and carries a long,
slender, cylindrical process (phymacerite of Bate) on its inner side ; this pro-
cess is directed inward and forward, is nearly as long as the peduncle of the
antenna, obliquely truncate at the tip in the left one, while the one on the
right side is rounded at the tip ; the distal end of the phymacerite is free,
and does not slide upon the basal segment of the first antenna as it does in
Poli/chcles and Willemoesia; the second segment also is short and broad, and
bears an external foliaceous scale (scaphocerite) which is oval and hairy on
the margins, but destitute of spines ; its tip reaches to the end of the
peduncle; the third and fourth segments are longer, cyluidrical, subequal;
the flagellum is about equal in length to the longer of the antennulary
flagella, and contains about fifty segments.

The mouth is bounded in front by -a large, protuberant labrum (Plate
XXX., Fig. 1, {), and is flanked by the broadly expanded mandibles (Plate
XXIX., Fig. 2). The latter are without molar areas; their crowns are ser-
rated on their cutting edges with fourteen triangular teeth, of which one at
the anterior angle, one in the middle, and two at the posterior angle are
larger than the others ; the mandibular palpus is triarticulate, the terminal
segment setose. Directly below and behind the base of the mandibles lie the
widely separated, palpiform lobes of the metastoma (Plate XXX., Fig. 1, d-).

The first maxilla (Plate XXIX., Fig. 2") is reduced to two slender,
strongly incurved, protognathal lobes, the anterior of which is the larger.
Both lobes are setiferous. There appears to be no trace of the endognath.

The second maxilla (Plate XXIX., Fig. 2'') has two small and slender
protognathal lobes, the anterior of which is much the longer. The endo-

ERYONICUS CiECUS. 113

gnath is represented by a small rounded lobe on the outer side of the base of
the anterior lobe of the protognath. The scaphognath is very large, broadly
rounded posteriorly, while the anterior portion is much narrower.

The first maxillipeds (Plate XXIX., Fig. 2") display a large triangular
protognathal lobe, setiferous along its free margin. The endopod is slender,
divided into two segments, and lies along the inner edge of the exopod.
The exopod is of a peculiar shape, broad, and divided at the distal end
into two lobes. The epipod is long and broad, and terminates anteriorly in
a rounded lobe outside the base of the exopod.

The second maxillipeds (Plate XXIX., Fig. 2'') ai'e very short, scarcely
reaching beyond the ischia of the third maxillipeds. They consist of a
single series of six segments, being wholly without exopodal or epipodal
branches. The first, second, and third segments are short, setigerous on
their inner margins ; the second segment is also provided with small teeth
on the inner margin. The fourth segment is by far the longest of the whole
series ; it is very broad, too, much broader in the middle than at either end.
The terminal segment is tipped with a slender spine, and, like the antecedent
segment, is furnished with many long setse.

The third maxillipeds (Plate XXIX., Fig. 2") are much longer than the
second, reaching forward to the base of the antennas. They consist of a
series of seven segments, the first of which bears a very small epipod (a).
There appears to be a slight vestige of the exopod, in the shape of a
rounded tubercle on the outer side of the second .'^egment. This tubercle
is too slender and acute in the figure.

The great chelipeds are similar in form and proportions to those of other
recent Eri/ontidce ; there are a few obsolescent spinules along the inner mar-
gin of the merus, and a procurved spine near the distal end of the outer
margin of the same joint ; the carpus is long, and is armed with a spine near
the distal end of the external margin, and with another at the distal end of
the internal margin ; a spine at the distal end of the superior margin of the
hand, distal half of the inferior margin of the hand obsoletely spinulose,
fingers long and very slender, strongly incurved through their distal third,
their tips very acute, and probably abruptly crossed (they are imperfect in
the specimen in hand), prehensile edges microscopically pectinated.

The succeeding four pairs of thoracic appendages diminish successively in
length and breadth. The first are rather stout, and end in a strong and per-
fect chela; the merus is armed with a pair of sharp spines beyond the middle,

15

114 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

and another pair of very long ones at the distal end ; the carpus is three-
spined (one external proximal, two inferior distal) ; chela unarmed, fingers
crossed at tips. The next pair of appendages (second ambulatory) show a
merus armed with a long and slender spine at the distal end of the lower
side • there is a minute spine at the corresponding place on the carjDUS ; the
chela is perfectly formed, but weak, the fingers not crossed. The next pair
(Plate XXX., Fig. ¥) are similar in form and armature to the second, but a
little shorter. The last pair of thoracic appendages (Plate XXX., Fig. 1')
are much smaller, reaching only to the end of the carpus of the antecedent
pair ; they bear no spines and end in an imperfectly formed chela, the pollex
consisting of a blunt process only one half as long as the index or dactylus,
which is long-haired on its external margin.

The first pair of abdominal limbs (Plate XXX., Fig. 1') are specialized to
serve as sexual organs (gonopods); they are similar in form to those oi Polf/-
cheles and Willemoesia, consisting of a basal stem and a terminal spatulate blade.
The second abdominal appendage (Plate XXX., Fig. 1*) consists of a basal
stalk and two terminal branches ; near the base of the inner branch are two
long blunt processes (stylamblydes), the outer of which is longer than the
inner one. The third (Plate XXX., Fig. 1'), fourth, and fifth pairs of ab-
dominal appendages are similar in form to the second pair, but they are
furnished with only one stylamblys, which is longer than either of those
borne by the second pair. The sixth abdominal appendages (Plate XXIX.,
Fig. 2^) are similar to those in the other genera of this family, and are equal
to the telson in length.

The number and arrangement of the gills and epipods are exhibited in
detail in the subjoined table : —

Somites

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

Pleurobranchise

1

1

1

1=4

Avthrobranchise

1

2

2

2

2

= 9

Podobranchise

1

1

1

1

= 4

Epipods

1

1

=

(2)

17 + (2)

The arthrobranchia and the epipod of the ninth somite are very small,
and the three gills appertaining to the tenth somite, although larger than the
gill borne on the ninth, are smaller than those on the following somites.
The epipods of the tenth to the thirteenth pairs of appendages are repre-
sented merely by thin membranous expansions of the basal part of the

ERYONICUS CiECUS. 115

podobranchial stems, a condition which also exists in those species of Poly-
cheles assigned by Spence Bate to the genus Stereomastis.

Length from rostrum to end of telson, 62.5 mm. ; length of carapace,
34.5 mm. ; length of abdomen, 30 mm. ; length of large cheliped, 59 mm.
(raerus, 12 mm., carpus, 9 mm., basal part of propodite, 9 mm., dactjlus,
13.5 mm.).

Color in life, purplish red, the branchial regions livid.

Station 3375. 1201 fathoms. 1 male, 62.5 mm. long.
3377. 764 '• 1 fem., 40 mm.

" 3383. 1832 " 1 juv., 37 mm.

" 3388. Surface to 400 fathoms.* 4 juv., 19-29 mm. long.

Bate's description of Eryonicm ccecus was drawn up from a single imma-
ture specimen, 13 mm. long, captured during the voyage of the " Chal-
lenger," off the Canary Islands, ostensibly at a depth of 1620 fathoms. In
this specimen the first abdominal appendages were undeveloped. The
above-described specimen from the " Albatross " collection is a sexually
mature male with well developed gonopods. It differs from Bate's speci-
men in having much shorter spines upon the carapace and abdomen, and
the spines of the lowest series on the branchial region decrease in length
posteriorly, while in Bate's type the longest spines in this row are the pos-
terior ones. Whether these differences are due to the difference in age or
whether they are specific cannot be determined until more mature specimens
are obtained from the Atlantic. In the smallest of the " Albatross " speci-
mens, which have attained a length of only 19 mm., the spines, especially
those of the abdomen, are relatively longer than in the adult, although not
so long as in the " Challenger " specimen. In these small individuals the
first abdominal appendages are impei'fectly developed, and the last thoracic
end simply in a short dactylus.

The specimen from Station 3377 is a female, 40 mm. long. The appen-
dages of the first abdominal somite are two-jointed and one-branched, the
branch being narrow, flat, ciliated along its margin, and terminating in an
obtuse apex (Plate XXX., Fig. 1*). The second abdominal appendage is
two-branched, but differs from the corresponding organ of the male in bear-
ing but one stylamblys. The armature of the carapace differs somewhat from
that of the other specimens secured by the "Albatross," and it is possible
that this individual belongs to a different species. The median carina is fur-

* See page 110.

116 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

nished with spines arranged thus: 2. 1. 1. 2. 1. 1 — 2. 2. 1. 2. The lower-
most carina of the branchial region bears thirteen small subequal spines.
There is a pair of spines near the point of bifurcation of the cervical ridge.

Eryonicus spinulosus Fax.
Plate XXIX., Fig. 1-T.

BuU. Mus. Comp. ZooL, XXIV. 198, 1893.

In this species the spines of the carapace, instead of being well-nigh
limited to the nine longitudinal ridges, as in E. ccbcus, are thickly strewn
over the whole surface. The intervals between the spines give rise to slen-
der, hair-like setae. The arrangement of the spines of the median carina of
the carapace is shown in the following formula: 2. 1. 1. 1. 2. 1. 1 — 2. 2. 1. 2.
The sublateral carina bears fourteen small spines, the lateral -5 — 2 — 13 or
14. The uppermost of the two caringe below the lateral is denticulated
anteriorly, and armed with a spine at the front end behind the second an-
tenna. The lowest ridge carries twelve spines, which increase slightly in
length posteriorly. As before stated, the spaces between these rows of
spines are beset with spines of about the same length with those of the
normal series, so that the latter are not conspicuous, as they are in E. ccccus,
where the intervening spaces are nearly devoid of spines and the ridges
themselves are much more distinct. The rostral spines are very small, but
on each side of the rostrum the front margin of the carapace is produced so
as to form a pair of horns over the base of the first pair of antenna9.

The abdomen is ornamented with seven longitudinal rows of spines, one
dorsal and median, the others lateral and paired. The lowest of the lateral
rows is on the upper part of the pleurae. The detailed arrangement of the
spines in each row with reference to the somites is shown by the subjoined
table : —

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

TELSON.

Median

1

3

3

3

2

5

2

Superior lateral

1

1

1

1

1

Middle lateral

1

1

1

1

Inferior lateral

1

1

1

1

1

The two anterior spines of the trio on the second, third, and fourth
somites are fused together at the base. There is also a spine on each side
at the point of junction of the posterior abdominal appendages with the
sixth somite. The abdominal pleurae are rounded, with the exception of the

POLYCHELES. 117

sixth, which ends in an acute spine ; their margins are lightly denticulate ;
the pleurae of the second somite have a peculiar shape, their anterior part
flaring out laterally into an angular wing.

The chelipeds are rather slender; the merus is very hghtly spinulose
along each margin, and is provided with one or two spines at the distal
end ; the carpus is short and armed with a spine at the distal end of both the
superior and inferior borders ; the hand is armed with about ten spines on
the upper margin and is lightly spinulose on the lower margin. Of the four
succeeding paii-s of legs the first three are chelate, while the fourth or pos-
terior thoracic is not chelate, but ends in a simple dactylus ; all of these four
pairs are clothed on their outer side with long hairs, and a few slender spines
are irregularly disposed on the three anterior pairs.

The first abdominal somite is devoid of appendages in the unique ex-
ample obtained, which is doubtless immature. The second somite bears a
pair of long two-branched appendages ; the inner branch supports a slender
process (stylamblys) on its inner border. The succeeding pairs decrease in
length.

Length, 37 mm. ; carapace, 21 X 17 mm. ; abdomen, 17 mm.

Station 3403. 384 fathoms. 1 specimen.

POLYCHELES Hellek.

Sitzuugsber. Kais. Akad. Wisscuscb. Wieu, Matli.-Naturw. CI,., XLV., Abtli. I., 389, 1SG2.

In 1878 Spence Bate established the genus Pentachdcs for the reception
of several species of Macrura from the " Challenger" collection, which differ
in no way from Poltjchcles except in the chelate structure of the i^osterior
thoracic appendages. It has since been shown that in some species these
appendages are chelate in the female while they are simple in the male ;
that among the adults of those species which have the posterior thoracic
appendages chelate in both sexes there is a gradual transition from a
perfect chela to an imperfect one, in which the " thumb " is rudimentary
and the structure of the appendage closely approaches to that of Poly-
cheles ; that in species in which the appendages in question are chelate or
subchelate in the adult male they are simple in small, immature individuals.
Chelation of the posterior pair of thoracic limbs in this ftimily is not accom-
panied by any other differences, species which have been assigned to differ-
ent genera resembling each other so closely in every other regard that they

118 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

are liardly distinguishable. It follows that unless the adult male be known, a
species cannot be referred to its proper genus in Bate's system. That author
was most arbitrary in the disposal of his own species, for three of those
which he placed in Pentacheles, viz. obsairus, Icevis, and gracilis, were known
to him only through the female. Keeping the above-mentioned facts in
view, I have deemed it advisable to unite Pentacheles and Polycheles, provision-
ally at least. For similar reasons I have not recognized Bate's genus Stcrco-
niasiis, which was instituted in 1888,* for the reception of two species which
lack epipods on the thoracic appendages, but in all other respects agree with
Pentacheles. An examination of a large number of species discloses a gradual
transition in the development of the epipods, from large well developed or-
gans through small, delicate and thin ones, to merest rudiments in the shape
of small expansions at the base of the stem of the gill.

Furthermore, a nomenclatural difficulty confronts him who treats of
this family, arising from our imperfect knowledge of the structure of the
eye in P. tijphlops Heller, the type of the genus Polycheles. In Polycheles of
this report (— Polycheles + Pentacheles + Steiromastis of Bate) the ophthalmic
lobes are lodged in a deep notch or sinus of the anterior margin of the cara-
pace and send off from their anterior portion a long cylindrical process
beneath the anterior lateral angle of the carapace. In Willemoesia Grote
(type, W. leptodacti/la W.Suhm) the ophthalmic lobe is situate in the metope
and is not lodged in a sinus of the carapace, nor does it send off a process
beneath the anterior lateral angle of the carapace. Of Polycheles typhhps
Heller says :t "Die Augen fehlen fast ganz, nur an der Basis der oberen
Antennen gewahrt man an der Stelle, wo sich der Stirnrand nach unten
nmbiegt, zwei schwarze rundliche Flecken als Rudimente derselben." This
description applies more nearly to the eye of Willemoesia than to that of Poly-
cheles of Bate and more recent authors.:}: On the other hand, the notch in
the anterior margin of the carapace, although rather shallow, and the gen-
eral character of the carapace as shown in Heller's figure, indicate a species
congeneric with those which have since been placed in Polycheles. Should a
re-examination of the type of Polycheles iyphlops reveal an eye constructed as

* Rep. Challenger Macrura, p. 154, 1S88.

t Sitzungsber. Kais. Akad. Wisseusch. Wien, XLV., Abth. L, 390, 1862.

X 111 Willemoesia the posterior thoracic feet are chelate in both sexes, while in the type specimen of
P. tt/phlops (a male) these appendages are simple. But much stress cannot be laid upon this difference, since
Heller's unique specimen of P. ti/pli!ops was only two inches in length. Norman's description of P. ti/phlops
(.\nn. Mag. Nat. Hist., .5th Ser., IV., 176, 1S79) has no bearing on the point here under consideration, .since
it is very doubtful whether the specimens described by him are the same as Heller's species.

POLYCHELES TANNERI. HQ

in W. leptodadiila, then Wiikmoesia would become a sjnonyme of Polijchelcs
Heller (type, P. typhlops), and Poli/cheles of this memoir would become Pen-
tachelcs Bate, with P. eidhrix as its typical species.

Polycheles tanneri Fax.
Piute XXXI.

Bull. Mus. Coinp. ZoiJl., XXIV. 196, 1S03.

Surface of shell pubescent. Carapace broadest at the middle, narrow-
ing anteriorly and posteriorly. Orbital sinus rounded at the posterior end,
outer margin spinulose. Ophthalmic lobes armed with an anterior spine.
Basal segment of antennules furnished with two external spines. Median
carina of the carapace furnished with two anterior rostral spines, followed
by five (or six) spines in front of the cervical groove, the fourth (or fifth) of
which is double. This arrangement of spines may be formulated thus :
2. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 1 (or 2. 1. 1. 1. 2. 1). Back of the cervical groove the spines
of the median carina are 2. 2. 2. Marginal spines of the carapace are thus
arranged : five on each side of anterior part, three on the middle, and thir-
teen or fourteen on the posterior (5 — 3 — 13 or 14). There is a longitudi-
nal row of four small spinules on the anterior division of the carapace
midway between the median and marginal rows, and a row of twelve to
fifteen on the branchial regions inside the margin of the carapace. There
are also two or three spines on each side of the hind margin of the carapace
and a few along the cervical groove. The first five somites of the abdomen
are carinated dorsally, the carina projecting forward on each segment in
the form of a spine ; on the sixth segment the carina is double and denticu-
late. The b<'ise of the telson is adorned with a short denticulated crest. The
pleurte of the first and second abdominal segments are armed with a spine
at the antero-external angle, and the margins of the third, fourth, and fifth
pleurae are slightly denticulated ; there is a granulated crescentic ridge on the
outer face of the third, fourth, and fifth pleurse. The upper and lower edges
of the merus of the chelipeds are armed with from five to seven spinules ;
the carpus is short, furnished with three to five spinules on the upper border
and with one below at the articulation with the propodite ; basal portion of
propodite spinulose on both upper and lower margins. The terminal joint
of the posterior pair of thoracic legs is chelate in the mature female, sub-
chelate in the young female, simple in the males that I have examined.

120 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Length (female adult), 96 mm. ; length of carapace, 41 mm. ; breadth of
carapace, 31 mm. ; length of cheliped, 87 mm. (ischium, 16 mm., merus, 23
mm., carpus, 9 mm., basal part of propodite, 15 mm., dactylus, 18 mm.).

Station 3354. 322 fathoms. 1 male.

« 3402. 421 " 2 males, 1 fern.

" 3403. 384 " 12 males, 14 fern.
« 3409. 327 " 1 fem.

This species nearly resembles P. nanus (Smith), but may be easily distin-
guished by the difference in number of spines on the median and sublateral
carinas of the carapace, by the presence of a spine on the antero-external
angle of the first and second abdominal pleurae, and by the greater number
of spines on the merus, carpus, and propodite of the chelipeds. P. nanus is
also described as having the posterior pair of thoracic legs chelate in the
male.

Compared with the types of P. agassizii (A. M. Edw.), the carapace of the
present species is seen to be broader and fewer-spined on the margins ; the
first and second abdominal pleurae are armed with an anterior lateral spine ;
the rostral spine is double instead of being single ; the orbital sinus is broad
and round at the bottom instead of being narrow and acute, etc. P. agas-
sizii, like P. ianneri, has non-chelate posterior legs in the male.

The branchial formula is as follows : —

Somites

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

Pleiirobranchise

1

1

1

1=4

Artlirobranchise

2

2

2

2

0=8

Podobranchise

1

1

1

1

0=4

Epipods

r

1

1

1

1

= (4 + lr)

16 + (4 + 1 r)

The epipods of the second, third, and fourth pairs of chelate appendages
are very delicate in texture and about half as long as the podobranchios
borne by the same appendages. The epipod of the first pair of chelate
appendages is smaller than those back of it, while the one on the third
maxilliped is reduced to a mere rudiment.

Station 3362.

1175 fathoms.

3380.

899

3392.

1270

3393.

1020

" 3400.

1322

POLYCHELES NANUS. 121

Polycheles nanus (Smith).

Plaie XXXIIL, Fig. 1, T, 1\

Pentacheles nanus Smith, Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1SS2, p. 359, 18S4; id. for 1885, p. 651,

Plate VII. Fig. 1,1», 1886.

2 fem.
1 fem.

3 males, 3 fem. (1 ovig.).
1 fem.
6 fem. (1 ovig.).

These specimens differ slightly, but constantly, from the type specimens
from the Atlantic. The edges of the sulcated carina on the sixth abdomi-
nal somite are less prominently denticulated and the tubercle at the posterior
end of this carina is lower. Further, the spine near the base of the dorsal
surface of the telson of the type specimens is reduced to a blunt tubercle in
the Pacific examples. In these regards, the Pacific form resembles P. sciilp-
fiis, adding weight to Professor Smith's suggestion that P. nanus may be only
a dwarf deep-water variety of P. sculptus.

An adult ovigerous female measures 58 mm. in length ; carapace 24.5
mm. by 16.5 mm.

The posterior thoracic appendages are chelate in both sexes.

The branchial formula is as follows : —

Somites

VIII.

IX,

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

Pleurobrancliice

1

1

1

1=4

Arthrobrancliiae

2

2

2

2

0=8

Podobranchise

1

1

1

1

0=4

Epipods

r

r

r

r

r

= (5r)
16+(5r)

The epipods of the tenth to the thirteenth appendages are represented
merely by a plate-like expansion of the base of the stem of the podo-
branchia. The epipod of the third maxilliped is very minute and bears
no true gill. The podobranchia and the two arthrobranchije of the tenth
somite (cheliped) are much reduced in size.

16

122 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA,

Polycheles sculptus pacificus Fax.
Plate C, Fig. 1, T.

BuU. Mus. Comp. Zobl., XXIV. 196, 1893.

This form differs from its Atlantic representative, P. sculphis Smith
{Pentacheles spinosits A. M. Edw.), as follows : the carapace is broader in pro-
portion to the breadth of the abdomen, the lateral margins converging
strongly at the posterior end, where, in P. sculptus, they continue nearly par-
allel to one another ; there is a small spine on each branchial region inside
of, and on a level with, the second spine of the submarginal carina, — this
spine is entirely wanting in the type form from the Atlantic ; the spine on
the anterior border of the ophthalmic lobe is larger and blunter ; the pleurae
of the second abdominal somite have a different shape, their anterior margins
being in line with the anterior margin of the tergum, whereas in P. sculptus
they form a strong obtuse angle with the anterior margin of the tergum. In
other words the anterior part of these pleurae is not so strongly produced for-
ward in the Pacific form as it is in the Atlantic. (Cf Figs. 1" and 2 ; Plate C.)
These differences, though slight, are constant, and should be recognized in
our nomenclature if any significance is attached to geographical variation.

1 male.
1 fem.

3 males, 3 fem.
12 males, 20 fem.
1 male, 1 fem.
1 fem.
1 fem. ovig.

The last thoracic appendages are chelate in the adult female, while they
are but imperfectly so in breeding males. That is, in the male the " thumb"
is very much shorter than the index.

The arrangement of the gills is shown in the following table : —

Station 3353.

695 fathoms,

3392.

1270

((

« 3393.

1020

i(

3394.

511

C(

" 3418.

660

(e

« 3419.

772

(I

« 3424.

676

ii

Somites

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

PleurobranchiiB

1

1

1

1 =

4

Arthrobrancbise

1

2

2

2

2

=

9

Podobrancbiae

1

1

1

1

=

4

Epipods

r

r

r

r

r

=

(5r)

17+(5r)

POLYCHELES GRANULATUS. 123

What I have here considered to be the rudiments of epipods on the tenth
to the thirteenth pairs of appendages are simply thin membranous expan-
sions at the base of the podobranchiae similar to those of P. nanus. The
third maxilliped carries a minute epipod but no podobranchia. Connected
with the articular membrane at the base of this appendage is a single minute
arthrobranchia. This is present in the typical P. sculptus also, in which it
has been interpreted by Smith as a questionable podobranchia.*

Dimensions of a female : length, 110 mm. ; length of carapace, 48 mm. ;
breadth of carapace, 35 mm. ; length of antennal scale, 10 mm. ; length of
telson, 20 mm. ; length of cheliped, 123 mm. (ischium, 21 mm., merus,
36 mm., carpus, 23 mm., propodite, 39 mm., dactylus, 24 mm.).

A sketch of a living specimen (Sta. 3353, 695 fath.), made by Mr.
Westergren, and reproduced on Plate C, shows the color to be a pale rose
purple on the dorsal side of the carapace and abdomen, deepening to a
brighter orange red on the thoracic appendages, the branches of the pos-
terior abdominal appendages, and the tlagella of both pairs of antennae,
and fading to a delicate bluish white on the hepatic and anterior branchial
regions. The raised ridges of the carapace and abdomen are whitish, the
sette on the margins of the basal parts of the antennae, swimmerets, etc., are
yellow. Some of the depressed areas of the hinder portion of the carapace
and abdomen display a greenish tint in the colored drawing, but I suspect
that this hue was derived from a little of the adhesive green mud w^hich
formed the bottom from which the specimen came.

Polycheles granulatus Fax.
Plate XXXII., Fig. 1 ; Plate XXXIII., Fig. 2, 2\

Bull. Mus. Corap. ZooL, XXIV. 197, 1893,

Carapace long oval, its greatest width at the anterior branchial region ;
the dorsal surface of the carapace is furnished with microscopic setae and is
granulated but almost destitute of spines ; there are two small rostral spines,
and back of these, on the low granulated median carina, lie four spinules
arranged in two pairs, the posterior pair closely followed by a single i-pinule ;
all of these spinules are on the anterior half of the gastric area ; the sub-
marginal ridge on the branchial regions is incurved and composed of minute
spinulose granules ; the hepatic region is but indistinctly separated from the

* Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X. 29, 1882.

124 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

anterior branchial lobe ; the orbital notch is narrow, and armed with a spine
at its internal angle, and with anotlier at its external angle. A spinule on
anterior end of the opththalmic lobe and another at the outer anterior angle
of the basal joint of the antennule. The marginal spines of the carapace are
thus arranged : 9 (or 10) — 3 — 15. Of the two longitudinal ridges on the
infero-lateral wall of the carapace, the upper one is visible only in front of the
cervical groove, the lower one is denticulated. The dorsal abdominal carina
is obsolete on the sixth somite, obsolescent on the fifth, and toothed only on
the first, second, and third ; a shallow groove runs outward and backward
from the dorsal carina to the point of articulation with the succeeding somite
on the second, third, fourth, and fifth somites ; a low, triangular tubercle
at base of telson ; telson tapering to a slender and acute tip ; anterior
abdominal pleurse rounded, gradually becoming acute as one passes back-
ward to the sixth. The ischium of the cheliped is unarmed ; the merus is
furnished with spines on the anterior edge, and is very minutely serrate on
the posterior edge, which terminates distally in a long curved spine ; the
cai'pus is long and slender, and is equipped with a prominent sharp spine
at the distal end of the outer margin ; the basal portion of the propodite is
spinulose along the upper margin, more minutely so on the lower margin.
The fingers are spineless.

The posterior thoracic limbs in the unique female specimen end in a
small but perfect chela (Plate XXXIII., Fig. 2").

Length, 99.5 mm. ; length of carapace, 45.3 mm. ; greatest width of cara-
pace, 38.5 mm.;* length of cheliped, 118 mm. (ischium, 19 mm., merus,
33 mm., carpus, 22 mm., basal part of propodite, 14.5 mm., dactylus,
22 mm.).

Station 3380. 899 fathoms. 1 fem.

This species somewhat resembles P. hem (Bate), P. validiis (A. M.
Edw.), and P. dehilis (Smith). Compared with the type of P. ralidiis the
carapace of this species is broader anteriorly, there is but one spine at tlie
external orbital angle in place of two, the formula for the lateral spines is
9 (or 10) — 3 — 15 in place of 8 — 4 — 30, the dorsal surface of the carapace
is thickly beset with granules instead of being sparsely spinulose, the sub-
marginal line is evident instead of being obsolete, the posterior abdominal
pleurfB are subacute instead of being broadly rounded, etc. The differences
between the present species and P. Icevis and P. dehilis will be readily seen

* The carapace is too broad by 2.3 mui. in the figure ou Plate XXXII.

WILLEMOESIA INOENATA. 125

by reference to the descriptions and figures of those species by Bate and
Smith.

But an East Indian species, Pohjchdes beaumonUi* bears the closest Hke-
ness to P. granulalus. Indeed, the resemblance between these two forms
is so great that I am inclined to regard P. heaumontii as, at most, but a geo-
graphical race of P. graniilatus. P. beaumontii is known through a single male
specimen captured at a depth of 675 fathoms, off Colombo, Ceylon. I have
no doubt that its most striking peculiaritj^, viz. the absence of the usual in-
ternal lobe or " scale " of the basal segment of the antennule, is due to
malformation or mutilation. The other characters which distinguish this
species from P. granulatiis are very slight : the number of lateral spines on
the carapace is 7 (or 8) — 3 — 13 in P. beaumontii, 9 (or 10) — 3 — 15 in
P. graniilatus ; the ophthalmic sinuses are a little broader in the former
species than in the latter ; the arrangement of the spinules in the median
line of the gastric area of the carapace is 1. 2. 1 in the former, 2. 2. 1 in
the latter ; the larger spines on the lower margin of the merus of the great
chelipeds are rather nearer the proximal end of the segment in P. bcaumoniii
than in P. granulatus.

As there is but one specimen of Polgclieles granulatus in the " Albatross "
collection, I have not examined the arrangement of the branchiae in detail.
I have noted, however, that the normal epipods are present and well
developed.

WILLEMOESIA Geote.

Deidamia W.-SuuM, Nature, VIII. 51, 1873 (_nom. prteoc).
Willemoesia Grote, Nature, VIII. 485, 1873.

Willemoesia inornata Fax.
Plate XXXII., Fig. 2; Plate XXXIII. Fig. 3.

BuU. Mus. Comp. Zo51., XXIV. 195, 1893.

Similar to W. leptodacti/la (W.-Suhm), but readily distinguished from that
species by the small number of spines on the margin and dorsal ridges of
the carapace. The armature of spines may be formulated as follows : —

Marginal 5 to 8 — 2 to 3 — to 6.

Median ridge . . 1 to 5 — 0.

* Pentacheks beaumontii Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., XIII. 236, 1894; III. Zool. R. I.
M. S. " Investigator," Crustacea, Plate VUI., Fig. 3, 1894.

126 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

In W. leplodadijla the armature, as given by Spence Bate, is as fol-
lows : —

Marginal 8 — 5 — 18 to 23.

Median ridge . . 6 — 4.

The marginal spines which lie behind the cervical groove, when present
in W. inoniata, are but rudimentary, while there are no spines on the sub-
marginal carina or along the lateral boundaries of the cardiac area, where
they are present in W. Icptodactyla. The spine on the anterior margin of the
carapace at the internal orbital angle is smaller than in W. leptodadyla. If
the figure of W. leptodadyla given by Bate is correct, there is an important
distinction between the two species in the tergum of the sixth abdominal
somite and in the pleurae of the second abdominal somite. In W. inoniata the
dorsal carina of the sixth segment is double anteriorly and in the quadran-
gular depression on either side there is a raised crescentic figure with its
concavity turned outward. The horizontal axis of the second abdominal
pleurae is much longer in proportion to their vertical axis than it is in W. lepto-
dadyla and these pleurae are much narrower and more produced anteriorly.
In W. forceps A. M. Edw., the carapace is more inflated, closely beset
throughout with minute spinules, its sides more convex.
Station 3374. 1823 fathoms. 8 males, 6 fem.

" 1 male, 1 fem. ovig.

•' 2 males, 4 fem. (1 ovig.).

" 2 males, 1 fem.

" 1 fem.

As in W. leptodadyla, the posterior thoracic appendages are perfectly chelate
in both sexes.

The branchial formula is as follows : —

3381.

1772

3382.

1793

3399.

1740

3400.

1322

bomites VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

Pleurobranchiffi

1

1

1

1 =

4

Arthrobranchiae

1

2

2

O

2

=

9

Podobranchise

1

1

1

1

=

4

Epipods

1

1

1

1

1

=

(5)

17 -f (5)

The gills and epipods in general are large and well developed, the
epipods equalling the podobranchife in length. The third maxilliped carries
only a slender epipod, and the membrane that connects this appendage with

NEPHROPSIS OCCIDENTALIS. 127

the body bears a small but perfectly formed gill (arthrobranchia). Accord-
ing to Spence Bate,* this gill is entirely wanting in W. leptodaclijlu.

Dimensions of a female : length, 125.5 mm. ; length of carapace, 52 mm.;
greatest breadth of carapace, 38 mm. ; length of antennal scale, 5.5 mm. ;
length of telson, 23 mm.

Family ASTACID^.

NEPHROPSIS Wood-Mason.

Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, Vol. XLII., Part II., p. 40, 1873.

Nephropsis occidentalis Fax.
Plate D., Fig. 1, T, 1\

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 195, 1893.

Carapace covered with a soft, furry pubescence ; branchial areas convex.
Rostrum densely ciliated on the margins, armed with a pair of lateral teeth
near the middle ; a double row of prominent granulations on the dorsal sur-
face, diverging posteriorly and continued back for some distance on the
gastric area. A small blunt papilla in the median line of the gastric area, a
pair of acute teeth near the anterior margin at the base of the rostrum, and
another pair on the anterior margin just above the insertion of the second
pair of antennas. There are scattered granules on the gastric area and a
small papilla is seen in the median line on the intestinal region. A trace of
an interrupted median carina is visible on the abdomen ; it is most evident
posteriorly. The abdominal terga are clothed with a soft fur like that on
the carapace. The abdominal pleurse are rather longer-pointed than in
N. steioarti, but not so much so as in N. agassizii and N. atlaniica ; their an-
terior borders are finely denticulated, but destitute of spinous processes ; both
anterior and posterior margins are furnished with long hairs. The sides of
the pleurae of the sixth abdominal segment form a sharp right angle with one
another, and the posterior angle is produced to a prominent, sharp spine.
The telson is armed with a sharp spine in the median dorsal line, near the
proximal end. The chelipeds are densely pubescent above ; in shape and
armature they are similar to the other described species of the genus.

The color of this species, as shown in a sketch from life by Mr. Wester-
gren, reproduced on Plate D, is dusky olive-green on the dorsal surface,

* Rep. Challenger Macnira, pp. 107, 168, 1888.

128 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

while the lateral parts of the carapace, the abdominal pleurte, and the append-
ages are bright red.

Length of a large female, 119 mm. ; carapace, 51 mm. ; rostrum, 14 mm.;
second antenna, 225 mm.

Station 3418. 660 fathoms. 23 males, 32 fem. (2 ovig.).
" 3424. 676 " 2 males.

" ? ? 1 male, 2 fem.

In some small specimens the granulations arranged in two longitudinal
rows on the gastric region are transformed into small spines. In one young
example the rostrum is armed with two spines on one side and with one on
the other side.

The prominent spine on the basal end of the telson at once separates
this species from any hitherto described. Tlie roundness of the cephalo-
thorax resulting from the convexity of the branchiostegites is also character-
istic. The abdominal pleurae are intermediate in shape between those of
iV. steicarti and N. ayassisii. There is but one pair of spines (the anterior
pair) behind the orbit, where there are two pairs in N. ugasskii and
N. atlantica.

All the forms of Ncphropsis hitherto described are very closely related
to each other, and might be treated as geographical races of one widely
distributed species. The distribution, so far as known, is as follows : iV. stetv-
arU W.-M., Bay of Bengal ; N. carpenteri W.-M., Bay of Bengal ; N'. agassizii
A. M. Edw. (^ N. (tmlcaia Smith, and N. rosea Bate), West Indian region, off
the Bermudas, and off the south coast of New England ; N. cdlmMca Nor-
man, Faroe Channel and Arabian Sea ; N. suhmi Bate,* off Arm Island ;
N. ocdderdalis Fax., off Acapulco, Mexico.

Family CRANGONID^.

PAEACRANGON Dana.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., VI. 16, 1S52; U. S. Esplor. Exped., Crustacea, Part I., pp. 533, 537, 1852.

* Rep. Challenger Macrura, p. 181. This species is referred to by Bate on pp. 171, 175 of the same work,
under the name of Kephropsis orientalis. Nephropsis coniubiensis Bate and Rowe (Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv.
Sci., 1880, p. 160) is not a Nephropsis at all (see Rep. Challenger Macrura, p. 177)-

PARACKANGON AREOLATA. 129

Paracrangon areolata Fax.
Plate XXXIV.

Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, XXIV. 200, 1893.

Body robust, integument indurated, keeled and sculptured. Rostrum
long, acute, strongly upturned, laterally compressed, superior margin entire,
inferior margin armed with two spines, one long one near the base above
the eyes, and one small one near the tip. A prominent carina, continuous
with the rostrum, extends the length of the carapace in the median line ; it
is armed with four spines, three of which are on the gastric region, one
(obsolescent) on the cardiac region. Orbit incomplete, bounded externally
by a slender spine. Outside of, and just below the base of the second an-
tenna the antero-lateral angle of the carapace is drawn out into another
rather stouter spine. Just behind this, and from a little higher level,
a strong, sharp flattened horn is directed outward, forward, and a little
upward ; this horn is broad at the base, and furnished with a low carina
above, which is continuous with a rounded ridge, which runs inward to the
external orbital spine. A longitudinal carina on each side of the gastric
region, armed with a small spine a little way behind the middle ; from this
spine another ridge runs upward and inward, meeting the median carina at
the base of the third spine. The branchial regions are traversed by a series
of ridges which anastomose in such a way as to divide these regions into a
number of cells of various sizes, and the}' are armed with three small spines,
the anterior of which is the largest. The arrangement of these branchial
ridges and spines will be understood by a glance at the figures on Plate
XXXIV. The hepatic region is much inflated.

The abdomen is ornamented with a low carina, most conspicuous on the
third segment, and on the sixth where it is double. There is also an in-
distinct and interrupted carina on each side, at the base of the pleursB. The
pleurae of the abdominal somites are acuminate, the posterior ones longer
pointed than those in front ; each abdominal somite except the first is fur-
nished with a transverse median ridge, interrupted in the middle ; on the first
segment this ridge is confined to the pleurse. There is a small spine at the
base of the hind margin of the pleurae of the fourth and fifth somites. The
sixth somite has two pairs of lateral spines (the posterior pair the larger),
and anotlier pair at the hind end at the base of the telson. The telson is
long and acute, with a pair of longitudinal ribs on the dorsal side ; two pairs

17

130 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

of small spines on the dorsal ribs of the telson, and sometimes the rudiment
of a third pair near the tip.

The thoracic sterna are armed with two median spines, one of which is
situate on the somite which normally bears the second pair of legs, the
other on the following somite.

The sternum of the first to the fifth somites of the abdomen bears a long
spinous median tooth, while the sixth somite is armed with a pair of smaller
spines on the anterior margin of the sternum.

The eyes are of moderate size, black, and situated on short, rather stout
peduncles.

The first segment of the antennular peduncle is long, enlarged proxi-
mally, and furnished with a rounded external plate at the proximal end ; it
is thickly clothed with hairs on its inner margin. The second segment is
shorter, more nearly cylindrical, and is likewise furnished with hairs along
its inner and inferior margin. The third segment is much shorter than the
second, and bears two flagella, the outer of which is about twice as long
as the inner, much broader, and composed of about twenty-two flattened
se2;ments.

The peduncle of the antenna considerably overreaches the antenna!
scale, and is of nearly the same length as the antennular peduncle. The
antennal flagellum is about equal in length to the whole body.

The third maxillipeds are long and pediform, surpassing the antennal
peduncle when directed straight forward. The terminal segment is some-
what flattened, but not enlarged.

The chelipeds are of moderate length, reaching forward slightly beyond
the peduncle of the antennae; there is a spine on each side of the distal
end of the carpus, and another long and acute one at the antero-internal
angle of the propodite. Of the second pair of legs there is no trace. The
third pair is very slender and longer than the first pair. The fourth and fifth
pairs are more robust than the third pair and also longer, the fifth pair sur-
passing the fourth. They terminate in a curved and very sharp dactylus.

The abdominal appendages are biramose, the inner branch being well
developed and subequal to the outer branch, except in the first pair, where
it is very small in both sexes. In the male the inner branch of the second
pair carries a stylamblys on its internal margin. The terminal pair is much
shorter than the telson.

Length of a female from tip of rostrum to end of telson, 85 mm. ; length

PONTOPHILUS OCCLDENTALIS. 131

of carapace, including rostrum, 30 mm. ; length of rostrum, 12 mm. ; length
of telson, 16 mm.

Station 3424. 676 fathoms. 2 males, 3 fem. (1 ovig.).
3425. 680 " 1 male.

The males (all of which are much smaller than the females) differ from
the other sex in having the various spines longer, the abdominal pleuree
narrower and produced to longer spinous points.

The egg measures 1.5 X 1-3 mm.

The number and arrangement of the gills are the same as in the type
species of the genus, P. eckinata Dana, as shown by the following formula :

Somites,

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

Pleurobranchise,

1

1

1

1

1 =

5

Arthrobrancliise,

=

Podobrancbise,

=

Epipods,

1

1

=

, (

(?)

5 +(2)

Paracrangon hystiix A. M. Edw.* is not a Paracrangon. The second pair of
legs (which are non-chelate) are not completely suppressed, and there are
two arthrobranchiae on each side of the ninth (third maxillipedal) somite.
Although differing much in aspect from the typical species of Sabinea, it
agrees in the essential structural features, and is correctly referred to that
genus by Professor S. I. Smith. It is identical with the species afterward
described by Smith under the name of Sabinea princeps A

Paracrangon eclmata Dana, the only other species of Paracrangon known,
has been found at Vancouver's Island, Puget's Sound, California, and Japan.

PONTOPHILUS Leach.
Malacostr. Podophthal. Brit., Plate XXXVII. A., 1816 (?).

Pontophilus occidentalis Fax.

PMe D., Fig. 2-2".

BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 200, 1S93.

Closely allied to P. abyssi Smith, and P. baiei Fax.ij: From the former it
differs in having a shorter rostrum, larger eyes, and more strongly developed

* Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., 6=""= Sen, Vol. XL, No. 4, p. 6, 1881.
t Bull. ilus. Comp. Zool, X. 38, 1883.

% Pontophilus batei Fax., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 200, 1893, = Pontophilus gracilis Bate
{twin, prieoc). Ortmann (Decapoden u. Schizopoden der Plankton-Expedition, p. 49, 1S93) also lias pro-

132 STALK-EYED CEUSTACEA.

carinEe on the carapace. From the latter it also differs in its shorter rostrum
armed with two pairs of lateral teeth ; in the presence of a sharp spine on
the sternum between the second pair of legs ; in the length of the antennal
scale, which is equal to the distance from the tip of the rostrum to the
cardiac spine ; in the shortness of the second pair of legs, which reach only
half way to the distal end of the merus of the first pair ; and in the absence
of the spine on the outer margin of the merus of the first pair of legs.

The eyes are as large as those of P. gracilis Smith (much exceeding the
rostrum in length), but they are nearly colorless and unfiiceted, as in P. ahi/ssi
and P. hatei.

The color in life is shown on Plate D.

Length 73 mm. ; length of carapace, 21 mm.

Station 3361. 1471 fathoms. 2 specimens.

3363.

978

a

2

3366.

1067

11

1

3381.

1772

li

4

3382.

1793

a

5

3392.

1270

u

1

3398.

1573

a

2

3413.

1360

a

4

3414.

2232

a

1

3415.

1879

a

2

This is an abyssal species, like the closely related P. abyssi and P. latei.
It is very probable that future explorations will prove that all these three
forms are geograpliical races of one widely distributed species.

SCLEROCRANGON G. 0. Sars.
Norske Nordhavs-Exped., Crustacea, 1. 14, 1885.

Sclerocrangon atrox Fax.

Pkde XXX v:

BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 199, 1893.

Rostrum large, with a prominent keel below, which is produced anteriorly
into a prominent tooth reaching as far forward as the tip of the rostrum ;

posed a new name, Poiitophiliis chaUengeri, for Bate's species. I do not, know which name has the pri-
ority, Ortmann's or my own. Ortmann's memoir was received in Canihridge, Oct. 4, 1893. My paper in
BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XXIV., was pubHshed, and copies were distributed, Aug. 19, 1893.

SCLEROCRANGON ATROX. 133

median carina of the carapace armed with three prominent, acute teeth ;
antero-lateral angles produced into large acute, wing-like processes ; behind
these, and on a line with them, the lateral carinse are armed with two teeth ;
there is a small sharp spine at the external angle of each orbit, and a small
pterygostomian spine lies below each of the antero-lateral wings. M-edian
dorsal carina of the abdomen well developed on the first to the fifth somites ;
the sixth somite and the telson are furnished with a pair of longitudinal
dorsal carina, which are armed with two pairs of spines on the telson, but are
unarmed on the sixth somite save a pair of minute spines at the posterior
end ; there is, besides, a less distinct lateral abdominal carina, which becomes
double on the fourth and fifth somites; the pleurae of the first abdominal
somite are unidentate, those of the second to the fifth bidentate; in old speci-
mens the pleural teeth tend to become obsolete. The telson ends in three
spinous teeth, the middle one the largest. The four posterior thoracic sterna
are armed each with an acute procurved spine ; these spines diminish in
length from before backward ; the abdominal sterna likewise are armed with
a median spine (second and third the largest) ; all of the sternal spines are
very much reduced in size in the full-grown female. Tlie eyes are large
for the genus and are furnished with a small spine above the cornea.
Antennal scale broad, its internal margin convex. Legs as in S. fcrox G. 0.
Sars. Outer lobe of the bilobed inner branch of second abdominal appendage
of male very short.

Length of largest specimen (female), 162 mm.

Station 3418. 660 fathoms. 3 males, 2 fem. (1 ovig.).
" 3424. 676 " 4 fem.

The ovum measures 3.33 X 2.62 mm.

In the number and arrangement of the gills this species agrees with
S. ferox, the branchial formula being : —

Somites,

VII.

VITT.

IX.

X.

XT.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

Pleurobraucliise,

1

1

1

1

1 =

5

Arthrobranchiae,

=

Podobranchiae,

=

Epipods,

1

1

=

(2)

5 +(2)

The upper end of each gill is thrown forward, the lower end backward,
as in Cmngon and other genera. The three pairs of maxillipeds are furnished
with well developed exopods, but there is no trace of this organ on the first

134 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

pair of legs. A flat, rather stiff, rounded plate projects outward from the
second segment of the third maxilliped, as in S. ferox, agassim, and procax. A
similar but narrower process is found on the proximal segment of the second
pair of legs, closely applied to the outer and hinder part of the basal segment
of the first pair of legs. This pi-ocess is also found in S. ferox, although it is
not mentioned nor figured by G. 0. Sars. It is present, too, in S. ugasskii
and S. procax.

Of the five hitherto known species of Sckrocrangou, viz. borcas (Fab.), sale-
brosa [Oview), angusticauda (De Haan),/eroj(G. 0. v^iwn),* jacqueti{K. M. Edw.),t
and agassisii Smith, S. ferox bears the closest resemblance to the present
species. The peculiarities of the genus Sclerocrangon are .'■o fully described
and figured by Sars in his account of S. ferox (Norske Nordhavs-Exped.,
Crustacea, I. 15-26, Plate 11., 1885), that it would be superfluous to give a
detailed description of S. atrox. Let it suffice to point out the specific dif-
ferences between these two species : in S. ferox the upturned rostrum is
simple, while in S. atrox a long acute tooth, given off from its ventral side,
reaches as far forward as the tip of the rostrum ; in other words the ros-
trum is bifid in the vertical plane. In the former species the dorsal carinas
of the sixth abdominal segment bear two pairs of well developed spines,
while in the latter we find but one pair of very small spines at the posterior
end of the carinte. The pleural spines of the abdomen are much longer in
the former species than in the latter, and on the fifth somite there are four
to five spines on each pleura, against two in S. atrox. The eyes are much
smiiller in S. ferox, and are destitute of the spine above the cornea which
is seen in S. atrox. Finally, in Sars's species the antennal scale is much

* Cheraphilux ferox G. O. Sars, A.rc(i. for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, II. 339, 1877 ; Srleron-niigoii
salebrosus G. O. Sars, Deu Norske Nordhavs-Esped., Crustacea, I. 15, 1S85 {nee Oweu) ; Sderoerangon
ferox Hansen, Dijniplma-Togtets Zoolog.-Bot. Udbytte, p. 236, 1887. G. O. Sars says that tlie ]\Ieditcr-
ranean species, Caneer catuphractus Olivi (Egeon loricalus Risso), perhaps belongs to the genus Sclerocran-
gon. If tliis were so, tlie name Sclerocrangon would have to give way to Egeon Risso. But examination
of Olivi's species siiows that Sars's surmise is incorrect. The rostrum in this species is short and bifid, the
antennal scale short and broad, the iuncr branch of the abdominal appendages is large (subequal to tlie outer
branch), and furnished with a stylamblys on every pair; there are six well developed gills on each side of the
body, a small podobranchia at the base of tlie second maxilliped, and the basal segment of the first pair of legs
bears a uniarticulate exopod. Risso's genus Egeon ^Jlgaon'] (Hist. Nat. des Crustaces des Environs de Nice,
p. 99, ISIO), established to receive this species, is based on valid structural characters and sliould be restored
(v. Ortmaun, Zoolog. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., V. 530, 535, 1890). Spence Bate's Ponlocnris (Rep. Chal-
lenger Macrura, p. 495), appears to be the same as Egeon. Miers (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 5th Series, VIII.
365, 1881) assigns Cancer cafaphraetus Olivi to the genus CheraphUus, although this species was made the
type of the genus Egeon by Risso forty-six years before the name Cherapk'diis was proposed by Kinahan !

t Ponloplulm jacqueti A. M. Edw., Comptes Rendus, XCIII. 935, 1881 ; Recueil de Figures de Crus-
taces nouv. ou pen couuus, 1883. Closely allied to, if not the same as, S. agassizii Smith (Bull. Mus. Comp
Znol., X. 32, 1882).

SCLEROCRANGON PROCAX. 135

narrower and less convex along its internal margin than it is in the species
above described.

Scleroerangon procax Fax.
Flute XXXVI.

BuU. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., XXIV. 199, 1893.

Rostrum small, simple, acute, inclined upward at an angle of 45°, not
longer than the spines at the external orbital angle, overshadowed by the
great anterior spine of the dorsal carina of the carapace. This carina is
armed with two spines ; the anterior of these is very long, nearly erect, and
arises from a point just back of the rostrum; the posterior is shorter and
curved forward ; between these two spines is the rudiment of a third,
anterior to the middle of the carina. The external orbital spines, as
before said, reach as far forward as the tip of the rostrum. The antero-
external angles of the carapace are drawn out into long, acute spines that
trend upward and outward. From the orbital spine a ridge runs backward
on each side of the carapace, and meets a similar ridge running from the
posterior margin of the carapace forward to a lateral spine on the front
part of the branchial region. There is another small spine on each side
of the gastric region between the median and lateral carinas. From the
lower side of the lateral spine a ridge runs downward and backward on
the branchial regions, meeting an interrupted ridge which extends from
the antero-lateral spines nearly to the posterior margin of the carapace.
A flat-topped median dorsal ridge extends along the abdomen from the
first to the fifth somites; on the sixth somite this ridge is supplanted
by a pair of carinoe. An indistinct and interrupted ridge runs the length
of the abdomen on each side, at the upper boundary of the pleura?.
The first pleura ends below in a sharp tooth; this tooth becomes smaller
as one passes backward until it disappears in the pleura of the fourth
somite. The telson is long, quadrangular in cross-section, grooved above,
acute at posterior end ; its base is flanked by a pair of spines arising from
the hind end of the sixth abdominal somite. The eyes are small ; a small
tubercle arises from the superior margin of the cornea. The appendages
are like those of S. acjamzii Smith, with the following exceptions : the two
flagella of the first pair of antenna? in the male are subequal in length, while
in the male of 8. agamzii the outer flagellum is much longer than the inner ;
the scale of the second antenna is narrower; the terminal segment of the inner

136

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

branch of the second abdominal appendage in the male bears on its inner
margin a short blunt stylamblys, which is absent in S. agassizii ; in neither of
these two species is this segment produced into a lobe at the base of its outer
margin as it is in the more typical species of Sclcrocra/igon, e. g. aS'. ferox and
S. atrox. There are four thoracic and five abdominal sternal spines in the
male, as in 8. agassisii. In the mature female these spines are obsolete as in
the female »S'. agassizii.

Length of a male specimen, 49 mm. ; carapace, 13.3 mm. ; abdomen, 36
mm. ; length of a female, 64 mm., carapace, 18 nun., abdomen, 46 mm.
Station 3380. 899 fathoms. 1 male, juv.

" 3418. 660 " 2 males, 3 fem. (1 bopyrized).

" 3435. 859 " 2 fern. ovig.

" 3436. 905 " 1 fem.

This species is very nearly related to 8. agassizii Smith,* of the east coast
of North America. In addition to the differences between the two species
already noticed, I may mention the following: the rostrum of S. procax is
longer and inclined upward at a much sharper angle than in the Atlantic
species ; the same is true of the antero-lateral spines of the carapace ; the
most conspicuous difference is found in the anterior spine of the median
carina of the carapace, which is much longer and nearly erect in 8. jwocax.
The arrangement of the carinre and spines is the same in the two species.

I agree with Professor Smith in consigning these two species to the genus
Sclerocrangon, although G. 0. Sars's diagnosis of this genus must be somewhat
modified for their inclusion. In the typical species of Sclerocravgon, the
rostrum is expanded into a keel below, while in ^S^. agassizii and S. j^t'ocax
it is spine-lLl<;e ; the terminal segment of the inner branch of the second
abdominal appendage is bilobed in the male of the typical Sclerocravgon,
whereas in 8. agassizii it is simple, and in 8. procax it consists of a single
lobe which bears a stylamblys on its inner edge. In other respects these
two species agree with the more typical species of 8clerocrangon.

* Cerciphilus agassi:ii Smith, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, Vol. X., No. 1, pp. 32-3i, Plate VII. Fig. 4-50,
1882; Sclerocrangon ar/assi:ii Smith, Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for ISS5, p. 652, 18S6. This species, as
before stated, is apparently the same as PontophUus jacqueti A. M. Edw. (Comptes Rendus, XCIII. 935, 1881 ;
figured in A. Milne Edwards's Recueil de Figures de Crustaces nouveaux on peu connus, I*" Livr., 1883),
collected off the south coast of Europe by the " TravaiUeur " expedition.

GLYPHOCRANGON ALATA. 137

Family GLYPHOCRANGONID^.

GLYPHOCRANGON A. M. Edw.

Ann. Sci. Nat, Zool., 6^""= Ser., Vol. XL, No. 4, p. 3, 1881.

Glyphocrangon alata Fax.
Plate XXXVII.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 201, 1893.

The rostrum is armed with a pair of lateral spines on a level with the
♦ anterior end of the eye ; posterior to this pair of spines follows a variable
number of smaller marginal spines (three to five on each side). The anterior
half of the rostrum is unarmed, although the margins are ciliated. A light
spinulose carina runs along the median line of the rostrum from the base to
the anterior third (in some specimens this carina is obsolete). On each side
of the median line there are, on the basal portion of the rostrum, four or
five sinall spinules.

The carapace and abdomen are thickly tuberculated. On the antero-
lateral regions of the carapace and on the abdominal pleiu-se the tubercles
assume a spiny character. For the rest, the tubercles are for the most
part laterally compressed, their tops truncated and more or less eroded. It
is farther to be observed of these tubercles that they are arranged in longi-
tudinal rows, and six of these rows on each side of the carapace by their
greater prominence form imperfect carinse corresponding in position to those
commonly found in species of this genus. The external orbital spine is
directed upward at an angle of 45°, is curved (with the concavity inward),
but hardly deflected outward. The spine at the antero-lateral angle of the
carapace is turned somewhat downward and outward. Between these two
spines and just behind them is a strong spinous tooth, acute at the end, and
vertically compressed, its base broadening out in such a fashion that the whole
tooth forms an acute-tipped wing-like expansion. This is, in fact, the greatly
developed anterior portion of the fourth carina (counting from the median
line). Behind it the carina continues on, as a low toothed ridge, to the
cervical a;i'oove. The broad triangular area between this carinal tooth and
the gastric region is thickly beset with laterally compressed spinous tuber-
cles like those which adorn the other parts of the carapace.

A.n interrupted median dorsal carina runs along the abdomen. Upon the

18

138 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

first somite this carina projects forward as a sharp tooth. On each side of
this somite there is a prominent acute tooth directed obliquely forward.
The median carina is continued on the base of the telson, where it is broken
into two teeth, the anterior of which is the larger. There is, beside, a pair
of spinulose carinas on the dorsal side of the telson, and the lateral margins
of the telson are also spinulose. The lower margins of the pleurae are
spined in the way common to species of this genus. The eyes are large,
and dark brown or black in color. The antennal scale is shorter than the
rostrum, broadly ovate, and devoid of spines on either surface.

The posterior pair of abdominal appendages are also destitute of spines,
save the customary one on the outer margin of the external branch. The
two branches are of about equal length and shorter than the telson.

The dactyli of the ambulatory legs are lanceolate.

In tliis species, as in G. aculeata A. M. Edw. [^ Rhachocaris agassisii
Smith), G. rcgciKs Bate, G. investigatoris W.-M., G. smithii W.-M., G. coeca
W.-M., and G. loricata Fax., the fourth carina is expanded anteriorly into
a very large, vertically compressed spine. In other i-espects the species
here described is very different from those, as will be readily perceived
by comparison of the figures and descriptions.

Length of a female, 116 mm. ; length of carapace (including rostrum)
45 mm. ; length of rostrum, 20 mm. ; length of telson, 12 mm. ; length of
antennal scale, 11.5 mm. ; breadth of antennal scale, 7.3 mm.

Station ? (no label.) 12 + specimens.

" 3395. 730 fathoms. 1 specimen.
3418. 600 " 2 specimens.

Glyphocrangon spinulosa Fax.
Plate XXXVIII.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 202, 1893.

Rostrum long, acute, margins armed with vertically flattened spinous teeth
from base to the level of the anterior extremity of the eyes, beyond which
point the margins are unarmed ; the anterior pair of the lateral spines are
the largest. A median longitudinal row of smaller spines extends from the
anterior boundary of the gastric area to the anterior fourth of the rostrum ;
anteriorly these spines are confluent at their bases, forming a carina which is
continued forward beyond the spines to the tip of the rostrum. Just inside

GLYPHOCRANGON SPINULOSA. I39

the marginal spines there is au irregular longitudinal row of very small spin-
ules on each side of the rostrum. .

The carapace is thickly strewn with spinules which are laterally com-
pressed. Along six longitudinal lines on each side of the carapace the spines
are larger, more flattened laterally, forming interrupted carina?. The third
carina (reckoning from the dorsal line) ends anteriorly at the deep branchio-
hepatic sulcus. The fourth carina, on the contrary, is especially prominent
on the hepatic region, where it is broken np into two or three prominent
teeth. The two lowermost carina? are obsolescent. The anterior margin
of the carapace is produced into a large external orbital spine directed
obliquely upward and outward. The hind margin of this spine or tooth is
armed with a variable number of spinules. The antero-external angle of
the carapace is produced into a strong spine directed downward and a little
outward.

The abdomen, like the carapace, is spinulose on the dorsum and pleuras.
An interrupted carina extends the length of the median dorsal line. On the
sixth segment this carina is toothed along its edge. On the first segment,
on each side of the median carina, in line with the second carina of the cara-
pace, there is a prominent acute tooth directed obliquely forward. The
pleura? of the first segment are for the chief part converted into smooth
facets which lie beneath the next pleurse when the abdomen is flexed ; their
free margins are unarmed. The second to the fourth pleurce are ai"med infe-
riorly with two spines curved outward and backward, the anterior of the two
being the larger. The fifth pleurae are likewise armed with two spines, but in
this case the posterior spine is the larger. The sixth pleurte end posteriorly
in a single spine directed outward at a greater angle than those on the ante-
cedent segments. The median dorsal carina of the abdomen is continued
along the basal part of the telson in the shape of a line of four or five teeth,
decreasinoj in size from before backward. On either side of the median dorsal
line there is a lateral carina which is spinous anteriorly, but entire toward the
tip. The lateral margins of the telson are similarly carinated and spinulose.

The eyes are very large and colored with a dark pigment. The antennal
scale is much shorter than the rostrum, ovate, its margins ciliated ; the me-
dian longitudinal rib is spinulose as well as the portion of the field lying
external to the rib. The lower side of the scale is also spinulose, although
in a less degree than the upper side.

The dactyli of the fourth and fifth pairs of legs are lanceolate, compressed
vertically, concave above and convex below.

Station

3353.

695

3418.

660

3419.

772

3424.

676

3425.

680

3435.

859

140 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

The rami of the last abdominal appendages are subequal in length,
shorter than the telson, spinulose above and (to a less degree) below.

Length of a male, 105 mm. ; length of rostrum from tip to anterior gastric
groove, 20 ram. ; length of carapace (including rostrum), 44.5 mm. ; length
of telson, 18.5 mm. ; length of antennal scale, 11.5 mm.; breadth of autennal
scale, 7 ram.

The egg (from a female 114 mm. long) measures 3 X 2.5 mm.

This handsome and very distinct species was taken at the following
stations : —

695 fathoms. 11 specimens.
" 91 "

" 19 " (1 with Bop^rus).

u 2 <■-

Glyphocrangon loricata, sp. nov.

Plate XXXVIII}"'-

Rostrum furnished with three pairs of lateral spines, the anterior pair the
largest and situate just in front of the eyes, the other two pairs behind the
eyes and near the base of the rostrum ; sides of rostrum fringed with long
hair in front of the anterior pair of spines. Gastric region separated from
the rostrum by a transverse depression. The first or dorsal pair of carinas
on the carapace are broken up into laterally compressed, truncate tubercles.
Between these crests, at the anterior limit of the gastric area, lie three
small tubercles, one median, two lateral and paired ; from the median one
a very light carina runs backward along the median line of the gastric
region, flanked by two rows ot very faint tubercles. Outside of the dor-
sal carinoe the gastric region is irregularly tuberculous. The second carina
is explicit only behind the cervical groove, where it is divided by shallow
notches into four sections which are hardly prominent enough to be called
teeth. The third carina is entire ; near its anterior end is seen a slightly
projecting, rounded angle which is not produced so as to form a spine or
tooth; a similar, but still less evident, rounded angle is visible near the
middle of the same carina. Only in very 3'oung and small individuals do
these nngles attain to prominence, and even then they do not assume the
form of spines, but end bluntly. The fourth crest is produced to a long,

GLYPHOCRANGON LORICATA. 141

vertically compressed spine, which reaches forward to the level of the middle
of the eye, and is directed outward at an angle of about forty-five degrees
with the axis of the body. Behind this hepatic spine, the margin of the
fourth carina is entire. The fifth and sixth carinse present an eroded surface,
but are not toothed. The branchial regions are adorned with thi'ee longi-
tudinal rows of not very distinct tubercles between the first and second, sec-
ond and third, and third and fourth carinas. The hepatic area also bears
about ten very small and inconspicuous tubercles. The external orbital spines
are directed nearly straight forward, but are inclined upward at a consider-
able angle when viewed from the side ; they reach a little beyond tlie hepa-
tic spines, but not so far as the branchiostegal spines. The latter attain to
the anterior end of the eye ; they form but a very slight angle with the axis
of the body, whether they are viewed from below or from the side.

Along the median dorsal line of the abdomen there runs a carina from
the anterior end to the base of the telson, where it ends in a single promi-
nent tooth. On the first abdominal segment, this carina is produced forward,
in the shape of a stout tooth, over the anterior border of the segment; on
the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth segments, this carina is divided into
two parts by a transverse furrow. The first abdominal segment also bears a
pair of strong, forward-pointing, lateral teeth on its anterior border. Terga
and pleurae of all the abdominal segments tuberculose. Pleuraj of first seg-
ment curved forward and terminated by a blunt tooth ; margin of second pair
of plenrEB three-toothed, the middle tooth by far the most prominent, the
posterior tooth obsolescent ; pleurae of third, fourth, and fifth segments two-
toothed, — of sixth segment one-toothed. Telson longer than the posterior
pair of appendages, armed at the proximal end, as aforesaid, with a single,
jDrominent, median tooth ; the lateral carina3 of the telson are also furnished
with teeth (about eight in number on each side) on the anterior two-thirds;
there is, moreover, a longitudinal I'ow of six or seven smaller teeth at a lower
level, on each side of the anterior third of the telson.

The dactyli of the third, fourth, and fifth pairs of thoracic appendages are
of the usual form, — lanceolate, with very acute tips.

Length, 82 mm.; carapace, 35 mm. ; rostrum, 16 mm. ; telson, 15 mm. ;
extent between tips of hepatic spines, 24 mm. ; extent behind cervical
groove, 16 mm.

Station 3402. 421 fathoms. 1 male, 3 juv.
" 3410. 331 " 1 juv.

142 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

This species, which was captured near the shores of the Galapagos
Islands, is comparable with G. aculeata A. M. Edw., G. regalis Bate, G. in-
vestigdoris W.-M., and G. smithii W.-M, It differs from all of these in having
three pairs of rostral spines in front of the gastro-frontal sulcus, and in the
leno-th, slenderness, and strong outward trend of the hepatic spines. It dif-
fers furthermore from G. aculeata and G. invcstigatoris in being much more
lio-htly tuberculated ; from G. aculeata and G. smithii in lacking the spine at
anterior end of the third carapacial carina, behind the cervical groove ; from
all of the above-named species, except G. investigator is, in the spiny arma-
ture of the telson.

Glypbocrangon nobilis A. M. Edw.?

? Glyphocrangon nobile A. M. Edw., Aun. Sci. Nat., Zool., 6'™ Sen, Vol. XI., No. 4, p. 5, 1881 ; Reeueil de
Figures de Crustaces nouveaux ou peu coimus, 1883 (fig.).

Station

3363.

978 fa

,thomg

;. 2

a

3.366.

1067

a

1

u

3371.

770

a

4

a

3375.

1201

u

1

a

3376.

1132

a

1

u

3392.

•1270

a

2

a

3400.

1322

a

1

a

3411.

1189

a

4

a

3413.

1360

ii

3

a

3419.

772

a

3

a

3431.

995

a

1

Of Glijphocrangon nobilis A. M. Edw., I have only small, immature speci-
mens before me, and I am not sure that the "Albatross" specimens here
referred to this species are really the same. In any event they are very
closely allied. In typical specimens of the " Albatross " species, the distance
from the tip of the rostrum to the small tubercle that lies in the median dorsal
line at the anterior boundary of the gastric region is equal to the distance of
this tubercle from the posterior margin of the carapace, measured along the
median dorsal line. But the length of the rostrum varies to a considerable
degree in different specimens. When it attains its maximum length, the dis-
tance from the tip to the basal lateral spines alone eqitals the length of the
rest of the carapace, measured along the median line. The margins are
thickened and concave between the two pairs of lateral spines. A median

GLYPHOCRANGON NOBILIS. 143

dorsal keel, most pronounced near the anterior end, runs backward, becom-
ing obsolete abreast of the posterior pair of lateral spines. In nearly all of
the specimens the dorsal side of the I'ostrum is roughened in the middle por-
tion of its length by transverse corrugations on each side of the median
carina. The lower face of the rostrum is distinctly margined ; the margins
gradually converging at each end, leaving between them a lanceolate field
which is divided anteriorly by a light median carina. This median ventral
carina of the rostrum is characteristic. I have found it wanting in but one
or two out of the twenty-three specimens examined. The general trend of
the rostrum is lightly downward to a point near the tip, then upward to
the tip.

The two or three tubercles that represent the anterior part of the second
lateral carina of the carapace are produced to spinous points, the foremost
forming a pair of prominent spines at the front part of the gastric region.
The prominent carina (fourth) which runs along the hepatic area is produced
at its anterior end into a distinct, acute, though not large spine, which is
divided from the rest of the carina posteriorly by a notch or sinus. All the
caringe except the two uppermost have a worn and eroded surface. The an-
terior part of the third crest is represented by a single tubercle on the hepa-
tic area. The lower margin of the second abdominal pleura is often one-
toothed, the anterior and posterior angles being rounded off and destitute of
spines. The tubercles of the abdomen are more sparse and less pronounced
than in the type of G. nobilis, as inferred from Milne Edwards's figures. The
telson, like the rostrum, varies in length in different specimens. In those with
the longest rostrum the telson is one-third longer than the swimmerets, while
in others it is not over one fifth longer than these appendages. It is up-
turned at the tip, very lightly in the majority of specimens, but very
strongly so in the specimens with the longest telson. There is a later-
ally compressed tooth in the median dorsal line at the base of the telson
which forms the posterior end of the median carina of the abdomen. The
dorsal pair of longitudinal carinae are obsoletely spinose on their anterior
third.

In the type specimen of G. longirostris Smith, the rostrum is widened mid-
way between the anterior pair of lateral spines and the tip, thus a.ssuming
a lanceolate outline ; the corrugation of the dorsal surface of the rostrum
is more emphatic than in the " Albatross " specimens, and the median dorsal
carina is continued backward to the gastric area ; the tubercles on the an-

144 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

terior gastric region are not prolonged into spines, and the eye lacks any
dark pigment. The absence of pigment in the eye, however, I think may
be due to the action of alcohol. The spine at the antero-lateral angle of the
carapace is bent down at a greater angle with the axis of the body than it
is in the " Albatross " species, and I think this is also true of the typical
G. nobilis.

Bate's G. acuminata appears to be very closely allied to G. noliUs, and per-
haps will prove to be only a smooth form of the latter species.

G. gilcsii Wood-Mason is a smoother form characterized by the full
development of the anterior part of the third crest of the carapace. In
G. unguiculaia Wood-Mason, the carapace and abdomen are covered with a
velvety pubescence, the postero-inferior corners of the second and third
pairs of abdominal pleurse are angular rather than spinose, and the outer
margins of the dactyli of the fourth and fifth pairs of legs are produced near
the apex into a minute, incurved claw.

The type specimen of G. nobilis was taken in 1131 ftithoms near the Island
of Dominica, W. I.

Glyphocrangon sicaria Fax.
Plate XXXIX.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.. XXIV. 202, 1893.

Rostrum equal in length to the rest of the carapace, armed with a pair
of short, blunt lateral teeth a little in advance of the front of the eyes, and
another pair of obsolescent ones at the root. Between these two pairs of
teeth the margins of the rostrum are concave and a little raised. From the
anterior teeth the rostrum tapers regularly to the point. The upper surface
is plane and smooth (neither corrugated nor ciliated). A slight median
carina, most obvious near the tip, runs the whole length of the rostrum
from the anterior boundary of the gastric area to the tip, and the lateral
margins are lightly rimmed. The lower surfixce is grooved longitudinally,
and wholly devoid of a median keel.

The orbital spine is rather short and thick, and is directed a little out-
ward and upward. The spine at the antero-external angle of the carapace
is also short and thick, but .slightly exceeding the orbital spine ; it is turned
but very slightly outward, but its downward deflection is stronger. From
its base a low carina extends backward over the hepatic area. This carina

GLYPHOCRANGON SICARIA. 145

is unarmed with spines, but is broken into two tubercles, the posterior of
which is the more prominent. In the trianguLar area between this carina and
the gastro-hepatic sulcus are several small tubercles disposed for the most
part in single row. The gastric region is free from tubei'cles in the median
line, barring a minute one at the anterior boundary near the base of the
rostrum. But on either side, this region is ornamented with tubercles ; these
are not spinous, nor do they tend to form very well-marked carinae. On the
branchial regions there are three carinse on each side ; the uppermost of these
is broken up into five or six tubercles ; the tops of these tubercles, as well as
of the other carinae on the branchial and the hepatic areas, exhibit a coroded
surface, and a similar appearance is manifest on the whole lower surface of
the carapace where it is bent beneath the thorax.

The abdomen is irregularly bestrewn with low tubercles, which, as com-
monly in this genus, take on the form of a low interrupted keel along the
median line. The lower margins of the second to the fifth segments are
armed with two spines, the posterior of which is the smaller on the second,
third, and fourth, but the larger on the fifth segment. The sixth segment
is armed with a single spine on each side, at the postero-lateral angle. The
telson is straight and much shorter than the rostrum ; it is furnished with a
small laterally compressed tooth in the median dorsal line at the base, and
both the dorsal carina and the lateral margins are obsoletely dentate along
their basal half.

The e^es are rather small, and their pigment is apparently not so dark as
in most species of this genus.

The antennal scale is about one half as long as the rostrum, oval, ciliated
on the border, but not furnished with any spinules except the small one on
the outer border.

The dactyli of the three posterior pairs of legs are lanceolate.

The posterior pair of abdominal appendages are shorter than the telson ;
both the dorsal and ventral faces of these appendages are free from spines or
tubercles.

Length, 124 mm. ; length of rostrum from tip to anterior gastric groove,
30.5 mm. ; length of carapace, including rostrum, 58 mm. ; length of telson,
20 mm. ; length of antennal scale, 13 mm. ; breadth of antennal scale,
7.5 mm.

Station 3382. 1793 fathoms. 2 specimens.

This species is nearly related to the preceding [G. nohiUs). It differs

19

146

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

from the latter as follows : the rostrum is straighter, its upper surface flatter
and smoother, and its lateral teeth (especially the posterior pair) smaller.
None of the tubercles of the gastric region are spinous. The orbital spines
are not turned so much outward, and the spines at the antero-lateral angles
of the carapace are shorter and more robust. There are no spines on the
anterior portion of the fourth carina. The eyes are smaller.

From G. longirostris Smith, it may be distinguished by the rostrum, which
in G. sicaria narrows from the anterior lateral teeth, and is not corroded or
corrugated on the upper surface ; its lateral teeth, moreover, are not so
prominent. The orbital spines are smaller, less deflected outward, and they
are separated by a wider interval from the spine at the antero-lateral angle
of the carapace. In both species the anterior portion of the fourth carina
is divided by a sinus into two prominences : in G. longirostris the anterior of
these prominences is the more salient, while in G. sicaria the posterior one is
the more pronounced.

G. ccecescens W.-M., another similar species, may be distinguished by the
lanceolate outline of the rostrum and the presence of two spines on the
anterior moiety of the fourth carina of the carapace.

Family GNATHOPHYLLID^.

GNATHOPHYLLUM Latr.

Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., 2« ed., XXX. 72, 1819 [_Gnatophyllutii].

Gnathophyllum panamense Fax.
Plate E.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 198, 1893.

This species resembles G. elegam (Risso) of the Mediterranean Sea so
closely that I was at first disposed to consider it identical in spite of the
remoteness of its habitat. A close comparison, however, discloses a clear
specific difference : in the Panama form a prominent, conical, obtuse protub-
erance, pigmented with black, arises from the upper part of the cornea. In
G. elegans this tubercle is wanting or reduced to the merest vestige, discern-
ible only with a strong lens. The rostrum of G. panamense is furnished with
seven teeth above, and one below near the tip. The intervals between the
superior rostral teeth are furnished with long setae. In G. elegans the num-

g:^athophyllum panamense. 147

ber of rostral teeth appears to vary somewhat. In two males in this Museum
the number is four above and one below. In Risso's original description and
figure * the rostrum is represented as bearing six teeth above. In the same
author's later description 01 this animal t the rostrum is said to bear six teeth
above and one below, while in the accompanying figure (Plate I., Fig. 4)
there are five teeth above and one below. Milne Edwards | describes the
rostrum as armed with six to seven teeth above.

G. panamense, like G. ekgans, is very gaily attired. A colored sketch of
the former species, drawn from life by Mr. Westergren, represents the gen-
eral ground color of the body to be a dark brown, ornamented with a multi-
tude of whitish spots, among which are sixteen red spots regularly arranged
as shown on Plate E, Fig. 1. The rostrum, eyes, and antennae are pale ochre
(the flagellum of the second antennae orange), the fifth and sixth abdominal
segments, telson, and swimmerets are also ochre. The basal joints of the
second pair of chelipeds are violet, the merus, carpus, and fingers ochre, the
basal part of the propodite orange. The third, fourth and fifth pairs of legs
are violet. According to Risso and Heller, G. ekgans is spotted with golden-
yellow, and otherwise differs in details of coloration from its western relative.
In the form described by Gourret § as G. elegans, var. brevirosiris, from Mar-
seilles Bay, the ground color is brick-red.

Length, 22.5 mm. ; length of carapace, including rostrum, 7.5 mm.

Taken on the reef at Panama, at low tide, March 12. One ovigerous
female.

Gnathophi/llum fasciolatum Stimps.,|| from Australia and Amboyna, agrees
very closely in form with G. elegans, but differs wholly in the pattern of its
markings and in coloration from both G. elegans and G. panamense. G. zebra
Richters,* from Mauritius, is without much doubt the same as G. fasciolatum.
Ortmann t has lately recorded a Gnaihophjllum from Tahiti as a new species,
G. pallidmn. It differs from G. fasciolatum only in the absence of color-
marks. This difference may be due to the action of alcohol.

In the genus GmOmphf/llmn, the external flagellum of the antennule is
double, producing a short third flagellum similar to that of the Palccmonidce.

* Hist. Nat. des Cnist. des Environs de Nice, p. 93, Plate II., Fig. 4, 1816.
t Hist. Nat. de I'Europe Merid., V. 71, 1826.

J Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, II. 369, 1837.

§ Comptes Rendus, CV. 1034, 1887.

II Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1860, p. 28.

* Beitr. zur Meeresfauiia der Insel Mauritius und der Seyoliellen, p. 161, Plate XVII. Pig. 18-20, 1880.
t Zoolog. J.-ibrb., Abtli. f. Sjst., V. 537, 1890.

148 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Family PAL^MONID^.

PAL-ffiMON Fabe. (lestr.).
Sappl. Ent. Syst., pp. 378, 402, 1798. Restricted by Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 41.

Palsemon jamaicensis (Hekbst).

Cancer {Astacus) jamaicensis Herbst, Naturgesch. der Krabben und Krebse, II. 57, Plate XXVII. Pig. 2,

1796.
Palamon. jamaicensis Olivier, Eucycl. Meth., lusectes, VIII. 659, ISll.

Six specimens from Panama, March 12.

This well known fresh-water prawn inhabits the Atlantic coast of America
from the West Indies and the Gulf of Mexico to Rio Sao Francisco, Brazil.
It has been found also on the Pacific side at Polvon, Nicaragua,* and there
are specimens in this Museum collected by Dr. Gustav Eisen, in fresh water
near Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.

Family PANDALID^.

HETEROCARPUS A. M. Edw.

Auu. Sci. Nat., 6'"« Ser., Zool., Vol. XL, Art. 4, p. 8, 1881.

Heterocarpus vicarius Fax.
Plate XL., Ficj. 1, T 1" ; Plate XLI., Fig. 2, 2\

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 203, 1893.

The rostrum is considerably shorter than the remaining portion of the
carapace (in very small, immature individuals it is relatively much longer),
and its distal part is turned obliquely upward ; it is armed above with seven
or eight teeth, below with about twelve. The median dorsal line of the
carapace is very convex and furnished with a prominent keel which is con-
tinuous anteriorly with the superior keel of the rostrum and terminates pos-
teriorly a short distance before attaining the posterior border of the carapace;
this keel is armed with four or five teeth on the gastric area, back of the
base of the rostrum. On each side of the carapace there are, in addition to
the light marginal keel along the infero-lateral border, two prominent longi-
tudinal ridges or carintje.f The upper one begins near the posterior margin

* Smith, Aim. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. for 18G9 and 1S70, p. 97, 1S71.

t Tbe carina; of the carapace play such an important jiart in descriptions of tbe species of the genus
Heterocarpus that they deserve to be considered here in some detail. When they are developed to the fullest
degree, we find, in addition to the median dorsal and the inferior marginal carina, three lateral carLnse on

HETEROCARPUS VICARIUS.

149

of the orbit, on a level with the base of the eye-stalk, niiis backward and
a little downward along about two fifths the length of the carapace, then

each side of the carapace. The uppermost of these, lettered a iu the accompauyiug outs, begins at the pes-
terior boundary of the orbit, just behind the base of the eye-stalk, runs backward defining the lower Umit of
the gastric and cardiac regions, and euds near the hind margin of the carapace just at the point where the
hind margin curves backward to form the hind margin of the brauchiostegite. The middle lateral carina (i)

Fig. 1.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 6,

originates anteriorly in the orbital spine and courses backward over the hepatic and branchial regions, below
carina a. The lowermost lateral carina (c) is continuous iu front with the lower spine of the autero-lateral
border (the branoliiostegal spine of Stimpson), and sweeps backward below b along the branchial area until it
is lost near the hind border of the carapace. This complete expression of all the carina is represented iu the
first diagram (Fig. 1). It is realized iu H. carinatus Smith (= U. ensifer, juv. ?), in which all the cariuse are
developed throughout their whole course, altliough a is not so sharply defined on the anterior half of the cara-
pace as it is posteriorly. Still it can be followed quite up to the margin of the orbit. The next diagram
(Fig. 2) shows the complete suppression of the anterior half of a. This condition is exemplified iu H. ensifer
A. M. Edw. In the majority of the known species, however, a is perfectly developed, while b is well-nigh
completely obsolete (Fig. 3). We then have two lateral carinse. These are not homologous with the two
complete carina-, of //. ensifer, but with the upper half-cariiia and the lowest one of that species. A sHght ves-
tige of the anterior end of b appears in the form of a short ridge continued backward from the base of the
orbital spine. In this category come the following species : H. vicarius Fax., gibbostis Bate, oryx A. M.
Edw., dorsalis Bate, alphoiisi Bate, hostilis Fax., and affinis Fax. The next stage in the suppression of the
carinse is shown in Fig. 4, where, besides the absence of b, we note the obsolescence of the posterior fourth
of c (H. lavigatus Bate). In H. aUxawlri A. M. Edw., c has completely disappeared, leaving only one lateral
carina, a (Fig. 5). Finally, in H. Levis A. M. Edw., all the carinae arc obsolete (I'ig. 6), and we have a
smooth carapace, as in Pmidahis.

The homology of these carinse has been misapprehended by some writers. A. Milne Edwards, for in-
stance, says that the superior lateral carina of H. ensifer is absent in H. oryx, whereas it is iu fact the middle
one that is obsolete in the latter species.

150 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

curves upward, defining the upper limit of the branchial region, and is
finally lost just before reaching the hind margin of the carapace. The
anterior part of this carina is separated from the orbital spine and the he-
patic area by a deep groove ; below this carina there is a deep vertical inden-
tation on the side of the carapace between the hepatic and branchial areas, as
in all the species of this genus in which the middle lateral carina is obsolete.
The inferior lateral carina extends from the branchiostegal spine, with
which it is continuous, backward, pursuing a more nearly horizontal course
than the upper one, and stops before reaching the hind border of the
carapace.

The third abdominal segment is keeled along the median dorsal line. Its
hinder half is sharply bent down at angle of about 90°, forming a prominent
knee. There are no median teeth on this or any of the other abdominal
segments. The end of the telson is acutely triangular, and is armed with
three pairs of articulated spines ; the intermediate pair of these spines are
much the stoutest and longest. The dorsal face of the telson is armed with
four pairs of spines articulated at their bases.

The two flagella of the antennule are subequal, and about as long as the
whole body minus the rostrum. The basal segment of the antennule is
armed externally with a spine whose acute tip reaches forward to the middle
of the second segment of the peduncle. The antenna with its flagellum is
about twice as long as the body (rostrum included) ; the scale is one half the
length of the rostrum, its sides convex, its external spine subterminal.

The right carpus of the second pair of legs is composed of nine or ten
segments, the left of twenty-two to twenty-four. The merus of the left
leg of the second pair is also obscurely divided up into many (nine or ten)
secondary segments or annuli, as in other species of this genus.

The last pair of abdominal appendages are about as long as the telson,
the outer branch being slightly longer than the inner.

Length, 110 ram.; rostrum, 26 mm.; carapace with rostrum, 55 mm.;
antenna, 219 mm.; antennal scale, 14 mm. ; telson, 17 mm.

This species was taken at four stations in the Gulf of Panama, viz : —

Station 3385. 286 fathoms. 49 specimens (" a peck rejected").
" 3386. 242 " 91 "

" 3389. 210 " 7 "

3396. 259 " 18 + 50 juv.

Heterocarpus vicarius is closely related to H. pbbosus Bate, described from

HETEROCAEPUS HOSTILIS. 151

a single specimen procured by the " Challenger " in 700 fathoms among
the Pliilippine Islands.* The habitats of the two species are separated by
the whole breadth of the Pacific Ocean.

Compared with H. gibbosus, its western representative, H. vicarius, differs
as follows : the carapace is very much longer both in proportion to its own
heijifht and to the leno-th of the rostrum, and its dorsal mara-in is not so con-
vex ; the teeth of the upper edge of the rostrum are more numerous and
closely set ; the lateral carinas of the carapace are more prominent; the third
abdominal segment forms a sharper angle or knee ; and the antennular
flagella are longer and subequal in length.

In H. vicarius the third raaxilliped is not furnished with an exopod. In
place of it there is merely a small papilla on the outer side of the basipodite.
This is also the case in the type of H. oryx and, according to Bate, in H. dor-
salis. In U. hosHlis and H. uffinis the exopod is present, though rudimentary,
being not more than one fifth as long as the ischium. In other species, e. g.
cnsifcr, carinatus (^= ensifcr ?), alexanclri, and Icevis, the exopod forms a promi-
nent appendix to the third maxilliped, one half or two thirds as long as
the ischium.

The number and arrangement of the gills in the genus Hctcrocarpvs are
correctly given by Prof. S. I. Smith in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoiil., X. 66, and
erroneously by Spence Bate in the Report on the Crustacea Macrura of the
" Challenger " Expedition, p. 629.

Heteroearpus hostilis Fax.
Plate XLL, Fig. 1~TK

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 20i, 1S93.

The rostrum, measured from the tip to the posterior boundary of the
orbit, is from one and a half to two and a third times as long as the rest of
the carapace ; its basal fourth is nearly horizontal, while the remaining por-
tion is bent up at an angle of about 22° ; it is armed with seven or eight
teeth above, nine to fourteen below. The dorsal carina of the rostrum
extends back on the median line of the carapace nearly to the hind border
of the carapace. There is but one tooth on this carina posterior to the base
of the rostrum, and that is on the gastric region.

On each side of the carapace there are two lateral carinse. The upper
* Of. Wood-Mason aad Alcock iu Ami. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6tk Ser., IX. 309, Fig. 6, 1S92.

152 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

one begins at the orbit and runs backward and then obliquely upward to the
hind border of the carapace. It is separated anteriorly from the base of the
external orbital spine by a deep but narrow groove. The inferior lateral
carina is continuous in front with the inferior (branchiostegal) spine of the
anterior margin of the carapace. It trends backward nearly parallel with
the superior lateral carina, and becomes obsolete a little way from the hind
margin of the carapace. A smaller carina runs close to the lower margin of
the carapace.

The first, second, and sixth segments of the abdomen are not carinated.
The third, fourth, and fifth segments are carinated along the median dorsal
line. On the third segment the carina is broken into two moieties, the ante-
rior of which is fluted above and terminates in a sharp spine a little behind
the middle of the segment, while the posterior portion is rounded above and
ends in a spine on the posterior border of the segment. The carina on the
fourth and fifth segments is unbroken, and ends in a longer spine at the pos-
terior border of each of these segments. Thus there are four spines in the
median dorsal line of the abdomen, two on the third segment, one on the
fourth, and one on the fifth.

The telson ends in a long, acute, median tooth, which is flanked by two
pairs of movable spines. Of these the distal exceed the median tooth in
length ; the proximal, on the contrary, are very small and short. There
are, moreover, three pairs of spines on the dorsal surface of the telson.

The basal segment of the antennule is furnished with a long external
spine (stylocerite) which reaches nearly to the end of the second segment of
the antennule. At the base of this spine, against the eye-stalk, is a rounded
lobe.

The antennae are twice the length of the whole body, including the
rostrum. The antennal scale reaches nearly half way to the end of the
rostrum ; its external lateral tooth is .situate some distance behind the front
extremity.

The third maxillipeds bear a rudimentary exopod hardly a fifth as long
as the ischium.

The carpus of the right leg of the second pair is composed often seg-
ments ; on the left leg of the same pair the carpus contains from twenty-two
to twenty-seven segments.

Dimensions of a male : length from tip of rostrum to end of telson,
107 mm. : length of rostrum, 70 mm ; length of carapace, including rostrum,

.^K-H V/J. U

X^lUV^Ilj ^

i 1 111 111*

Station

3353.

695 fathoms,

li

3363.

978

li

a

3364.

902

li

li

3371.

770

ii

ti

3380.

899

11

(I

3393.

1020

li

a

3395.

730

li

HETEKOCARPUS HOSTILIS. 153

108 mm.; length of antenna, 400 mm.; length of antennal scale, 27.5 mm.;
length of telson, 27 mm.

22 specimens ("1 doz. rejected").
24 "

3 "
20+ "

6 "

8

2

This species is nearly related to H. alphonsi Bate, from off the Philippine
Islands and Japan, but may be easily distinguished from the latter species by
the more upturned rostrum, by the presence of but one tooth in the median
dorsal line of the carapace back of the base of the rostrum (in H. alphonsi
there are two *), and by the two spines on the third abdominal segment.

In one ovigerous female from Station 3353 the teeth on the upper side of
the rostrum are reduced to four (there are seven below). This is probably
an abnormal variety merely. This specimen was drawn in color from life by
Mr. Westergren. The ground color is bright red, with large patches of
green on the carapace and abdomen. The green areas in the sketch corre-
spond in their position to patches of mud still adhering to the specimen
in alcohol, so that I think the green color is attributable to the mud,
not to color-markings in the shell of the prawn. The bottom on which the
specimen lived was composed of green mud.

In another specimen, also a female, from Station 3395, the rostrum is
very different from the normal type, being shorter — equal in length to the
rest of the carapace — and armed with a single tooth, near the base, above.
The inferior rostral teeth are smaller, more closely set, and more numerous
(eighteen) than in the normal form. The carapace of this specimen is rep-
resented on Plate XLI. (Fig. 1''). As this unique specimen differs in no
other respect from H. Jiostilis, and comes from the same locality, I am dis-
posed to regard it also as a mere variety or " sport " of that species.

From Station 3363 (978 fathoms), 3370 (134 fathoms), and 3406 (551
fathoms) come seven small specimens, ranging from 48 to 81 mm. in length,
that differ considerably from the adult specimens of U. hosfiUs. The rostrum
is more nearly horizontal, and has about twelve teeth above and fourteen

* Amoug tbc large number of specimens of H. hox/ilis examined, I have found a very few (four) wiUi two
spines ou the carapace back of the rostrum, as in H. alphonsi.

20

154 STALK-EYED CKUSTACEA.

below. The carina on the third abdominal segment is not broken into two
parts (except in one specimen), and is armed with only a single spine, at the
posterior end. This carina is fluted above, as in H. hostilis, from its anterior
end to a point corresponding with the position of the anterior spine in the
adult H. hostilis. I am inclined to consider these specimens as young stages
of H. hostilis, especially since in one of those from Station 33G3 the carina of
the third abdominal segment, although not two-spined, is nevertheless cut by
a notch into an anterior and a posterior section.

Heterocarpus aflanis Fax.
PMe XL., Fig. 2, ^% 2" ; Plate XLL, Fig. 3, o".

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo61., XXIV. 204, 1893.

This species is closely allied to the preceding {H. hostilis), from which
(comparing specimens of the same sex) it differs in the following particu-
lars : the rostrum is much shorter in proportion to the length of the cara-
pace ; measured from the tip to the posterior limit of the orbit it about
equals the rest of the carapace in length in some specimens, while in others
it is only two thirds as long. There are, moreover, fewer teeth on its
dorsal margin (five or six), the number of teeth on its ventral margin vary-
ing from six to ten. The median dorsal line of the carapace is more con-
vex, and is armed, posteriorly to the base of the rostrum, with two acute
teeth, whereas in H. hostilis there is but one tooth on this portion of the
carapace, except in a few abnormal individuals.

It is also nearly related to H. dorsalis Bate, collected off Banda Island by
the " Challenger," but differs from that species in having a shorter rostrum,
and two median teeth on the third abdominal segment.

The exopods of the third maxillipeds are the same size as in II. hostilis,
whereas in H. dorsalis, according to Bate, they are reduced to a mere
tiibercle.

H. affinis and II. hostilis belong to different geographical areas, as will be
seen by inspection of the stations at which the two species wei'e procured.
H. affinis is the more northerly form, from the coast of Mexico (off Acapulco
and Cape Corrientes), while H. hostilis comes from the region about the Gulf
of Panama.

Dimensions of a female specimen : length, 153 mm. ; length of carapace,
including rostrum, 76 mm. ; length of rostrum, 35 mm. ; lengtli of antennal
scale, 23 mm. ; length of telson, 23.5 mm.

ALPHEUS PANAMENSIS. 155

Station 3418.

660 fiithoms.

13 specimens.

" 3424.

676 "

5

« 3425.

680 "

9

PANDALOPSIS Bate.

Rep. Cballeuger Macrura, p. 671, 1888.

Pandalopsis ampla Bate.

Eep. Challenger Macrura, p. 671, Plate CXV. Pig. 3, 18S8.

Station 3418. 660 fathoms. 1 specimen,
" 3424. 676 " 6 specimens.

The types of this species were collected in 600 fathoms, off Monte Video.

Pandalopsis is a MS. name of A. Milne Edwards's, adopted by Bate. This
genus is distinguished from Pandalus by the greatly elongated flagella of
the antennules, and by the laminate expansions of the merus of the third
maxillipeds and of the ischium of the first pair of legs. The third maxilli-
ped has no exopod. The epipods of the legs are rudimentary, as in Pandalus
and Heterocarpm. The branchial formula is the same as for Pandalus and

Heterocarpus, viz. :

—

Somites

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

SI.

XII.

XIII.

XIY.

Pleurobranchise

1

1

1

1

1 =

5

Artlirobranchiae

2

1

1

1

1

=

6

Podobranchiee

1

=

1

Epipods

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

=

(7)

12 + (7)
The generic distinctions between this genus and Pandalus drawn from
the branchiaj and epipods, mentioned by Bate,* do not exist.

The right and left legs of the second pair are of about equal length in
P. ampla.

Family ALPHEID.E.

ALPHEUS Fabr.

Suppl. Eut. Syst., pp. 380, 404, 1798.

Alpheus panamensis Kingsl. ?

Bull. U. S. Geolog. aud Geograph. Surv., Vol. IV., No. 1, p. 192, 1878.
Five specimens (two of them ovigerous females), without a label, agree
pretty well with Kingsley's description of A. panamensis. There is a small

» Op. cit , p. 671.

156

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

spine on the inner side of the propodite, at the point of articulation with the
dactylus, and two pairs of spines on the dorsal side of the telson. These
points are not specified in Kingsley's description. The rostrum is acute, its
margins ciliated ; it exceeds the orbital spines, reaching forward beyond the
middle of the first segment of the antennule.

In a later paper * Kingsley says that A. panamensis may prove to be the
same as A. spinifrons M. Edw.,t from the coast of Chile. But Milne Edwards
states that the smaller chela of A. spinifrom is extremely short, while in
A. panamensis it is described as being nearly as long as the larger chela ; in
A. spinifrons the antennal scale is very small, while in A. panamensis it ex-
tends slightly beyond the peduncles of the antennules. If the " Albatross "
specimens are correctly referred to A. panamenis, this species is further dis-
tinguished from A. spinifrons by the form of the front, which in the latter
species is described as inclined and armed with three spines (the rostral and
two ocular) of equal length, while in the specimens before me the rostrum
is much longer than the ocular spines.

Family NEMATOCARCINID^.

NEMATOCARCINUS A. M. Edw.
Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., 6'™ Sen, Vol. XL, Art. 4, p. 14, 1881.

Nematocarcinus ensifer Smith.

Eumiersia enaifera Smith, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X. 77, Plate XIIL Pig. 1-9, 1882.
Nematocarcinus emiferus Smith, Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish. Comm. for 1882, p. 3C8, Plate VII. Fig. 1, 1884 ;
id. for 1885, p. 664, Plate XVII. Fig. 2, 1886.

978 fathoms. 20 specimens.

2

5

8 "

15 «

14 "

1 "

1 "

8 "

1

ation 3363.

978

a

3365.

1010

li

3366.

1067

<(

3375.

1201

a

3376.

1132

a

3.382.

1793

u

3392.

1270

a

3399.

1740

ii

3400.

1322

a

3407.

885

* Bull. Essex Inst., XIV. 116, 1883.

t Hist. Nat. Crust., IL 355, 1837.

NEMATOCAECINUS ENSIFER. 157

Station

3413.

1360 fathoms.

1 specimen.

3415.

1879

5

a

3418.

660

80 +

a

3424.

676

36

it

3425.

680

41

li

3430.

852

6

i(

3431.

995

3

(I

3435.

859

14

a

3436.

905

17

<■(

This species has been previously known from off the eastern coast of the
United States (lat. 31° 41' N. to 41° 43' N., 588 to 2033 fathoms) through
the explorations of the " Blake " and the " Albatross." The Pacific speci-
mens, like those from the Atlantic side of the continent, vary considerably
in the length and trend of the rostrum, which may be either straight and
horizontal, or curved considerably upward. In some specimens, moreover, the
rostrum is armed on the lower margin with from one to three small teeth
which are wanting in the typical form, and this variation is almost invariably
accompanied by a difference in the abdominal segments. In the typical
form, without inferior rostral teeth, the dorsum of the third abdominal seg-
ment is prolonged into an acute tooth over the fourth segment, while the
succeeding segments are laterally compressed near the dorsum so strongly
as to present an almost carinated appearance. In the specimens with in-
ferior rostral teeth the third abdominal segment is prolonged backward over
the following segment in a less degree, and the prolongation is rounded off
behind instead of ending in a sharp point. The dorsum of the succeeding
abdominal segments, too, is rounder than in the typical form. The typical
form is the more southerly in its distribution, ranging (as far as the collec-
tion at hand determines) from 0° 36' S. to 7° 5' 30" N. (Stations 3363-3413),
while the other form is found between 16° 33' N. and 27' 34' N. (Stations
3418-3436). In rare cases, as in the specimens from Station 3415 (an inter-
mediate locality, be it observed), we find the rostrum of the typical form
combined with the abdomen of the more northern race.

158 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Nematocarcinus agassizii Fax.

Plate XLII.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 204, 1893.

The I'ostrum is one fifth longer than the rest of the carapace (in some small
specimens only equal to the rest of the carapace), slender, nearlj' horizontal
for the basal two fifths of its length, the remaining portion gently upturned
and ending in a very acute point ; its upper margin is continued backward
in the form of a carina, whicli becomes obsolete on the hinder part of the
gastric region ; this carina is pectinate, or armed with close-set, forward-
pointing teeth on the anterior part of the gastric region, and the teeth are
continued on the upper margin of the rostrum through one third or two
fifths of its length, the distal third or three fifths of the rostrum being
entirely free from teeth above ; the lower edge of the rostrum is ciliated
above the eyes and armed with three (rarely four) teetli, separated by wide
intervals, on the distal half.

The third abdominal segment is somewhat prolonged posteriorly over the
next segment, but the hind margin is rounded off and docs not form a promi-
nent tooth. The telson is tipped with three pairs of spines, the intermediate
pair the longest ; there are, besides, about six pairs of small spines on the
dorsal side of the telson.

The flagella of both the antennules and antennas are prodigiously de-
veloped, the antennule being nearly twice, the antenna more than twice the
length of the whole body including the rostrum; excepting the proximal part
of the organ, the annuli of the antennal flagellum are enlarged at the distal
end, giving a beaded appearance to the flagellum ; the antennal scale reaches
rather more than half-way to the end of the rostrum ; it is truncate at the
distal end and armed externally with an apical spine.

The legs have the chai'acteristic shape and proportions of the genus. The
dactyli of the third and fourth pair are slender, acute, somewhat curved, and
invested with a pencil of long hairs. The dactyli of the fifth pair are stouter
but very short, and hidden in the tuft of hairs which arises from the distal end
of the propodite.

The outer blade of the swimmeret slightly surpasses the telson. It is
fringed with long hairs along the internal and distal margin, and furnished
with a minute tooth and a movably articulated spine on the external Isordcr

HOPLOPHORID^. 159

near the distal end. The inner blade is a trifle shorter than the telson ; it is
also fringed along its whole margin with long hairs.

Dimensions of a female specimen : length of body, rostrum included,
139 mm. ; length of rostrum, 35 nun. ; length of carapace, rostrum included,
61 mm. ; length of telson, 20 mm. ; length of antennule, 267 mm. ; length
of antenna, 315 mm. ; length of antennal scale, 19 mm.

This species, like all the Nematocarcini, is very fragile. The long and
slender rostrum is often broken off during life, and the attempt to restore it
sometimes results in an abnormally small and otherwise monstrous rostrum,
■which might easily be mistaken for a specific character if ample material
were not at hand.

2 specimens.

4
90

2

4

8

7

1

8

3

1 "
14 " (1 bopyrized).

4
24

Family HOPLOPHORID^.

Oplophorina Kingslet, Bull. Essex Inst., X. 68, 1878 ; id., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1879, p. 426. Par-
tial ; cf. KiNGSLEY, Bull. Esse.^ last., XIV. 127, 1S83. Type genus, Oplophorus M. Edw.

Ephi/riiKS Smith, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X. 66, 1882 (partim, Eiimiersiti {= Nematocarciniis) excl.) ;
id,, Aun. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1882, p. 372, 18S1. ? = Ephyrirue Kingslet, 1879 (type genus,
Miersia Kiugsl., ^=Ephyra Roux, a genus not sufficiently known).

Ephtjrida G. O. Sars, Norske Nordliavs-Exped., Crustacea, I. 35, 1885.

Miersiido! (uoni. nov. vice Ephiridte) Smith, Ann. Rep. U. S. Pish Comm. for 1885, p. 607, 1886 ; Wood-
Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VII. 194, 1891 ; Paxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 206,
1893.

Acanthephi/rida {Campi/loiwfus &-s.e\.)-\- Tropiocarida; Bate, Rep. Challenger Macnira, pp. 481, 927, 1888.
Type genera, Acantliephi/ra A. M. Edw., et Tropiocaris Bate (= Eph/rina Smith).

Acantliephyridre Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., IX. 358, 1892 ; Stebbing, Hist. Crust., p.
242, 1893 ; Ortmann, Decap. u. ScLizop. der Plauktou-Exped., p. 42, 1893.

Station

3353.

695 fatho'ms.

li

3354.

322

a

u

3358.

555

11

li

3359.

465

11

li

3364.

902

li

li

3370.

134

11

li

3380.

899

li

li

3384.

458

a

11

3393.

1020

u

li

3395.

730

li

li

3406.

551

11

li

3407.

885

11

ii

3418.

660

11

11

?

?

11

160 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

ACANTHEPHYRA A. M. Edw.

^ Ephi/ra Roux, Mem. sur la Classif. dcs Crustaces de la Tribu des Salicoques, p. 24, 1831 (type, Alpheus
pelagiciis Risso).

? Miersia (aom. iiov. vice Eiiki/ra pncoc.) Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PLUa., 1879, p. 41G (same
type).

Miersia Smith, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X. 66, 1882.

Aeanthephyni A. M. Edwards, Aim. Sci. Nat., Zool., e*"" Ser., Vol. XL, Art. 4, p. 12, 1881 (type, Acanthe-
pki/ra aniiata A. M. Edw.) ; id., Recueil de Figures de Crustaces nouv. ou peu counus, l*"* Livr., Plate
XXXIII., 1883 ; Smith, Auu. Rep. U. S. Fish Coram, for 1882, p. 372, 1884 ; id., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
VII. 502, 1885 ; id.. Aim. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1885, p. 607, 1886 ; Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., 6tli Ser., VII. 195, 1891, IX. 358, 1892 ; Stebbing, Hist. Crust., p. 243, 1893 ; Faxon,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 206, 1893 ; Ortmann, Decap. u. Schizop. der Plankton-Esped., p. 43,
1893.

Acanthephyra -f- Si/HMuspk Bate, Rep. Challenger Macrura, pp. 730, 757, 1888 (type of Si/steUaqns,
S. laiiceocauihita Bate).

So little i.s known concerning the structure and affinities of Alpheus pelagi-
ciis Ris.so,* the type species of the genus Mursia Kingsl. (= Ephijra Roux,
nom. prcBoc), that it seems best to ignore Miersia [Ephi/ra) as based upon a
species at present indeterminable, and to suppress family and subfamily
names derived therefrom. The lower Atijidce, genera characterized by jjalp-
less mandibles and by the presence of exopods on all the thoracic legs.f
may receive the subfamily name Paratyince, from Paratya Miers % (type,
Ephyra? compressa De Haan). § The gQnws Ati/ephi/ra,\\ with Caridina-like
chelae and with exopods on only the first two pairs of legs, forms a transition
from the Paraiijhue to the Atyince. Ephyra hmckelii v. Mart.** belongs to the
family Hoplophoridce. and probably to Acanthephyra, subgen. Syslellaspis Bate.

* Alpheus pelogicics Risso, Hist. Nat. dcs Crustaces des Environs de Nice, p. 91, Plate 11. Fig. 7, 1816.
Paadalus pelagicus Risso, Hist. Nat. de I'Europe Merid., V. 79, Plate II. Fig. 5, 1826.

f Such forms have been called Miersiidte by Pocock (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., III. 17, 1889),
EphyriruB by Ortmann (Zoolog. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., V. 456, 1890).

{ Anil. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., IX. 194, 1882.

§ Sicbold's Fanua Japonica, Crustacea, p. 186, Plate XLVI. Fig. 7, Plate 0, 1849.

II Afi/aephyra Brito Capello, Descripfao de algunas Especies Novas ou pouco conliecidas de Crustaceos,
etc., p. 5, Plate I. Fig. l-l'', 1866 ; in Mem. Acad. Sci. Lisboa, CI. de Sci. Math., Nova Serie, T. IV.
Part I., type, Atyaephyra rosiaiia Brito Capello. Ortmann (Zoolog. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., V. 464, 1S90)
has recently established the genus Uemicaridina for the reception of Hippolyte desmarestii Millet (Cari-
dina desmarestii Joly). Since this species is strictly congeneric with Atyephyra rosiaiia, Rumicaridiua be-
comes a synouyme of Atyephyra.

** Arch. f. Naturgesch, XXXIV. L 52, Plate I. Fig. 7<», 7», 1868.

ACANTHEPHYRA AGASSIZII. 161

Acanthephyra agassizii Smith?

IMiersia agassizii Smith, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, X. 67, Plate XI. Fig. 5-7, Plate XII. Fig. 1-4, 18S2.
'i Acanthephyra agassizii Smith, Ann. Rep. U. S. Fisli Comm. for 1882, p. 372, Plate VIII. Fig. 1, 1884;
id. for 1885, p. 667, Plate XV. Fig. 1, 6, ^a, 7, Plate XVI. Fig. 2, 1886.

Station 3383. 1832 fathoms. 1 fern. ovig.
3398. 1573 " 1 "

In the type specimen oi A. agassizii the rostrum, although broken off at
the tip, i.s as long as the rest of the carapace, and is armed with eight teeth
above, and five below; the carina of the fourth abdominal segment is not
prolonged to a spine or tooth posteriorly ; the telson is armed with four pairs
of spines on the dorsal side in front of the terminal spines. In the two
specimens which T have doubtfully referred to this species, the rostra fall
short of the length of the carapace by one fifth, and one sixth the length of
the latter; the formula for the rostral teeth of one is |, of the other |; the
carina of the fourth abdominal segment is produced into a sharp tooth pos-
teriorly, as in A. sangninea Wood-Mason ; * the telson bears three pairs of
dorsal spines. The branchiostegal spine, moreover, is smaller than in the
type,t and the enlarged portion of the external antennular flagellum is
shorter. In other respects my specimens agree well with the type. In
specimens subsequently referred to A. agassizii by Smith, the rostrum is even
shorter than in my specimens, and the telson is armed with as many as nine
pairs of dorsal spines, thus closely resembling A. sica Bate (1888). Bate
considers A. agassizii Smith to be synonymous with A. purpurea A. M. Edw.,:}:
obtained by the " Travailleur " off the coast of Portugal; but in the latter
species the rostrum is longer than in A. agassizii, and the second abdominal
segment is not carinated dorsally according to Milne Edwards's figure § and
Bate's diagnosis.

The form of the eye in A. agassizii is not described by Professor Smith,
and in his type specimen of this species the eyes are so much mutilated that
their true form cannot be satisfactorily determined. In the specimens re-
ferred to A. agassizii in Smith's later papers, — specimens which differ from
the type, as above indicated, — there is an oblong black " ocellus," barely

* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6tli Ser., IX. 358, Fig. 1, 1892; 111. Zool. H. M. I. M. S. " Investigator,"
Crustacea, Plate'^III. Fig. 3, 1892.

f In this respect also liiie A. sanguinea Wood-Mason.'
+ Comptes Rendus, XCIII., 935, 1881.

§ Recueil de Figures de Crustaces nouv. ou peu connus, 1«" Livraison, 1883.

21

162 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

connected with the eye, on the dorsal surface of the ocular peduncle. In
the two specimens from the " Albatross" collection of 1891, this ocellus does
not exist. At the corresponding point the integument of the peduncle
invades the eye to a slight degree, forming a notch in the otherwise entire
outline of the eye, but no part of the cornea is thereby cut off from the
main eye.

Acanthephyra approxima Bate?

Eep. Challenger Macrura, p. 755, Plate CXXVI. Fig. 8, 18S8.

Station 3384. 458 fathoms. 2 specimens.
" 3388. 1168 " 1 specimen.

" 3403. 384 " 6 specimens.

Bate's description of A. approxima was based on a unique specimen ob-
tained in Sarmiento Channel, Patagonia (400 fathoms). The rostrum of
this specimen is broken off just in front of the seventh dorsal tooth, which
lies directly over the posterior tooth of the lower margin. The four posterior
teeth of the upper margin are more closely set together than the three
anterior ones. In the specimens from the " Albatross " collection the rostrum
is a little shorter than the carapace, and is armed with from eight to ten
teeth above, four to seven below ; the posterior teeth of the upper margin
are not so closely set as in Bate's type specimen, so that the posterior tooth
of the lower margin underlies the fifth or the sixth superior tooth, or else
the interval between these teeth. The integument is thin and membranous
— a character not specified by Bate in his description of A. approxima. The
posterior angles of the pleurae of the fifth abdominal segment are rather
sharper than indicated in Bate's figure, and the eye is narrower. The telson
is furnished with a few pairs of very minute dorsal spines, which tend to
become obsolete in many specimens.

Acanthephyra cristata Fax.
Plate XLIIL, Fig. 1, P, 1\

Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, XXIV. 206, 1893.

The rostrum, measured from the tip to the hind border of the orbit, is
three quarters the length of the rest of the carapace, measured from the
hind wall of the orbit to the hind border of the carapace in the median
dorsal line ; its upper margin rises into a prominent crest, which continues
backward over the anterior part of the gastric region, and sinks into a blunt

ACANTHEPHYRA CRISTATA. 1G3

carina, which becomes obsolete just before it reaches the jjosterior margin of
the carapace ; this crest is ornamented with seven teeth, and the anterior
part of the rostrum bears four more teeth on its upper margin ; the lower
margin of the rostrum is armed with three or four teeth. The wall of the
orbit is entire, the lower margin being continuous with the antennal spine
by suppression of the normal infra-orbital angle. A sinuous carina runs
from the antennal spine backward to the hind margin of the carapace, form-
ing the inferior boundary of the gastric and cardiac areas. Below the
branchiostegal spine a second lateral carina runs backward, and becomes
submarginal on the posterior border of the branchiostegite. The first and
second segments of the abdomen are destitute of a dorsal carina ; the third
and fourth are carinated, and armed with a posterior tooth, largest on the
third segment; the fifth and sixth segments are rounded dorsally, and the
fifth is furnished with a minute posterior dorsal median spine ; the posterior
lateral margin of the terg-um of the fourth and fifth segments is armed with
a minute denticle just above the point of articulation with the next segment.
In one specimen the telson is armed with about six pairs of minute dorsal
spines, which are obsolete in the other specimen. In both, the posterior
half of the lateral margins of the telson is spinulose ; the apex of the telson
is imperfect in both the specimens examined. The eye is large, black, and
set obliquely on its peduncle ; the inner margin of the peduncle is furnished
with a rather long, blunt process, or tubercle. The antennal scales are about
equal in length to the rostrum ; they are armed with an external apical
tooth, and are serrate on their inner margin.

Length, 78 mm.; rostrum, 13 mm.; carapace, including rostrum, 27.5
mm. ; antennal scale, 12 mm.

Station 3361. 1471 fathoms. 1 specimen.
" 3381. 1772 " "

This species, like A. dehilis A. M. Edw. {= A. gracilis Smith) and Systcl-
laspis lanceoeaudata Bate, has no carina on the dorsal surface of the fifth and
sixth abdominal segments, and the orbit is continuous below with the an-
tennal spine. On these characters, taken in connection with the large size
and small number of the eggs, Spence Bate established the genus S//sfcl-
laspis* A genus founded on a physiological peculiarity combined with such
trivial structural characters can hardly be accepted as a valid one. A. cris-
tata differs from A. dehilis in having a much shorter and fewer-spined rostrum,

* Rep. Challenger Macrura, p. 757, 1888.

164 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

two pairs of longitudinal lateral carinas on the carapace, a dorsal carina on
the fourth abdominal segment, and in the absence of a series of denticles on
the posterior margin of the tergum of the fourth and fifth abdominal seg-
ments. From A. Imceocaudata (Bate) it also differs in its shorter rostrum,
more prominent lateral and dorsal carinas of the carapace, and the absence
of a prominent tooth on the anterior margin of the first abdominal segment.

Acanthephyra curtirostris Wood-Mason.
Plate XLIIL, Fig. 2-5.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser,, VII. 195, 1891, IX. 364, Fig. 5, 1892 ; III. Zool. H. M. I. M. S. "Inves-
tigator," Crustacea, Plate III. Fig. 4, 1892.

This species is thus briefly characterized by Wood-Mason : " Closely allied
to A. acutifrons Spence Bate, differing therefrom in its shorter and smaller
carapace and in its much less produced rostrum, which does not reach be-
yond the middle of the terminal joint of the antennulary peduncle and is
armed on its upper margin with nine minute saw-like teeth, on its lower
with a single strongish spine. The ocular papilla embraces the cornea."
The type specimens were taken in the Bay of Bengal in 840 fathoms, and
in the Laccadive Sea in 1000 fathoms.

In specimens from the " Albatross " dredgings, which I take to be of the
same species, the integument is smooth and of a firm consistence. The
length of the carapace, including the rostrum, is equal to the distance
from the anterior end of the abdomen to the middle of the fourth abdom-
inal somite. The rostrum does not reach beyond the second segment of
the antennular peduncle ; it is very deep at the base, and ends in a short
and acute tip ; the superior margin is inclined upward at a small angle
with the axis of the body, and is armed with a line of eight or nine
teeth which runs nearly to the tip of the rostrum ; the lower margin is
armed with one strong tooth. Behind tlie superior row of teeth the dorsal
margin is continued back as a low rounded ridge, which disappears before it
attains to the hind margin of the carapace. The anterior margin of the cara-
pace is prominently angulated below the eye, above the antennal spine. The
antennal spine is short, flattened, and continuous with a longitudinal carina on
the hepatic area. A low, obtuse ridge bounds the branchial regions above,
and the gastric region is separated from the cardiac by a shallow, obsolescent
furrow. The second to the sixth abdominal somites are carinated in the
median dorsal line, the carina terminating in a sharp tooth at the posterior

ACANTHEPHYRA CUETIROSTRIS. 165

extremity of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth segments ; tlie tooth on the
third segment is the largest, those which follow decreasing in size succes-
sively. The telson is equal in length to the Gfth and sixth abdominal so-
mites combined ; it is armed with ten submarginal spines on each side. The
eye is dark brown, not wider than its peduncle, its proximal margin entire,
the ocellus wanting; the ocular peduncle is furnished with a long, blunt
tubercle or papilla on the inner side close to the mai-gin of the cornea. The
external spines of both pairs of antennte are short and acute ; the antennal
scale is long, broad near the base, tapering distally to the small apical tooth.
The external branch of the swiiumeret is shorter than the telson, but con-
siderably longer than the inner branch.

Length of a male, 85 mm.; rostrum from tip to posterior dorsal tooth
8.5 mm. ; carapace, including rostrum, 25 mm. ; telson, 18.5 mm. ; antennal
scale, 14 mm.

The above described form I have considered as typical, but the " Alba-
tross ." specimens show that this species is subject to great variation. In a
single specimen from Station 3431 (an ovigerous female) there is a marked
swelling in the median line of the gastric region ; the rostrum is not so high
at the bas3 as in the typical form, and ends in a longer, tapering acumen ; the
upper margin of the rostrum is in a line with the dorsal line of the carapace
and the carapace is rather longer in proportion to the abdomen. The form-
ula for the rostral teeth is |. This form I have catalogued as Var. a (Plate
XLIIL, Fig. 3).

Other specimens agree with the last in most regards, but lack the pro-
tuberance on the gastric area. The rostrum reaches to the end of the
antennular peduncle or a little further. The dental formula is variable :
I, |, |, and |. These specimens I have designated as Var. /3 (Plate XLIIL,

rig. 4").

In others the rostrum is yet longer, with upturned acumen ; the telson is
equipped with twelve pairs of lateral spines ; the rostral teeth vary in num-
ber within the limits shown in the following formulaj : |, |, |. This form
may be called Var. y (Plate XLIIL, Fig. 5).

It will be seen on looking at the list of stations given below that the
typical form has a more southern distribution than the varieties.

The extremes of variation here exhibited appear very great, but they
are connected by transition forms in such a way that I am led to treat
them as of merely varietal importance.

166

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

In the subjoir

led list I have

arranged the specmi

ariability admits,

in accordance with the division into

Forma typica.

Station 3358.

555 fathoms.

1 fern.

3361.

1471 "

1 "

3375.

1201 "

1 male.

" 3381.

1772 "

1 fem. ovig.

" 3384.

458 "

1 fem.
Var a.

Station 3431.

995 fathoms.

1 fem. ovig.
Var ^.

Station 3414.

2232 fathoms.

3 males.

" 3415.

1879 "

1 male, 1 fem. ovig

" 3418.

660 "

2 males.

« 3433.

1218 "

1 fem.
Var. y.

Station 3393.

1020 fathoms.

1 male.

3430.

852 "

1 fem. ovig.

3436.

905 "

2 a "

" ?

?

2 " 'I

In the typical form the short rostrum overhangs the face like a hood.
Upon two species with rostra like this, Bate based his genus Tropiocaris*
T. planipes, the type of the genus, appears to be the same as Smith's Ephynna
lenedictiA Neither Ephyrina nor Tropiocaris seem to be separated from Acan-
thephyra on sufficient grounds,

A. curtirostris in its typical form resembles A. temdpes (Tropiocaris iemiijjes
Bate), but judging from Bate's figure and description, it differs from the
latter in the following regards : the presence of a prominent tooth on the
lower edge of the rostrum, and a dorsal carina on the second abdominal seg-
ment ; the great prominence of the tubercle on the inner side of the eye-
stalk ; and the shape of the antero-lateral margins of the carapace, which
are much less oblique than in A. temdpes.

* Rep. Challenger Macrm-a, p. 834, 1S88.

t Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII. 506, 1885 ; Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish Comni. for 1885, p. 674, Plate XTV.
Fig. 3, Plate XVI. Fig. 4, 1886.

ACANTHEPHYRA CUCULLATA. 167

Through Var. 7, A. ciuiirostris approaches A. aciitifrons Bate, but in the
latter the carapace is much larger and longer in relation to the abdomen, the
dorsal carina of the carapace is more complete behind the rostral teeth,
the first abdominal segment is carinated, the telson is shorter and bears fewer
lateral spines, and, finally, an ocellus is present.

Acanthephyra brevirostris Smith.

Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., VII. 504, 1885 ; Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1885, p. 670, Plate XIV. Fig. 2,

Plate XV. Fig. 2, 8, Plate XVI. Fig. 1, 6, 1886.

Station 3399. 1740 fathoms. 1 male.

In this specimen there is a small tooth on the lower margin of the
rostrum which is wanting in the specimens from the Atlantic side of the
continent, and the great tooth of the third abdominal segment is not quite
so large as in the typical specimens.

The integument in this species is soft and membranaceous, as in the
genus Hymenodora. Spence Bate has described a closely allied form under
the name of Hymenodora duplex*

Spence Bate in 18881 applied the specific name brevirostris, already appro-
priated by Smith, to a very different species oi Acanihcphyra from the tropical
Atlantic. It hence becomes necessary to change the name of Bate's species,
which I propose to call, in memory of its describer, Accodhephyra batd.

Acanthephyra cucullata Fax.
Plate XLIV., Fig. 1, 1% 1".

Bull. Mus. Conip. Z06I., XXIV. 206, 1893.

The integument is soft, membranaceous, and transparent in alcohol.
The carapace is carinated in the median dorsal line anteriorly ; this carina
is furnished with seven minute teeth, and is continued forward to a very
small acicular rostrum, which hardly reaches forward to the end of the eyes ;
the infero-lateral margins of the rostrum are continued downward for some
distance, nearly parallel with one another, in an almost vertical direction, and
then they suddenly diverge and trend backward, forming the upper wall of
the orbit ; a sort of hood is thus formed of the anterior part of the carapace,
overhanging the facial region. The infra-orbital angle is rounded, not spinif-
erous. The antennal spine is acute, and advanced forward of the infra-

» Rep. Challenger Macrura, p. 8i3, Plate CXXXVI. Fig. 3, 1888.
t Op. cit., p. 751.

168

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

orbital angle. The branchiostegal spine is small, and continuous with a
lono-itudinal carina that runs along the branchial region of the carapace.
A low fold or ridge marks the upper boundary of the branchial region.

The abdomen is carinated in the median dorsal line on the second to the
sixth segments inclusive ; the carina is most prominent on the third segment,
where it is produced into a strong posterior tooth, which overhangs the
anterior part of the fourth segment; the three following segments are
furnished with minute posterior teeth. The posterior half of the telson in
the unique specimen at hand is missing ; there is one pair of minute marginal
spines at the hind end of the remaining proximal half. The eyes and eye-
stalks are well developed, the stalks broadening toward the distal end and
projecting a slender blunt process on the inner side close to the cornea ; the
eye itself is as broad as the distal end of the peduncle.

The basal segment of the antenna is armed with an acute extei'nal spine ;
the antennal scale is long, gradually narrowing distally to the apex, which
is furnished with a small spine.

The thoracic appendages have the form characteristic of the genus Acan-
thephi/ra, and appear to offer no important specific characters.

Length, 87 mm.; carapace, 27 mm.; antennal scale, 16 mm.

Station 3381. 1772 fathoms. 1 male.

HYMEN ODORA G. 0. Saks.

Arch, for Math, og Naturvid., II. 240, 1877.

Hymenodora glacialis (Buchholz).

Pasiphae glacialis BucnnoLz, Zweite Deutsnlie Nordpokrfahrt, II. 279, Plate I. Fis;. 2, 1874.

Hymenodora glacialis G. O. Saks, Arch, for Math, og Naturvid., II. 2-11, 1877; Norske Nordhavs-Exped.,
Crustacea, I. 37, 275, Plate IV., 1885. Norman, Proc. Roy. See. Edinburgh, 1881-82, pp. 683, 684,
1882. Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII. 501, 1885 ; Rep. U. S. Fish Comiii. for 1885, p. 678, Plate
XV. Fig. 3, 10, Plate XVI. Fig. 5, 1886.

Station 3383.

1832 fathoms.

3 fem.

" 3399.

1740

2 males, 1 fem,

" 3433.

1218

4 " 3 "

" 3436.

905

1 fem.

This interesting animal was first discovered by the second German North
Polar Expedition in 1869, near the 74th parallel of latitude, off the east
coast of Greenland. The solitary specimen obtained was found on the
surface at a considerable distance from the limit of the pack-ice. It was

HYMENODORA GLACIALIS. 169

next obtained by the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, 1876-1878, at
several stations between Norway and Greenland, lat. 63°-80° N. All the
specimens were brought up from great depths, 452-1862 fathoms. It has
been taken more lately by the " Knight Errant " in Faroe Channel, and by
the " Albatross " off the east coast of the United States, lat. 37° 12' 20" N.,
and 38" 19' 26" N., in 2369 and 2949 fathoms. The rudimentary condition
of the eyes would seem to indicate that the first specimen obtained was
brought to the surface by some accidental cause. It should be noted that
the identity of Buchholz's specimen with those more lately obtained rests
upon the assumption of error in Buchholz's figure, in which the abdominal
pleurte present a very different outline from that exhibited by the examples
subsequently secured.

The uniformity of the conditions affecting animal life in the abysses of
the ocean the world over could not be exemplified more strikingly than by
the discovery of this animal in the tropical Pacific to within 1° 7' of the
equator.

The number of teeth on the median keel of the carapace varies in differ-
ent specimens from one to four. The acumen of the rostrum also varies in
length, even in specimens from the same haul of the dredge.

I have examined the structure of the second maxilliped in four speci-
mens, — two from Station 3383, and two (males) from Station 3433. In
the first two there is no trace of a podobranchia. In one of the specimens
from Station 3433 there is likewise no vestige of a gill, while in the
other, although it does not differ in any other regard, there is a distinct,
though small, podobranchia, composed of three plates, attached to the base
of the epipod. I therefore incline to the opinion that Professor Smith's
II. c/racilis* characterized by the presence of a podobranchia on the second
maxilliped, was injudiciously separated from H. gladalis. It is to be observed
that the gill varies much in its degree of development in different speci-
mens of H. gracilis.

The telson in the Pacific specimens is seen in its integrity in but two
cases. In these the number of terminal spines is six and eight.

• Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1885, p. 680, Plate XII. Fig. 6, 1886.

22

170 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

NOTOSTOMUS A. M. Edw.

Aiiu. Sci. Nat., Zool., 6™= Ser., Vol. XI., Art. 4, p. 7, 1881.

Notostomus fragilis Fax.
Flate XLIV., Fig. 2, ^, 2".

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 207, 1893.

Dorsal line of carapace convex, and keeled from anterior to posterior
margin, anteriorly produced into a short, acute rostrum, which does not
exceed the eye-stalks in length ; the dorsal carina is armed with seven or
eight minute teeth on the anterior gastric region and the basal portion of
tlie rostrum ; lower margin of rostrum unarmed. A longitudinal carina on
each side of the carapace begins near the orbit, above the infra-orbital spine,
and runs back to the posterior margin ; another carina runs obliquely down-
ward and backward, dividing the branchial from the hepatic region. The
inferior lateral carina is obsolete except for a short distance behind the spine
which lies near the anterior margin of the carapace behind the base of the
second antenna.

The abdomen is strongly compressed, the third, fourth, fifth and sixth
segments dorsally carinated ; the carina terminates in a small tooth at the
hind end of the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments ; on the fourth segment
the carina is divided into two parts by a deep notch about two thirds of the
distance from the anterior to the posterior margin of the segment. The
telson is channeled on the dorsal side, and is tipped with two long spine-
like setae.

The eye-stalks taper from the base to the tip ; their outer and upper mar-
gins are nearly straight, but their inner and lower surfaces are swollen ; on
the inner side of each stalk, a little way behind the eye, there is a blunt
tubercle. The eye itself is small and black. The integument of the eye-
stalk is transparent, and when held to the light, discloses the optic ganglion
within, giving off a nerve to the retina, and another to the tubercle on the
inner side of the stalk.

The basal segment of the antennule is armed with a very small but
sharp external spine. The outer side of the second antenna, on the con-
trai-y, is unarmed. The antennal scale is very broad, oval, and furnished
with a small spine on the external border, near the distal end. The third

NOTOSTOMUS WESTERGRENI. 171

maxillipeds are robust ; they reach forward far beyond the end of the anten-
nal scales ; their terminal segment is triangular in cross section. The first
pair of legs are also robust, about equal in length to the third maxillipeds,
and their chela is strong, with fingers about equal to the hand in length.
The second pair of legs are longer, but much weaker than the first pair, the
carpus and propodite much elongated, and the fingers not more than a third
as long as the hand. The ischium and merus of both the first and the
second pairs are flattened, and the same compression is seen in the three
following pairs of legs, which have the form and proportions characteristic
of the genus. The inner branches of the swimmerets are about the length
of the telson, while the outer branches are rather longer.

Length, 70 mm. ; carapace, 30 mm. ; telson, 14 mm. ; antennal scale,
11 mm.

Station 3371. 770 fathoms. 1 specimen.

In this specimen the integument is soft and membranaceous, and the
carapace is so collapsed that it is difficult to restore its true outline. In seve-
ral respects this species shows an approach to the genus Hi/menodora, as, the
soft integument, small eye, and the reduction of the rostrum.

Notostomus westergreni Fax.

Plate F.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 208, 1893.

The rostrum is horizontal and armed on the inferior margin with at least
twelve teeth ; the tip is broken off in the unique specimen obtained, but the
total length is probably equal to, or a little less than, the antennal scale ;
the superior margin is also armed with a series of teeth, which are continued
back on the dorsal carina to the posterior margin of the carapace, becoming
smaller posteriorly. The dorsal median line of the carapace is nearly hori-
zontal from the anterior gastric region to the posterior border of the cara-
pace, and but moderately elevated above the level of the rostrum. A carina
runs along each side of the rostrum below the superior teeth, and continues
backward along the base of the rostrum to the anterior part of the gastric
resion. The lateral margins of the rostrum are continued backward and
downward, forming the upper part of the antero-lateral wall of the carapace
above the eye ; they become obsolete just behind the base of the eye-stalk,
and are not continuous with the orbital carina. The orbital carina begins

172 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

just behind the margin of the orbit, and extends to the posterior border of
the carapace, forming the upper boundary of the hepatic and branchial
areas. The antennal carina takes its origin in a strong spine on the anterior
margin of the carapace at the base of the second antennae, and runs backward
on the branchial region nearly to the hind margin of the carapace; it is con-
nected with the orbital carina by an oblique carina wlych divides the hepatic
from the branchial regions. Between the orbital and antennal carince, nearest
to the former, is a half-carina, which extends from the posterior margin of
the carapace forward to a point a little distance behind the branchio-hepatic
carina. Below the antennal carina are two more longitudinal carina3 sub-
parallel with one another and with the inferior margin of the carapace ;
the uppermost of these does not quite reach the margin of the carapace at
either end; the lowermost begins at the antero-lateral margin, courses back-
ward as a submarginal carina, and is continuous posteriorly with the light
carina which rims along the posterior border of the carapace ; through this
medium it is continuous with its fellow on the opposite side of the carapace.
The infra-orbital angle is not spinous, but a short distance below it a small
acute spine occurs at the base of the antennule. The surface of the carapace
is corrugated, most emphatically in the field betwixt the dorsal and orbital
carinse.

All the abdominal segments are carinated in the dorsal median line, and
the third, fourth, and fifth are armed with a posterior tooth ; the first and
second segments are notched posteriorly in the dorsal median line. The
telson is channeled on the dorsum, and furnished with about four pairs of
dorsal, but no marginal, spines ; its tip is broken off and its armature thus
obliterated.

The third maxillipeds and legs are moderately tomentose. The second
pair of legs are a little longer and slenderer than the first pair. The ischium
and merus of the last three pairs are spinulose on their inferior margins.

Length, 127 mm. ; length of carapace, including rostrum, 61 mm. ; height
of carapace, 31 mm. ; length of antennal scale, 19.5 mm.

Station 3399. 1740 fiithoms. 1 male.

This species is nearly related to iV. patentissimiis Bate, with which it agrees
in nearly all the details of carinae, etc. ; but it differs much from that species
in its general form and proportions, the carapace being much longer in pro-
portion to its height, and less convex along the dorsal line than in i\^. paten-
iissimus. The rostrum, too, is armed with many more spines on its inferior

PASIPHAEIA AMERICANA. 173

margin. Bate says that in N. patentissinms the antennal carina terminates in
the posterior margin of the carajDace, where it is confluent with the lower-
most, submarginal carina. This is not the case in N. tvcstergrcni.

I have named this species for the artist of the expedition, Mr. A. M.
Westergren, whose drawing of the type specimen, colored from the life, is
reproduced on Plate F.

Family PASIPHAEIID.E.

PASIPHA.EIA Sav.

Mum. sur Ics Auimaux saus Vertcbres, I. 50, 1S16 \_Pasqih<eii~\.'^

Pasiphaeia americana Fax.

Plate XL v., Fig. 1-1'.

Pasiphaeia cristuta americana Fax., Bull. Mus. Conip. Zool., XXIV. 208, 1893.

Body strongly compressed laterally. Carapace from three tenths to one
third as long as the whole body; dorsum extremely compressed but rounded,
rising into a thin, triangular, sharp-pointed crest in the median line a little
way back of the anterior margin ; anterior margin slightly advanced in the
form of a rounded lobe between the bases of the eye-stalks, but not produced
to a distinct rostrum; infra-orbital angles rounded, projecting a little beyond
the median inter-orbital process ; at the level of the base of the second an-
tennae, the margin of the carapace trends backward nearly horizontally, and
then turns downward at a right angle (rounded), and also slightly inward,
forming an efferent channel from the branchial chamber behind and beneath
the basal segment of the second antenna; on the upper margin of the efferent
branchial opening there is a slender, acute, procurved spine ; a low distinct
longitudinal ridge runs along the superior half of the branchial area.

The abdominal segments are rounded dorsally, not carinate, although the
sixth is strongly pinched in on each side of the median dorsal line. The
sixth segment is one third longer than the telson, Avhich is equal in length to
the fifth segment ; the posterior margin of the telson is notched in the middle
and armed on each side with about eight spines, the outer one the longest,
the others diminishing in importance from without inwards.

The antennules are furnished with a stylocerite on the external side of

« Pasiphaa was cliauscd to Pasiphae by Risso (Hist. Nat. de TEurope Merid., V. 81, 1820), and by
Kroyer (Naturhist. Tidsskr., 2 R., I. 453, 1S45), and this emendation has been accepted by G. O. Sars and
S. I. Smith. It seems more probable that Pasiphaeia (/, e. Phaidra) was the word intended by Savigny.

174 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

the basal segment. This stylocerite assumes anteriorly the form of a vertical
scale which does not reach forward so far as the distal end of the segment ;
it is armed with a minute, sharp spine at the anterior extremity of its supe-
rior maro-in. The basal segment of the second antenna is armed with a
slender, sharp spine at the anterior end of its lower surface. The antennal
scale is lanceolate, truncate at the apex, and furnished with a spine at the
distal extremity of the outer margin ; the flagellum of the antenna is very
slender and longer than the body. The third maxillipeds reach forward
beyond the tip of the antennal scale ; their distal segment is setose on the
inner side, rounded at the apex, and nearly twice the length of the antece-
dent segment ; the exopod reaches beyond the proximal end of the carpus.
The second pair of legs are a little longer than the first pair, the chela being
somewhat slenderer and longer-fingered ; the carpus of the second pair is
armed with a prominent spine on the antero-inferior boixler, and the merus
of the same appendage is likewise furnished with a single spine near the
middle of its inferior margin. The third pair of legs are very slender, reach-
ing forward as far as the proximal end of the carpus of the second pair ; the
merus is very long, — by far the longest segment of the appendage, — the
carpus short and cylindrical, the propodite long and thread-like, the dactylus
short, slender, and acute. The fourth pair of legs are very short, reaching,
when extended forward, hardly to the proximal end of the merus of the
second pair of legs ; the dactylus is slender, blunt at the end, and it, as well
as the propodite and, to a less degree, the carpus, is furnished on the inner
side with stiff hairs. The fifth pair of legs, when stretched forward, fall a
little short of the middle of the merus of the second pair ; their terminal
segment is spatulate and fringed with long set^e. The outer, plates of the
last pair of abdominal appendages are considerably longer than the inner
plates, and these are much longer than the telson.

Length, 65 mm. ; carapace, 22 mm. ; telson, 7.5 mm.

Station 3385. 286 fathoms. 4 specimens.
« 3396. 259 " 2 "

« 3403. 384 " 2 "

« 3406. 551 " 3

This form is closely allied to P. cristata Bate, of which one specimen was
dredged by the "Challenger" in 315 fathoms off" the Feejee Islands.

On comparing the American species with Bate's figures of the type of
P. cristata, it appears that the carapace of the former is considerably longer

PASIPHAEIA ACUTIFRONS. 175

in proportion to the whole body than it is in the latter, and that the dorsal
crest is smaller and somewhat differently shaped. Comparison of the figures
of the two species reveals, moreover, a difference in the outline of the antero-
lateral margin of the carapace. The fifth and sixth abdominal segments are
much shorter in proportion to the length of the telson in P. americuna than
in P. cristata. The antennular peduncle in the former is only one third
as long as the carapace, while in the latter it is about one half as long.
Finally, the flagellum of the antenna in the former is longer than the body,
while in the latter it is described as being only one half as long.

Eggs, taken from beneath the abdomen of a female specimen, measure
2 mm. by 1.3 mm.

Pasiphaeia princeps Smith.

Pasiphae princeps Smith, Auu. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1882, p. 381, Plate V. Kg. 2, 1884.

Station 3376. 1132 fathoms. 1 specimen.

The distal end of the basipodite of the first and second pairs of legs is
armed with a spine below. The merns of the first pair of legs is destitute of
spines, while the merus of the second pair is armed with six spines on the
inferior border. Length from tip of postfrontal spine to end of telson,
70 mm.

The type specimen of Pasiphaeia princeps was obtained by the " Alba-
tross" off the east coast of the United States in 1883, lat. 39° 29' N., long.
70° 58' 40" W., 1342 fathoms. It is a very large specimen, measuring
215 mm. in length. Smaller specimens were secured in the same region
during the cruise of the " Albatross " in 1884, from depths varying from 444
fathoms to 693 fathoms.*

The late J. Wood-Mason t established a new genus, Phi/e, for Pasiphaeia
akocM^ P. 2»'inceps,P. acutifrons, etc., in which the carapace and abdomen are
more or less carinated dorsally, the telson forked, and branchiostegal spines
present.

Pasiphaeia acutifrons Bate. ?

? Pasiphaa acutifrons Bate, Rep. Challenger Macrura, p. 871, Plate CXLl. Fig. 3, 1888.

Station 3402. 421 fathoms. 2 specimens.
" 3403. 384 " 4 "

" 3406. 551 " 4 "

• S. I. Smith, in Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1885, p. 682, 1886.

t 111. Zool. H. M. I. M. S. " Investigator," Crustacea, Plate 111., 1892 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Cth
Ser., XI. 164, 1893.

176 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

The eo-o-s, from a female 74 mm. long, Station 3403, measure 2 mm. by

1.5 mm.

Bate's description and figure of P. acidifrons are so im2)erfect that I am
not sure that the " Albatross " specimens belong to the same species. The
latter differ from Bate's figure in the following ways : the tootli at the
anterior end of the dorsal carina of the carapace is not, at least in most
examples, inclined upward so much ; the merus of the first pair of legs is
armed with three or four spines on the distal half of the inferior margin,
while in Bate's figure of P. acntifrons this joint is furnished with six spines,
which are regularly arranged along the whole length of the inferior margin ;
moreover, the notch in the end of the telson is shallower, and the stylocerite
of the antennule falls considerably short of the distal exti-emity of the first
segment. The second seguient of the second pair of legs in the "Albatross"
specimens is produced to an acute tooth at the distal end of the inferior mar-
gin, but this margin is not spinulose. The inferior margin of the fourth seg-
ment (merus) of the same pair is armed with from eleven to fifteen spines.

Compared with P. tarda Kroyer, the carapace in our specimens increases
much more in height posteriorly, the dorsal crest of the carapace is smaller
and does not project so far forward, the notch in the distal extremity of the
telson is much shallower, and the second segment of the second pair of legs
is devoid of spines on tlie inferior margin. In P. norvegica Sars (^ P. tarda,
juv. ?) the dorsal crest of tlie carapace is more advanced, the antennal scale
narrower, the notch in tlie telson deeper, and the whole inferior margin of the
merus of the first pair of legs is spined, as in Bate's figure of P. acidifrons ;
furthermore, the second segment of the second pair of legs is armed with a
series of spines, which is not the case in P. acidifrons. In P. princeps Smith,
only the anterior third of the carapace is carinated above, and the merus of
the first pair of legs is devoid of spines.

The original specimens of P. acidifrons Bate were collected off Port
Churruca, Patagonia, 245 fathoms, and south of Japan, 775 fathoms.

Pasipliaeia magna Fax.
Plate XL v., Fie/. 2-2".

Bull. IMiis. Comp. Zool. XXIV. 209, 1893.

The carapace, measured along the dorsal line from the tip of the rostrum
to the posterior margin, is a little less than two fifths of the length of the

PASIPHAEIA MAGNA. 177

whole body ; it is laterally compressed, and rises into a ridge along the whole
length of the dorsum ; the ridge is rounded, except on the anterior part
of the gastric area, where it assumes the form of a sharp keel, and is continu-
ous witli the acute-tipped, blade-like tooth which simulates a true rostrum ;
this tooth reaches forward nearly to the anterior extremity of the eyes ; its
lower margin is convex, with its hinder part resting closely upon, and ap-
parently anchylosed with, the frontal region of the carapace ; the frontal
margin is convex, rounded, and furnished below with long cilia ; it is
free from, and not continuous with, the carinal tooth. The infra-orbital
and antennal angles are rounded ; a sharp spine lies just back of the
antero-lateral margin, on a level with the middle of the basal segment of
the antenna; below this spine, the antero-lateral margin turns backward,
and after running horizontally for a short distance, turns downward at
a (rounded) right angle, and joins the infero-lateral margin. There is
a well defined, blunt ridge on each side of the carapace, running from the
hepatic area backward over the branchial region and becoming obsolete
just before attaining the posterior border of the carapace.

All the abdominal seginents are carinated in the median dorsal line,
though on the first segment the carina is obsolescent. The sixth segment
is one third longer than the fifth segment ; it is marked on either side by
a curved long-itudinal rido;e. The dorsal face of the telson is channeled ;
its posterior margin in the sole specimen procured is injured, so that its
contour and armature cannot be discerned.

The eyes are of moderate size, black, and borne on stout peduncles.

The flattened antennular spine (stylocerite) is equal in length to the
basal segment. The outer antennular flagellum is about equal to, the inner
a little shorter than, the length of the carapace.

The second antenna is equal in length to the whole body. There is an
acute spine on the peduncle, below the articulation of the scale. The scale
is long oval in form, armed with a small tooth at the distal end, and over-
reaches the antennidar peduncle by one half its length.

The third maxillipeds extend forward as far as the end of the antennal
scale.

The first pair of legs, when extended forward, surpass the third maxil-
lipeds by the length of the dactylus. The merus is armed with four or five
spines on its inferior edge. The basal part of the propodal segment is some-
what shorter than the dactylus.

23

178 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

The second pair of legs are a little longer than the first pair, with a
lon<J-er and slenderer chela. The second segment (basipodite) is armed with
a small spine at the distal end of the inferior edge. The inferior edge of the
merus is armed with thirteen spines. The carpus is armed with one long
spine at the distal end of its lower margin. The chela is unarmed, except-
ing the pectinate grasping edges of the fingers.

The third pair of legs reaches forward a little beyond the proximal end
of the chela of the preceding pair. The coxa and basis are robust, the suc-
ceeding segments tapering to a thread-like tenuity in the propodite and dac-
tylus. All of the segments are naked and unarmed. The merus contributes
one half to the length of the whole appendage, being more than twice as
long as the propodite. The dactylus is shorter than the carpus.

The fourth pair of legs are very short, reaching only to the proximal end
of the merus of the second pair of legs. The inferior margin of the dactylus,
propodite, and distal end of the carpus is beset with coarse bristles.

The fifth pair of legs, when extended, attain to the middle of the merus
of the second pair. The dactylus is flattened, broad, rounded at the distal
end, and furnished with long marginal seise.

Length, 145 mm.; carapace, including the anterior dorsal tooth, 55 mm.

Station 3384. 458 fathoms. 1 specimen.

This species is second only to P. princeps Smith, in size. It is most
nearly related to P. tarda Kroyer,* from the North Atlantic. It differs from
the latter in having the dorsal line of the carapace more convex, the pos-
terior part of the carapace higher in proportion to the anterior part, the
dorsal keel of the carapace rounded except on the anterior gastric region,
and the anterior rostrum-like tooth longer and differently shaped. The
proportional length of the segments of the third pair of legs appears to be
quite different in the two species : in P. tarda, according to Kroyer, the pro-
podite and dactylus are of equal length and four times as long as the carpus,
while in P. magna the dactylus is even shorter than the carpus, which is
itself only one sixth as long as the propodite. In P. tarda, according to
Kroyer, the lower margin of the second segment of the second pair of
legs is furni.shed with three spines; in P. magna this margin is unarmed
but for the tooth at its distal end.

* Naturhist. Tidsskr., 2 R., I. 453, 1845; Voyages de la "Recliercbe" en Scandmavie^ etc., Ci-ustaces,
Plate VI. Fiff. 1.

SICYONIA AFFINIS. 179

Family PENEID^.

SICYONIA M. Edw.

Ann. Soi. Nat., XIX. 339, 1830.

Sicyonia afianis Fax.
Plate XL VI., Fig. 1-1'.

Bull. Mas. Comp. Zobl, XXIV. 209, 1893.

This species is the Pacific coast representative of Sicyonia edwardsii* of
the Atlantic coast of America. It agrees with S. edivardsii in the form and
dentition of the carapace, but differs in the form and sculpture of the abdom-
inal segments. In S. edwardsii the first four abdominal segments are rugose,
and ornamented on the sides with two deeply impressed transverse lines,
followed by another less deeply incised, near the hind margin of each seg-
ment ; moreover, the pleurte of these segments are angulated below. In
S. affinis these segments are smooth, the impressed lines are absent with the
exception of the hinder one of the deeply cut pair, and the pleurae are
broadly roimded below; the peduncle of the second antenna is not much
over one half the length of the antennal scale, and the whole antenna is
but little longer than the carapace.

Length, 62 mm.; carapace, 20 mm.

Station 3367. 100 fathoms. 1 male, 1 fem.
3369. 52 " 1 "

" 3378. 112 " 2 fem.

3379. 52 " 1 "

The color in life, as shown in a sketch made by Mr. Westergren, is light
greenish yellow, banded with vermilion on the branchial regions and ab-
domen. Appendages red, antennal flagellum transversely banded with light
and dark. The coloration is quite different from that of 8. edwardsii as given
by Dana.t

* Sicyonia edwardsii Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., VIII. 367, 1881 ; Siryonia carinata (Olivier)
Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., XIX. 344-346, Plate IX. Fig. 9, 1830; nee Siryonia carinata (Olivi).
t U. S. Explor. Exped., Crustacea, Pt. I., p. 602, 1852.

180 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Sicyonia picta Fax.
Piute XL VI., Fig. 2-2' .
Bull. Miis. Conip. Zool, XXIV. 210, 1893,

Rostrum a little shorter than the eye-stalks, laterally compressed, ele-
vated, armed with six teeth, three superior, three terminal ; inferior margin
ciliated. Carapace carinate in the median dorsal line ; the carina is furnished
with two teeth, one minute one on the anterior part of the gastric region at
the base of the rostrum, the other larger, over the cardiac region. An infra-
orbital and an hepatic spine are present. General surface of carapace punc-
tate, and sparsely clothed with seta3. Abdominal segments smooth, with a
median dorsal carina, which rises into a strong tooth on the first segment,
directed upward and forward ; on the fifth and sixth segments the carina is
drawn out into an acute tooth, which is directed horizontally backward.
The pleurae of the abdominal segments are margined, and armed with a
tooth on the lower border : on the second, third, and fourth segments the
tooth is hamulate, being directed outward and backward. The general sur-
face of the abdomen is smooth, with a transverse groove on each side of
each segment. The telson is channeled above, acute at the tip, and armed
with a pair of small lateral spines near the distal end.

The eyes are very large, horizontally flattened.

Basal segment of antennule armed with two spines on its exterior
border. Flagella shorter than the peduncle.

The peduncle of the second antenna reaches about two thirds of the way
to the end of the scale. The flagellum is about equal to the abdomen in
length. The basal segment of the peduncle is furnished with a long and
acute external spine.

The sternum is armed with a long spine between the bases of the second,
third, and fourth pair of legs, as is usual in species of this genus.

The last pair of abdominal appendages are a little shorter than the
telson.

Length, 70 mm. ; carapace, 24 mm.

Station 3355. 182 fathoms. 1 male.

3387. 127 " 6 males, 4 fem.

On the hinder part of each branchial region there is a dark (in alcohol)
ring of pigment. S. ocellata Stimpson and S. penidllata Lockington are
similarly ornamented. The flagellum of the antenna is banded alteiniately

PP:NEUS BALBOiE. 181

with light and dark color, and there are traces of color on the margins of the
rostrum, on the dorsal carinte and on the appendages.

This species resembles S. Icevk Bate, from the region north of New
Guinea, but may be easily distinguished from that species b^' the teeth
on the margins of the abdominal pleurae. Other differences are apparent on
comparing Bate's figure of 8. Imis with the figure of S. pida on Plate
XLVI.

PEXEUS Fai!r.

Suppl. Eut. Syst., pp. 385, 408, 170S IPenmus'].

Peneus balbose Fax.
Plate XL VII., Fig. 1-1'.

Bull. Mus. Conip. Zool., XXIV. 211, 1S93.

Integument thin and membranaceous, its surface, when viewed through
a lens, thickly beset with minute squamiform tubercles. The I'ostrum of the
unique type specimen is broken off a little short of the anterior limit of the
eye; on the upper margin of the part remaining, and on the median line of
the gastric region, there is a series of eight slender, acute teeth, three of which
lie behind the orbit ; the intervals between the teeth are ciliated, and the
lower margin of tlie rostrum is also furnished with long cilia. The rostrum
is continuous posteriorly with a sharp, non-sulcated carina, which becomes
obsolete before reaching the posterior margin; the anterior, dentate moiety
of the dorsal carina is very thin, and sharply defined below. The antero-
lateral border of the carapace is ciliated ; the suborbital angle is prominent,
but not armed with a spine ; a small brachiostegal spine projects from the
margin, on a level with the second antennaj. Neither the cervical nor any
other groove of the carapace is apparent. A faintly marked longitudinal
ridge runs along the side of the carapace, on a level with the orbit; this
carina is most conspicuous on the gastric region, becoming obsolete before
attaining either the anterior or posterior margin of the carapace. Another
longitudinal ridge runs from the suborbital angle, dividing into two branches
near the middle of the carapace ; the upper branch defines the upper limit
of the branchial area, the lower branch trends diagonally, and then horizon-
tally backward, fading out before attaining the posterior border of the carapace.
A third ridge extends from the branch iostegal spine to the lower branch
of the ridge last described. The fourth, fifth, and sixth abdominal segments

182 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

are dorsally carinated, and the sixth is armed with a small, sharp, slender,
horizontal spine. The fourth, fifth, and sixth segments are also ornamented
■with a lateral ridge ; on the fourth segment the lateral ridge runs downward
and backward, while on the fifth and sixth segments it is neai-ly horizontal.
The sixth abdominal segment is equal in length to the fourth and fifth com-
bined. The telson is about equal in length to the sixth segment of the
abdomen ; it tapers to a slender point, is deeply channeled above, and armed
with a few minute lateral spinules near the distal end.

The eye-stalks are short, the eyes large, subspherical and black.

The external margin of the basal antennular segment is raised to form
a perpendicular wall outside the eye ; the surface of this elevated margin is
granulated, its margin ciliated; there is no apparent stylocerite ; the internal
process, or prosartema, is narrowly spatulate in form, ciliated, and a little
shorter than the eyes ; the dorsal face of the basal segment, in front of
the eyes, as well as of the second segment, is tomentose ; the antennu-
lar flagella are thickened at the proximal end; the outer flagellum is con-
siderably longer than the inner, being about equal in length to the carapace
without the rostrum.

The peduncle of the antenna is unarmed ; the scale exceeds the peduncle
of the antennule b}' a little ; the liagellum is very slender, and nearly twice
the length of the body.

The terminal segment of the mandibular palpus is broad oval in form,
narrowing at distal half.

The endopod of the first maxilla is elongated and segmented. The
endopod of the first maxilliped is slender, and composed of four segments ;
the exopod is laminate and unsegmented.

The exopods of the second and third pairs of maxillipeds are very long,
reaching forward to beyond the base of the antennal scale ; they are fringed
with long and delicate setfe. The five pairs of legs are rather short. Their
proportions are accurately given in the accompanying figure, which renders
a detailed description unnecessary ; they are all furnished with very small
exopods ; the inferior distal angle of the ischium of the first and second pairs
is furnished with a small, somewhat curved, sharp spine.

The inner branch of the first pair of abdominal appendages is completely
obsolete (in the female). The posterior pair of abdominal appendages have
the two branches of imequal length, the outer exceeding the inner, the
latter in turn surpassing the telson.

SOLENOCERA AGASSIZII. 183

The branchial forniiihi is as follows : —

Somites

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

Pleurobranchise

1

1

1

1

1

1

1=7

ArtbrobrauchiaB

1

2

2

2

o

1

0= 10

Podobranchiae

1

0= 1

Epipods

1

1

1

1

1

1

=

(6)

18 + (6)

The gill on the eighth somite entered as a pleurobranchia in the above
table has been considered an arthrobranchia by some recent authors, but
from its relative position it would seem to be the equivalent of the pleuro-
branchio8 of the following somites. The epipods consist of a horizontal stem
directed backward from the basal segment of the limb, and a vertical forked
blade which lies between the gills.

Length, 93 mm. ; carapace, exclusive of the rostrum, 29.5 mm.

Station 3371. 770 fathoms. 1 male.

SOLENOCERA Lucas.
Ann. de la Soc. Entomol. de France, 2d Ser., VIII. 219, 1S50.

Solenocera agassizii Fax.
Plate XL VII., Fig. 2-2^.

Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, XXIV. 211, 1S93.

Closely related to S. siplionocera (Philippi), but differing from the latter
in having the antennular flagella much shorter and subequal, and more
teeth on the upper margin of the rostrum and gastric region. Comparison of
a specimen with one of S. siplionocera of equal size (57 ram. long) from the
Bay of Naples shows that in S. agassizii the antennular flagella are only
four fifths the length of the carapace, and that there are eight teeth on the
rostrum and gastric region, while in S. dplionoccra the antennular flagella
are as long as the distance from the tip of the rostrum to the middle of
the third abdominal segment, — or once and two fifths the length of the
carapace, — and there are but six teeth on the rostrum and gastric region.
Moreover, not only is the upper flagellum broader (1 mm.) and blunter in
8. agassizii than it it is in S. siplionocera (where it is only \ mm. in breadth),
but also subequal in breadth to the lower flagellum, whereas in the Mediter-
ranean species the upper flagellum is conspicuously narrower than the lower
one.

184 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

In full grown specimens of S. agasstsii, wliich attain a length of 150 mm.,
the antennular flagella are only one half as long as the carapace, or even
less. The flagella of the second pair of antennae are very slender and enor-
mously long, — more than two and two thirds times the length of the whole
body. The number of teeth on the rostrum and gastric region in full-grown
individuals is nine. The sharply defined cervical groove does not quite reach
the median dorsal line of the carapace, although the dorsal carina is inter-
rupted at that point. The sides of the rostrum are tomentose, as appears to
be tlie case in S. siphonoccra and S. didinda (De H.).

Measurements of a female (Station 3391) : length of body, 149 mm. ;
length of carapace, including rostrum, along median dorsal line, 54 mm. ;
length of rostrum, 13.5 mm. ; length of antennule, 46.5 mm. ; length of
antennular flagella, 28 mm.; length of antenna, 410 mm.; merus of third
legs, 21 nnn. ; carpus of do., 36.5 mm. ; chela of do., 10 mm. ; antennal scale,
22.5 mm. ; telson, 22 mm.

Station 3389. 210 fathoms. 2 males, 8 fem.
" 3391. 153 " 5 males, 6 fem.

The branchial formula of Solenocera agassisii is as follows:

Somites vii.

vni.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

Pleurobranchise

1

1

1

1

1

1=6

Arthrobrancbite

2*

2

2

2

2

2

= 12

Podobranchiae

1

0=1

Epipods 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

= (7)

19 + (7)
The pleurobranchia on the last thoracic segment is small but functional.
The lateral branches of each gill are alternately arranged on each side of the
main stem, and are curved so that their distal ends meet the ends of their
fellows on the opposite side of the stem, and thus form a hollow tube which
is open and obliquely truncated at the distal end. There are small exopods
attached to all the legs. On the second maxillipeds the exopods reach to
the end of the merus, but they gradually decrease in length through the
series of following appendages.

The geographical distribution of this interesting genus, as far as known,
is as follows : >S'. dphonoccra,^ the type of the genus, is found in the Medlter-

* One of these is possibly a pleurobranchia rather than an arthrobranchia.

t Penieus memhranaceus M. Edw. (Hist. Nat. Crust., 11. 417, 18S7), nee Risso ; Peneus siphonoceros
Philippi (Arch. Naturgesch., VI. Jahrg., I. 190, Plate IV. Fig. 5, 1840) ; Solenocera philippii Lucas (Ann.
Soc. Entomol. France, 2" Ser., VIII. 223, Plate VII. No. II. 1850) ; Solenocera siphonocera Miers (Proc.
Zoolog. Soc. Loudon, 1878, p. 301).

PENEOPSIS DIOMEDE^. 185

ranean Sea, and specimens thought by Professor S. I. Smith to belong to the
same species, were obtained by the " Albati'oss " Expedition of 1884: in the
Gulf of Paria, Venezuela.* S. distinciaf is a native of the seas of Japan. It
has never, I believe, been figured, but from De Haan's description would
seem to be nearly allied to S. sijj/ionocera. Bate, who examined the type
specimen of Peneus crassicornis M. Edw., from Bombay, in the collection of
the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, assigned that species to the genus Solenocera in
1881,:): and described a new species Solenoce?'a lucasii, taken by the " Challen-
ger" Expedition, south of New Guinea. But in his later report on the
"Challenger" Macrura, 1888, he removes *S'. lucam from Solenocera on ac-
count of the different structure of the antennules, and leaves the reader in
doubt as to the proper position of Feneiis crassicornis, though from his remarks
on page 285 I infer that Milne Edwards's species does not belong to the
genus Solenocera. A common littoral Indian species of Solenocera is doubtfully
referred to Peneus crassicornis M. Edw., by Wood-Mason.§ Unlike >S'. siphono-
cera and ^S'. affassizii, it lacks branchiostegal spines and has a simple unarmed
telson. Finally, a Solenocera has been recorded by Wood-Mason from the
Bay of Bengal, 65-240 fathoms. In this species, Solenocera heiiii,\\ as in
S. agassizii, the antennular flagella are shorter and broader than in any of
the previously described species, but the branchiostegal spine is wanting.
The spiny armature of the carapace of >S'. agassizii agrees with that of
S. siphonocera, consisting of an antennal, an hepatic, and a branchiostegal
spine, and a sharp lateral spine on the edge of the cervical groove ; the
supra-orbital angle is prominent, but is not produced to a spine.

PENEOPSIS Bate.

Anu. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5tli Ser., VIII. 182, 1881 iPenaopsis'].

Peneopsis diomedeae Fax.
Plate G.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 212, 1893.

Integument hard, firm, and smooth. Carapace, including rostrum, about
four fifths the length of the abdomen. Rostrum long, nearly horizontal

» Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII. ISfi, 1885.

t Peneus cUMndus De Hnan (Fauna Japonica, Crustacea, p. 194, 1849); Solenocera dtstincta Miers
CProc. Zoolog. Soc. London, 1878, p. 302),

X Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., VIII. 185.

§ Ann Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VIII. 275, 1891.

II Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VII. 188, VIII. 275, 1891.

24

186 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

except near the tip, where it is bent up at a small angle, acute, armed
with four teeth above. A dorsal carina, continuous with the rostrum, runs
the leno-th of the carapace ; it is armed with one tooth on the posterior part
of the gastric region. The cervical groove is very deep, but does not cut
the dorsal carina. Another deep groove runs backward and then diagonally
upward from the cervical groove toward the posterior border of the cara-
pace, stopping just short of the posterior margin. The antennal region is
well defined by the cervical groove below and a gastro-antennal groove above.
There is a strong antennal tooth on the margin of the carapace, below the
orbit, another at the antero-inferior angle of the carapace, a third just behind
the groove that marks the posterior limit of the antennal region, on a level
with the antennal tooth, and a fourth on the hinder edge of the cervical
groove, at a lower level than the third. Above and behind the last men-
tioned tooth the cervical groove is indented, and the upper angle of this
indentation tends to assume the form of a small tooth or spine.

The fourth, fifth, and sixth abdominal segments are carinated on the
median dorsal line and produced into teeth posteriorly. Of these teeth the
one on the sixth segment is the longest, and it is directed horizontally back-
ward. The telson is deeply grooved on the dorsal side, and armed near the
tip with one pair of spiniform lateral teeth.

The eyes are very large, black, mounted on short stalks. The antennules,
with their long flagella, surpass the length of the whole body ; the external
margin of the basal segment of the peduncle is armed with two small teeth,
one of which is situated near the middle, the other at the distal end ; the
process to which Spence Bate gave the name prosartema is oval, foliaceous,
and reaches forward as far as the posterior border of the upper face of the
cornea.

The peduncle of the second antennae is armed with a prominent external
spine. The scale is nearly as long as the rostrum, very broad to the distal
end, membraneous in texture, with the exception of the outer side, which is
stiffened by calcareous deposit. The flagellum is very long, exceeding by
much the antennular flagellum.

The mandibular palpi are long triangular in shape, setose, the terminal
segment narrow ; they extend forward to the middle of the fourth segment
of the antennal peduncle.

The third maxillipeds reach forward to a point a little beyond the distal
end of the antennal scales.

PENEOPSIS DIOMEDE^. 187

The legs are of moderate length for this family; they increase in length
in successive order from the first pair to the last.

The abdominal apjDendages are very long. Their proportions will be best
understood by reference to the figure.

The exopods of the second maxillipeds are very small, — not longer than
the short ischial segments of these limbs. Upon the appendages behind
these, the exopods are reduced to the merest rudiments, to be detected only
by the use of a lens. In some specimens, indeed, the exopods of the pos-
terior appendages are altogether wanting.

The branchial formula is as follows : —

Somites vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. xiii. xiv.

Pleurobranchise 1 1 1 1 1 1=6

Arthrobranchiaj 1*2 2 2 2 2 2 0=13

Podobranchiffi 1 0=1

Epipods 11111110= (7)

20 + (7)

Length (female) 215 mm.i carapace, 101 mm. ; rostrum, 42 mm. ; anten-
nal scale, 33 mm. ; telson, 33 mm.

Station 3353. 695 fathoms. 2 fern.

" 3358. 555 " 1 male.

" 3384. 458 " 3 fern.

" 3393. 1020 " 3fem.

" 3394. 511 " 3 males, 1 fem.

3395. 730 " 1 male, 1 fem.

I have assigned this species to the genus Peueopsis after some hesitation.
Peneopsis, a MS. name of A. Milne Edwards's adopted by Spence Bate, has
never been properly characterized. According to Bate, it was separated
from Penms chiefly on account of the length of the antennular flagella,
which surpass the carapace in length. I have examined with some care a
specimen in this Museum from the " Blake " collection, labelled " Peneopsis
oculans" by A. Milne Edwards. In this specimen the cervical sulcus is
deeply imprinted upon the surface of the carapace, but the posterior oblique
portion of the conspicuous groove which runs from the cervical groove to
the hinder part of the carapace in P. diomedece is obsolete. There is a
very minute supra-orbital spine on the anterior margin of the carapace,
a strong antennal spine at the lower limit of the orbit, a small spine (hepatic?)

* Very niiuute, but fuuctioual.

188 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

midway between the anterior margin and the cervical groove, at a ratlier
higher level than the antennal spine, a lateral spine on the posterior edge
of the cervical groove a little lower down than the antennal spine, and an-
other (the branchiostegal spine) at the anterior end of the cervical groove,
just behind the antero-lateral margin of the carapace. The antero-inferior
angle of the carapace is not armed with a spine. The antennular flagella are
missing ; the prosartema is somewhat longer and narrower than in P. dio-
medece. The antennal scales are broad and foliaceous. The antennal flagella
are more than twice the length of the body. The terminal segment of the
mandibular palpi is elongated and much narrower than the preceding seg-
ment, but neither segment is so narrow as in P. diomedece. The legs do not
differ in any important regard from those of P. diomedece save that the
exopods attain a greater development ; on the second maxillipeds the exo-
pods are equal in length to the meri, while on the succeeding pairs of
appendages these organs, though small, assume macroscopic proportions even
unto the posterior thoracic legs. The number and arrangement of the gills
are expressed by the following table : —

Somites vii.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

Pleurobranchia!

1

1

1

1

1

1 = G

Arthrobrauchia3

2

2

2

2

o

9

= 12

Podobranehiae

1

0=1

Epipods 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

= (7)
10+(7)

It thus appears that the most important structural differences between
P. diomedece and P. ocularis are these : the strong emphasis of the branchio-
cardiac groove in the former species, together with the smaller size of the
exopods of the maxillipeds and legs, the presence of a minute branchial
plume on the seventh (first maxillipedal) somite, and the position of the
lowest of the spines on the side of the carapace which in P. diomedece is
marginal, but in P. ocularis lies a little way behind the margin. It does not
seem to me that these differences are of sufficient weight to be esteemed of
generic value.

In all important structural characters, including the disposition of the
gills, Peneopsis agrees with H(diporus. The latter genus may be conveniently
retained, however, to include the soft-shelled species with long abdomen and
long posterior legs. Pkoticus Bate * does not seem to be sufficiently distinct

* Rep. Clialleiiger Macrura, ]) xii. = Philoi/icus Bate, op. cit., p. 273 {iwiii. pneoc).

HALIPOEUS NEREUS. Igg

from Peneopsis, although it is said to have but one arthrobranchia on the
eighth (second maxillipedal) somite. Xiphopcncus Smith * is distinguished
from Peneopsis by the long stjliform posterior legs, the absence of gills on
the posterior thoracic somite, etc.

HALIPORUS Bate.

Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist., 5tli Ser., VIII. 185, ISSl ; Rep. Challeuger Macrura, p 2S4, 1S8S.

Haliporus nereus Fax.
Plate XL VIII., Fkj. 1-P.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, XXIV. 213, 1893.

Integument membranaceous. Carapace lightly granulated. Rostrum
about one third the length of the rest of the carapace, horizontal, armed
with six teeth above (the hindmost one situated a little back of the orbit),
ciliated below. Median dorsal line of carapace carinate, with two teeth on
the posterior half of the gastric region. The sides of the carapace are armed
with spines as follows : two on the antero-lateral margin, one of which is at
the lower angle of the orbit (spina antennalis of Stimpson), the other over
against the second antenna, at the anterior end of the cervical groove (spina
branchiostegiana) ; a third spine (spina hepatica) lies on the hepatic region,
behind the antennal spine ; a fourth is behind and on the same level with
the branchiostegal spine ; a fifth still further back and on nearly the same
level, on the hind edge of the cervical groove. The cervical groove is deeply
impressed, and the orbital region is definitely bounded by an hepatic and
a gastro-hepatic sulcus. The hindmost of the lateral spines of the -carapace
lies in the anterior angle of a triangular field enclosed by branches of the
cervical groove. From the infero-posterior angle of this triangle two carinas
run backward along the branchial area ; the upper one ends at the postero-
lateral margin of the carapace, the lower one meets the inferior sub-marginal
carina of the branchial area before attaining the posterior border of the
carapace. These two carinse, with the submarginal ridge of the carapace,
enclose a long oval area, which forms a conspicuous figure on the branchial
reo-ions. The third to the sixth abdominal segments are carinated, their
pleurce broad and rounded. On the sixth segment the carina terminates in
a small, acute, horizontal tooth. The sixth segment is twice as long as the

* Trans. Conn. Acad, of Arts and Sci., IT. 27, 1?09.

190 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

fifth, but shorter than the telson, which is narrow, triangular, grooved
above, and armed with one pair of lateral spines about quarter way from
the tip.

The eye-stalks are about one half the length of the rostrum, and are
furnished with a small tubercle on the inner side ; the eyes are large, black,
much broader than their stalks. Antennules longer than the carapace.
Antennae as long as the body ; scale narrow, margined within with long cilia ;
a small spine on the outer side of peduncle at the base of the scale. The
following paii's of appendages have the form characteristic of the genus.

In the female there is a large process, covered with stiff hairs, and
flattened on its inner side, developed from the base of the third pair of legs.
Behind this process lies a pair of flattened, setiferous, sternal processes.
Between the legs of the fourth pair there hangs in the median line a nearly
vertical curtain-like partition, notched on the free lower margin, and flanked
by two lower, blunt, setiferous tubercles. The sternum of the posterior
thoracic segment has a slightly elevated median longitudinal ridge, and
a low transverse ridge at the posterior boundary of the segment. The form
of the petasma of the male is best understood by inspection of Figure l** on
Plate XLVIII.

Length of a female specimen, 81 mm. ; carapace, 31 mm. ; rostrum,
8 mm.

1 fern

1 "

2 "
2 "

1 male.

2 fern.
1 ''
1 male, 2 fern.

This species is apparently very similar to II. kevis Bate, but the eye of
the latter species is much smaller, the aroolation of the carapace different in
some regards, and, if Bate's figure * can be relied on, the telson is much
shorter. The two dorsal spines of the gastric region are situated much
further forward in H. Icevis than in H. neretis.

In Bate's description of the genus Haliponts in the " Challenger " Re-
port (p. 284), the legs are said to be devoid of exopods, but on page 287

* Rep. Challenger Macrura, Plate XLII. Fig. 2, 18S8.

Station

3353.

695 fathoms.

3366.

1067

3382.

1793

3398.

1573

3399.

1740

3400.

1322

3407.

885

3413.

1360

HALIPORUS DORIS. . 191

//. ohUquirostris is described as liaving small exopods on all the legs, and
these organs are represented on the posterior pair of legs of the female
H. mqualis on Plate XLL, Fig. 1"'. In H. ncreus there are rudimentary exo-
pods attached to all the legs, as well as to the third maxillipeds.
Ht/menopeneus Smith,* appears to be equivalent to Haliporus Bate.

Haliporus doris Fax.
Plate XLIX., Fig. l-T.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo5l., XXIV. 214, 1S93.

This is a larger and more robust species than H. nereus, with the ros-
trum more upturned. In all other respects, excepting the structure of the
sexual organs on the sternum of the female (the male has not been seen),
the two forms agree so closely that one description Avould serve for both.
The character of the parts above referred to is so constant in the same
species among the Crustacea, that, in the light of our present knowledge,
the form here treated of must be considered a distinct species. The tuber-
cular processes of the third pair of legs, together with the sternal tubei'-
cles immediately behind them, are very like the same structures in H. nereus.
But here the likeness ends. Betwixt the fourth pair of legs there is a trans-
verse diaphragm consisting of a median tongue, concave on its anterior face,
and with its lower free edge entire, supported on each side by a strong,
blunt, triangular process, of equal height with the median tongue-like plate.
Between the bases of the legs of the fifth pair, in place of the low longitudinal
median ridge seen in H. nereus, there is in this species a large, setiferous, ti'i-
gonal tooth or tubercle, acute at the tip, equalling in height the transverse
partition on the sternum of the antecedent segment. The posterior median
angle of this tooth abuts against the low transverse ridge that forms the
posterior limit of the last thoracic sternum.

The differences between these structures in the two species //. nei-eus and
H. doris will be easily understood by reference to the figures on Plate
XLVIII. and Plate XLIX.

The third maxillipeds and all the legs cain-y rudimentary exopods, as in
H. nereus.

Length, 104 mm. ; rostrum, 10 mm.; whole carapace, 42 mm.

* Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., X. 91, 1882.

192 • STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Station 3 il4. 2232 fathoms. 4 fern.
3415. 1879 " 1 fem.

In his General Sketch of the "Albatross" Expedition of 1891, Mr. Agassiz*
records the capture of some transparent Peneida3 at Station 3414 by means
of the Tanner net towed at 100 and 200 fathoms below the surface. The
only Peneidae that I find in the collection from Station 3414 are Huliporus
doris and Bentheslci/mus alius. The accompanying labels do not indicate that
these specimens were caught in tlie tow-net.

Haliporus thetis Fax.
Plale XLVIIL, Fuj. 2-2'K

Bull. Mus. Com]). Zool., XXIV. 2U, 1893.

Integument membranaceous. Rostrum rather less than one third as long
as the remaining part of the carapace, strongly upturned, upper margin
convex, armed with five teeth, the distal of which is near the tip and very
minute. A distinct carina bearing three teeth, runs the length of the median
line of the gastric area, from the base of the rostrum to the cervical groove.
Behind the cervical groove the carina continues as a low, blunt ridge along
the median line of tlie back to the posterior border of the carapace. Posteri-
orly this ridge gives off two pairs of lateral branches, which course diagonally
backward to the posterior margin of the carapace, and mark off two trian-
gular fields on the cardiac region, one enclosed within the other. The
median ridge is obsolete for a short distance behind each point of bifurcation
as well as at the posterior margin of the carapace. The spiny armature
of the carapace consists of an antennal, a very small branchiostegal, an
hepatic, and a lateral spine on the posterior border of the cervical groove, —
four in all. The spine which lies a little way behind, and on a level with, the
branchiostegal spine in H. nereiis and H. doris is lacking in this species. The
antennal region is separated from the adjacent orbital and hepatic regions
by a well pronounced depression, and, in a similar way, the orbital region
is separated from the gastric by a gastro-orbital sulcus. Behind the cervical
groove, defined by shallow furrows, lies a triangular area, the anterior limit
of which is formed by the cervical groove itself. The hindmost of the lateral
spines lies on the anterior margin of this area. The cardiac area is separated
from the branchial by a rather deep furrow, each edge of which rises into

* Bull. Mus. Coiiip. Zo6l., XX 111. 52, 1892.

HALIPORUS THETIS. 193

a low keel. The inferior keel gives off a branch from its lower or external
side, near the posterior bonier of the carapace. There is, besides, an inferior
submarginal keel running from the branchiostegal spine back to the hind
border of the carapace. The several fields or areas included between the
grooves and carinte above mentioned are more or less rough with corrugations
of the integument.

All the segments of the abdomen are carinated along the median dorsal
line. Their pleurte are shallow and rounded. On each side of the segments
is seen a longitudinal furrow, whose edges tend to rise into carinae. This
furrow is most enipiiatic on the fifth and sixth segments. The sixth seg-
ment is once and a quarter as long as the fifth segment, but only two
thirds the length of the telson, which is armed with a pair of conspicuous
lateral spines near the tip and about four pairs of very minute spinules on
the margin in front of them.

The ophthalmic peduncles are one half as long as the rostrum. On their
inner side is borne a small tubercle. The eyes are large, black, broader than
their peduncles. The basal segment of the antennule is armed on the ex-
ternal margin with two small spines, one near the middle, the other at the
distal end; the second segment is nearly twice the length of the succeeding
one, hairy, with both the inner and outer edges of its upper surface raised
into visible carina? ; the flagella are lost in the single specimen examined.
The basal segment of the antenna is equipped with an external spine
directed downward and forward ; the scale is longer than the antennular
peduncle, rather broad, thin and membranaceous in texture. The tips of
the third maxillipeds when extended forward reach beyond the distal end
of the antennal scale ; the carpus joint is expanded, and flat on its inner sur-
face. The third pair of legs reach forward about as far as the third maxil-
lipeds. The last pair of legs, nllhoiigh rather short for the genus, reach
forward beyond the distal ends of the third pair ; the meros and carpus are
of equal length, the propodite half the length of the preceding segment, and
curved. The dactylus is one half as long as the propodite. The exopods
of the third maxillipeds are small, and throughout the series of legs these
organs are so small that they may be considered rudimentary. There are
rudimentary podobranchial plumes, discernible by the aid of a lens, attached
to the epipods of the third maxillipeds and the first three pairs of legs.*

* According to Spence Bate, there are rudimentary brancbial plumes attached to the epipods of the
third maxiUipeds aud the first pair of legs in the genus Haliporus. In H. nereus and H. doris (as in Hj/me-

25

194 - STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

The epipods themselves consist of a thickened basal segment which bears a
thinner ilabelliform terminal segment.

Length, 94 mm. ; rostrum, 9 mm. ; carapace, mcluding rostrum, 33 mm.

Station 3413. 1360 fathoms. 1 fem.

ARIST.ffiUS DuvEENOY.
Ami. Sci. Nat. 2« Ser., XV. 104, 1841 lAriskus'].

Aristaeus occidentalis Fax.
Plate XLIX., Fig. 2-2\

BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 215, 1893.

Rostrum much longer than the rest of the carapace, armed with two
teeth near the proximal end of the upper margin, its distal two thirds
curved upward. Anterior half of the carapace with a median dorsal carina,
armed with one tooth on the anterior part of the gastric region. Cardiaco-
branchial groove distinct. Antero-lateral margin armed with a sharp tooth at
the lower orbital angle. Below this there is a submarginal spine on a level
with the second antennte. Fourth abdominal segment carinated on its distal
half, and armed with a small posterior tooth. Fifth abdominal segment cari-
nated on the distal two thirds, and produced to a tooth on the posterior
margin. Sixth abdominal segment carinated throughout its whole length,
and armed with a posterior tooth. Margin of telson excavated near the
base.

External spine (stylocerite) of the basal segment of the antennule a little
longer than the segment, closely applied to the external margin of the seg-
ment, but not fused with it. Prosartema wanting.

Antennal scale broad, membranaceous, reaching beyond the superior an-
tennular flagellum, and a little beyond the middle of the rostrum ; antennal
peduncle unarmed. Terminal segment of mandibular palpus not bilobed.
Exopod of second maxilliped equal in length to the whole endopod. Exopod
of third maxilliped equal in length to the ischium and merus together.
There are no exopods on any of the legs. Carpus and propodite of the legs
ornamented with a longitudinal series of small pits defined (in alcohol) by red
pigment. External branches of abdominal appendages very long, diminish-

nopeneus as described by Smith), there are uone on the third maxUlipeds or any of the legs, -wliile in //. ihetia
rudimentary podobrauchisB are found on the third maxillipeds and the first, second, and third pairs of legs.

ARIST^US OCCIDENTALIS. 195

ing posteriorly. External branch of swimmeret much longer than the inner
branch, which in turn far surpasses the telson.

Length, 158 mm. ; carapace, including rostrum, 85 mm. ; rostrum, 49
mm.; antennal scale, 25 mm.; telson, 18.5 mm.

Station 3403. 384 fathoms. 1 male.
3410. 331 " 2fem.

This species appears to be very closely related to Aristcms antennatus * of
the Mediterranean Sea. Risso's description and figure of the latter species
are too faulty to be of any service for comparison. By comparison with
Duvernoy's figures it appears that the Pacific species differs from the Medi-
terranean in having a much longer and more upwardly inclined rostrum, a
carinated and posteriorly toothed sixth abdominal segment, and much longer
abdominal appendages. These differences, taken in connection with the
remote habitats, leave little doubt that the two forms are specifically
distinct.

In any event, there is no doubt that they are strictly congeneric. In
A. occidentalis, as in A. aniennaUis, according to the detailed account of Duver-
noy, there is no epipod on either the ultimate or the penultimate pair of legs,
the branchial arrangement in A. occidentalis being as follows : —

Somites

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

Pleurobranchiae

r

r

r

r

)•

r

1 = l + 6r

Arthrobrancliise

1

1

2

o

9

o

2

= 12

Podobranchise

1

1

1

1

0=4

Epipods

1

1

1

1

1

1

= (6)
17 + 6r+(6)

The rudiments of the pleui'obranchiae of the eighth to the thirteenth
somites can hardly be detected except with a lens. They consist of a mere
vestige of the stem of the gill, without any lateral filaments excepting in
those of the eighth and ninth somites. The single arthrobranchia of the
seventh segment, although functional, is very small and might easily have
been overlooked by Duvernoy. Setting aside the six almost microscopic
rudimentary pleurobranchire and the minute arthrobranchia of the seventh
somite, the gills agree in number and position with those of A. antennatus
as shown on Plate V., Fig. 2, of Duvernoy's memoir.t

* Per^s antennatus Risso, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces des Environs de Nice, p. 96, Plate II. Fig. 6, 1816 ;
Aristeus antennatus Duvernoy, Ann. Sci. Nat., 2^ Ser., XV. 104, Plate IV. A, V., 1841.

t As Duvernoy wrote tliirty-eiglit years before Huxley gave us a philosophical method of describing the
complex branchial arrangements among the Crustacea, his statements concerning the point of attachment of

196 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Two of the "Challenger" Peneids assigned to the genus AristcBus by Bate,
viz. A. armatiis and A. rostridentatus, and the two species * doubtfully referred
to the same genus by Smith differ from the true species of Anstoeus in some
important respects : the penultimate pair of thoracic appendages are fur-
nished with epipods, the antepenultimate pair bear a podobranchia, and there
are functional pleurobranchice on each somite from the eighth to the four-
teenth, the branchial formula in these species being as follows: —

Somites

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

Pleurobrancliiae

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 =

7

Artlirobrancliiae

1

1

o

2

2

2

2

=

12

Podobranchise

1

1

1

1

1

=

5

Epipods

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

=

(7;

24 + (7)

The peculiarities here exhibited appear to be of generic import, and
these species should be placed together in a genus distinct from Aristceits, to
which Bate's provisional name Plcsiopeneus^ may be applied. Pcncns edward-
sianns Johnson,:}: assigned to the genus Aristceus by Miers,§ has the terminal
segment of the mandibular palpus bilobed as in the s^QCies, oi Plesiojoeiieus,
and very probably belongs to the latter genus.

Two of the species {A. semidentatns and A. tomentosm) included in the
genus Aristceus \_Plesiopeneiis'\ by Bate in 1881, were transferred to Ilemipeneus
in the final " Challenger " Report of 1888. I suspect that these two species,
together with Ilemlpeiieus virilis Bate, which is probably the male of H. tomen-

tlie gills must not be taken too strictly. He assigns anterior artbrobrancbise to tbe appendages and posterior
arthrobrancliise to the body wall. His description and figure of tbe gills of A. antennatus are misinterpreted
by Professor Smith (Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish. Coinni. for ISS'2, p. 409), whose hypothetical formula involves
tweiity-one gills, while Duvernoy states tbe number to be sixteen. My interpretation of Duvernoy's figure,
by aid of tbe light thrown upon it by A. occide/italis, is as follows (tbe Roman numerals are the index num-
bers of tbe gUls in Duvernoy's figure) : —

I. Podobranchia of 8th somite. IX. Posterior artbrobranchia of 12th somite.

II. Anterior artlirobraucbia of 9tli somite. X. Anterior " " 13tli "

III. Podobrancliia of 9th somite. XI. Posterior " " 1 3th "

IV. Anterior arthrobr.anchia of 10th somite. XII. Pleurolmanchia of 14th somite.
V. Podobranchia of 10th somite. XIII. Artbrobranchia of 8th somite.

VI. Anterior .artbrobranchia of nth somite. XIV. Posterior artbrobranchia of 9th somite.

VII. Podobranchia of nth somite. XV. " " of 10th "

VIII. Anterior artbrobranchia of 12tb somite. XVI. " " of 1 1th "

* Aristceus? tridens Smith, Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1882, p. 104, Plate IX. Fig. 1-6, 1884;
and Aristmus ? foliaceus Smith (= Peneus foliaceus Risso?), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII. 188, 1885. The
former species is identical with A. armatus Bate.

t Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5tb Ser., VIII. 188, 1881. The type of Plesiopeneus is Aristaus armatus Bate.

X Proc. Zoolog. Soc London, 1867, p. 897.

§ Proc. Zo5log. Soc. London, 1878, p. 308, Plate XVIL Fig. 3.

ARIST^US OCCIDENTALIS. 197

tosiis, really belong to Duvernoy's genus Aristceus. The branchial formula of
Hemipencus, as given on page 228 of the " Ciiallenger " Report, is the same
as in Aristceus Duvernoy, and the rostrum and general facies of these two
species are like those of Aristceus rather than the typical species of Ilemipeneus.

Since the above was written, Wood-Mason's paper on the Crustacea
dredged off the coast of India by H. M. S. "Investigator" during 1890-
91,* has come to hand. The author's views concerning the affinities of the
species just considered agree very closely with my own. A new generic
name Aristceopsis is given to the " Aristceus " armatus group, for which Spence
Bate had already furnished the provisional name Plesiopeneus, and A. rostridcn-
tatus Bate is made the type of another genus, AristcBomorphu, on what seem to
me too trivial characters, viz. the large number of rostral teeth, the presence
of an hepatic spine, mucronate postero-lateral angles of abdominal somites,
and the setaceous character of the dactyli of the last two pairs of thoracic
appendages. If Aristceomorpha be recognized as a valid genus, it should
probably include " Anstcus ? " foliacms Smith, along with A. rostridentaiiis.
Two new species of Aristceus are described by AVood-Mason, one of which
[Aristceus coruscans) appears to be very closely allied to Aristceus occidentalis.
It differs from the latter, however, in having a shorter rostriun, and more
strongly defined ridges and grooves on the sides of the carapace. Furtlier-
more, the three rostral spines are placed further forward in A. coruscans than
in A. occidentalis, the posterior spine being directly over the posterior wall of
the orbit in the former species, while in the latter this spine lies further back
on the anterior gastric region. The dorsal carina which runs back from this
spine along the median line of the carapace continues nearly to the posterior
edge of the carapace in A. coruscans, while in A. occidentalis it does not ex-
tend beyond the gastric region.

The somewhat complicated synonymy of the genera Aristceus, Hcmipcneus
and Plcsiopeneus appears to be as follows : —

Aristaeus Duvern.

Aristem Duvern., Ann. Sci. Nat., 2« Ser., XV. 104, 1841. Type, Penetis antennatus Eisso.

Aristeus Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., VIII. 187, 1881. (In part.)

Eemipenoius Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., VIII. 186, 1881; Eep. Challenger

Macrura, p. 299, 1888. (In part.)
Aristceus Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VIII. 278, 1891.
Aristceus Fax., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 215, 1893.

* Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6tli Ser., VIII. 268 et scqq., 1891.

198 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

1. Akist^us aktennatos (Risso).

Peneus antennatus Risso, Hist. Nat. Crust. Nice, p. 96, Plate II. Fig. 6, 1816 ; Hist. Nat.

de I'Europe Merid., V. 68, 1826.
Aristeiis antennatus Duvern., Ann. Sci. Nat., 2« Ser., XV. 10-1, Plate IV. A, V., 1841.

2. Akist^cs vikilis (Bate).

Hemipenmtis vlrilis Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5tli Ser., VIII. 187, 1881 ; Rep. Challenger

Macrura, p. 303, Plate XLIV. Fig. 4, 1888. Male.
Aristeus tomentosus Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., VIII. 189, 1881 ; Rep. Challenger

Macrura, p. 307, Plate XLIX. Fig. 2, 3, L., 1888. Female.
Aristmcs vii-ilis Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VIII. 278, 1891.

3. Arist^.ds semidentatus Bate.

Aristeus semidentatus Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., VIII. 189, 1881.
Ilemipenmus semidentatus Bate, Rep. Challenger Macrura, p. 305, Plate XLIX. Fig. 1,

1888.
Aristaeus semidentatus Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VIII. 280, 1891.

4. Aristeus coruscans Wood-Mason.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VIII. 280, Fig. 6, 1891 ; 111. Zool. H. M. L M. S. "In-
vestigator," Crustacea, Plate IL Fig. 3, 1892.

5. Aristeus crassipes Wood-Mason.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VIII. 281, Fig. 7, 1891.

6. Aristeus occidentalis Fax.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 215, 1893.

Hemipeneus Bate.

Hemipenmus Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., VIII. 186, 1881; Rep. Challenger

Macrura, p. 299, 1888. (In part.) Type, Hemipenceus spinidorsaiis Bate.
Hemipenmus Wood-Mason, Ann. M.ig. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VII. 189, VIII. 286, 1891.
Hemipeneus Fas., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 215, 1893.

1. Heshpeneus spiNiDORSALis Bate.

Hemipenwus spinidor sails "Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., VIII. 186, 1881; Rep.

Challenger Macrura, p. 301, Pkte XLIV. Fig. 1, 1888.
Hemipeneus spinidorsalis Fas., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 215, 1893.

2. Hemipeneus speciosus Bate.

Hemipenceus speciosus Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., VIII. 186, 188J ; Rep. Chal-
lenger Macrura, p. 303, Plate XXXVII. Fig. 3, XLIV. Fig. 3, 1888.

3. Hemipeneus gracilis Bate.
Hemipenceus gracilis Bate, Rep. Challenger Macrura, p. 302, Plate XLIV.' Fig. 2, 1888.

AEIST^US OCCIDENTALIS. ' . 199

4. Hemipeneus cakpenteri Wood-Mason.

Hemipenmus carpe?i<en' Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VII. 189, VIII. 286,
1891.

5. Hemipeneus tkiton Fax.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 215, 1893.

Plesiopeneus Bate.

Plesiopenmus Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., VIII. 188, 1881. Type, Aristeus ar-

matus Bate.
Aristeus Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, 5th Ser., VIII. 187, 1881 (in part); Rep. Challenger
Macrura, p. 309, 1888.
Aristmopsis Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., Vill. 282, 1891. Type, Penoeus

edwardsianus Johnson.
Aristceomoipha Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VIII. 286, 1891. Type,
Aristeus rostridentatus Bate.

1. Plesiopeneus edwakdsianus (Johnson).

Penmus edwardsianus Johnson, Proc. Zoolog. Soc. London, 1867, p. 897.
Aristeus edwardsianus Miers, Proc. Zoolog. Soc. London, 1878, p. 308, Plate XVII. Fig. 3
Aristeus coralimis A. M. Edw., Bate's Rep. Challenger Macrura, p. xxxii. Fig. 10, 1888.
Aristceopsis edivardsiann Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VIII. 283, Fig. 8,
9, 1891 ; 111. Zool. H. M. I. M. S. "Investigator," Crustacea, Plate I., 1892.

2. Plesiopeneus akmatus (Bate).

Aristeus armatus Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., VIII. 188, 1881; Rep. Challenger

Macrura, p. 312, Plate XLV., XLVL, 1888.
Aristeus? tridens Smith, Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1882, p. 404, Plate IX. Fig. 1-6,

1884 ; id. for 1885, p. 698, Plate XIX. Fig. 2, 2a, 1886.
AristcBOpsis armata Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VIII. 285, 1891.

3. Plesiopeneus eostridkntatus (Bate).

Aristeus rostridentatus Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., VIII. 189, 1881 ; Rep. Chal-
lenger Macrura, p. 317, Plate LI., 1888.

Aristceomorpha rostridentata Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VIII. 286,
1891 ; 111. Zool. H. M. I. M. S. " Investigator," Crustacea, Plate II. Fig. 1, 1892.

4. Plesiopeneus foliaceus (Smith).

? Peneus foliaceus Risso, Hist. Nat. de I'Europe Merid , V. 69, Plate H. Fig. 6, 1826.

? Penceus foliaceus Heller, Sitzungsber. Kais. Akad. Wissensch. AVien, ^lath.-Naturwissensch.

CI., XLV. 424, Plate II. Fig. 50, 1862 ; Crust. Sudl. Europa, p. 297, 1863.
Aristeus? foliaceus Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII. 188, 1885.

5. Plesiopeneus giglioliands (Wood-Mason).

Aristceomorpha girjlioliana Wood-Mason, 111. Zool. H. M. I. M. S. " Investigator," Crustacea,
Plate II. Fig. 2, 1892.

Station

3374.

1823 fathoms.

3375.

1201

3398.

1573

3399.

1740

3400.

1322

3413.

1360

200 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA

HEMIPEXEUS Bate.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, 5tli Ser., VIII. 186, 1881 ; Rep. ChaUenger Macrura, p. 299, 1888 [Hemipenaus].

Hemipeneus spinidorsalis Bate.
Plate L., Fig. 2.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5tU Ser., VIII. 186, 1881 ; Rep. Challenger Macrura, p. 301, Plate XLIV.

Fig. 1, 1888.

3 males, 1 fem.

1 fem.

2 males.
1 male, 2 fern.
1 male, 1 fem.
1 male.

This species, the type of the genus Hemipeneus, was discovered by the

naturalists of the " Challenger " Expedition near Tristan d'Acunha in the

South Atlantic, and near the Philippine Islands. Three specimens were

captured, all at great depths (1,900 and 2,050 fathoms). Bate's figure was

drawn from a small specimen, 57 mm. in length. The differences apparent

when one compares this figure with the much larger " Albatross " specimens

may be plausibly attributed to the disparity of age and to errors of the

draughtsman. The great length of the ischium joint of the chelipeds, a

feature not mentioned in Bate's description, nor seen in any other species of

the genus, is doubtless due to an error in the drawing. In the "Albatross"

examples the median dorsal line of the carapace is distinctly convex and

rises into a low carina which is continuous from the base of the rostrum to

the posterior border of the carapace. The dorsal carina is apparent also on

the postei-ior half of the third, fourth, and iiftli abdominal segments, and, to

a greater degree, through the whole length of the sixth abdominal segment.

The eye-stalks are flattened horizontally, and furnished with a small tubercle

on the middle of the internal margin. The flagellum of the second antenna

is enormously long, much more than twice the length of the body. The meri

of the chelipeds are compressed.

The rostrum of the adult male varies in length from one third to nearly
one half the length of the remaining portion of the carapace. It is always
much shorter than the antennular peduncle. In the adult female, on the
contrary, the rostrum is much longer than the antennular peduncle, varying

HEMIPENEUS SPINIDORSALIS. 201

in length, according to tlie size of the individual, from three fifths to four
fifths of the length of the rest of the carapace. At its maximum it is equal
in length to the antennal scale. This remarkable difference between the
sexes as regards the length of the rostrum is constant in the " Albatross "
specimens.

In the male there is a roundish, shield-shaped disk or plate, pointed
anteriorly, on the sternum of the antepenultimate thoracic somite. The
second segment of the posterior thoracic legs is armed with a small tooth on
the internal side. The inner branch of the first abdominal appendages is re-
presented by a large membranous petasma, while the proximal segment of the
inner branch of the second abdominal appendages bears three branches, viz.
an outer and anterior horny plate, concave within and furnished with setae on
its distal border, and two inner and posterior branches, one of which has the
form of a long triangular tooth shorter than the outer plate, the other being
a longer multiarticulate flagellum, homologous with the inner branch of the
following pairs of appendages. The sterna of the first three abdominal
segments are produced into a median tooth between the bases of the
appendages.

In the female there is on the posterior part of the thorax a sternal disk
similar to, but less circular in form than, that of the male, and it is backed
by an overlapping transverse plate arising from the sternum of the posterior
thoracic somite. The second segment of the last pair of thoracic legs lacks
tlie tooth found in the male. The first pair of abdominal appendages has
only a rudiment of the internal branch in the shape of a short, slender fila-
ment. The inner branch of the second pair is similar to the corresponding
part in the succeeding pairs. The abdominal sterna are toothed as in the
male. A very large female, with a rostrum as long as the antennal scales,
from Station 3400, is interesting as showing a tendency to assume a mascu-
line character in tlie development of a petasma on each anterior abdominal
leg. The organ is quite similar in form to the normal petasma of the male,
only it is much smaller. In other respects this specimen is a normal female
with well developed genital orifices at the base of the third pair of legs.

The second and third maxillipeds are furnished with long exopods. In
the second maxilliped the exopod exceeds the length of the endopod, while
in the third maxilliped it attains to the proximal end of the carpus of the
endopod. The following pairs of thoracic appendages are provided with
rudimentary exopods.

26

202 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA

The branchial formula is as follows : —

Somites

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

Pleurobranchiae

1

1

1

1

1

»'

1= 6 + lr

ArthrobranchiaD

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

= 12

Podobrancliise

1

1

1

1

1

0= 5

Epipods

1

1

1

1

1

1

0= (6)

23 + lr + (6)

With the exception of those on the tenth and fourteenth somites the
pleurobranchiae are very small and might be called rudimentary if it were
not for the plumose structure of all but the one on the thirteenth somite.
The podobranchiae decrease in size posteriorly imtil, on the antepenultimate
pair of legs, they are reduced to small and weak organs.

'If the branchial formula of Hemipeneus be compared with that of Anstcetis
(page 195), it will be seen that they are very nearly alike ; the difference
consisting in the further reduction in size of the pleurobranchite in the
latter genus, and the complete disappearance of the podobranchia of the
twelfth somite, which is very small, be it observed, in Hemipeneus. In its
facies Hemipeneus differs considerably from Aristceus. It has a slenderer body,
flattened eye-stalks, longer antennular peduncles and antennal scales, peculi-
arly long-fingered clielae and flattened meri on the chelipeds, and long,
exceedingly slender, styliform ultimate and penultimate thoracic appendages.

The largest specimen of this species, — a female from Station 3400, —
measures 245 mm. from the tip of the rostrum to the end of the telson. The
rostrum of this specimen is 56 mm. long, the whole carapace, including
rostrum, 116.5 mm.

Hemipeneus triton Fax.

Plate Z., Fig. 1-T.

BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 215, 1893.

This species, like H. spinidorsalis, is remarkable for having a long, curved
spine on the dorsal side of the third abdominal segment. It differs from
H. spinidorsalis in having a very much shorter rostrum and longer, more
flattened, ribbon-like outer antennular flagella. The rostrum is shorter than
in any previously described species, being much shorter than the eye-stalks ;
it is armed above with two to four teeth, the posterior of which lies a little
way behind the orbit; the fourth tooth, when present, is very minute, and is
situate near the distal end of the rostrum. The rostrum is the same length

BENTHESICYMUS ALTUS. 203

in the two sexes. The dorsal portion of the cervical groove is more distinct
than in H. spinidorsalis. The sixth abdominal segment is longer than in
H. sjnnidorsalis, and there is a difference affecting the inner branch of the
second abdominal appendages of the male, viz. the tooth-like process, which
is in II. sjnnidorsalis shorter than the external plate, in II. triton is developed
into a broad plate which exceeds in length the external plate. This differ-
ence will be most easily comprehended by inspection of Figs. 1'' and 2 on
Plate L.

The podobrauchia of the twelfth somite is even smaller than in E.
sjnmdorsalis.

Length, 127 mm. ; carapace, 44.5 mm. ; rostrum, 6 mm.

Station 3360. 1672 fathoms. 1 fem.

3374. 1823 " 1 male, 5 fem.

" 3381. 1772 " 3 males, 1 fem.

This species is perhaps identical with Hcmipencus carpenten Wood-Mason,*
dredged in the Laccadive Sea and in the Bay of Bengal, 1091-1644
fathoms.

BENTHESICYMUS Bate.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., VIII. 190, 1881 ; Rep. Challenger Macrura, p. 326, 1888.

Benthesicymus altus Batk.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., VIII. 191, 1881 ; Rep. Challenger Macrura, p. 336, Plate LVIII.

Fig. 1, 1888.

Station 3360. 1672 fathoms. 1 male, 3 fem.
3361. 1471 " 1 fem.

" 3374. 1823 " 1 male, 1 fem.

« 3381. 1772 " 1 male, 2 fem.

" 3382. 1793 " 2 males, 5 fem.

« 3398. 1573 " 1 male, 1 fem.

3399. 1740 " 1 fem.

" 3413. 1360 " 1 male, 1 fem.

" 3414. 2232 " 2 males, 1 fem.

" 3415. 1879 " 2 males, 9 fem.

In Bate's figure of this species there appears to be a small spine on the
side of the carapace, although none is mentioned in his description. In the
"Albatross" specimens there is no spine at this place. The fragile filiform
* Auu. Mag. Nat. Hist., Glh Ser., VII. 189, VIII. 286, 1891.

204 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

appendages of the last two thoracic segments are rarely preserved in their
integrity. It would seem from the perfect specimens, that these appendages
are longer than represented by Bate, the hindmost pair being tlie longest of
all the legs, reaching forward to the distal end of the antennal scale. The
dactylus of this appendage is less than one half as long as the propodite, the
latter segment a little longer than the carpus. In Bate's diagnosis of the
genus it is said that the legs all bear small exopods that become rudimen-
tary posteriorly. No special mention of the exopods is made in his descrip-
tion of B. alius, neither are they shown in his figure of this species. In
the " Albatross " specimens there are no exopods on any of the appendages
behind the third maxillipeds. In other respects these specimens agree so
closely with Bate's description and figure that I do not doubt that they
belong to the same species.

Specimens from different stations vary to some extent in the degree of
induration of the integument. In all the examj^les, nevertheless, it is rather
soft and membranaceous in its texture.

The terminal segment of the third maxillipeds in this species, as well
as in the following [B. tanneri), is short, broad, curved, and compressed. In
the female the external margin of this segment is regularly convex. In the
males, this segment exhibits two forms : one like that of the female, the
other conspicuously different, the external margin being produced into a
large rounded tooth or lobe. In the latter form the whole segment assumes
a bilobed outline as shown on Plate H., Fig. V. This difference in the form
of the dactylus of the third maxillipeds in the males is accompanied by a
difference in the petasma, or sexual appendage of the first abdominal limbs.
In those males which have the third maxillipedal dactylus of the form first
described the petasma is comparatively small, feeble, and free from calcareous
deposit. In the males with bilobed third maxillipedal dactylus the petasma
is larger, more perfectly finished, and stiffened by calcareous matter. It is
clear that the latter form of the male is a state equipped for reproduction
(see foot-note on page 74).

Spence Bate, in his generic diagnoses of Bcnthcsici/miis and OcnnaJas, says
that in the former genus the dactylus of the third maxillipeds is cylindrical
and sharp. But the figures of most of his species of Benthcsicymus show
a broad compressed dactylus like that seen in the species in the " Alba-
tross " collection. Professor Smith's genus Bcnthoecdcs* is synonymous with
Bcnthesici/inus.

* Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1882, p. 391, 1884.

BENTHESICYMUS TANNERI. 205

Bentliesicymus tanneri Fax.
Plate H.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zobl., XXIV. 215, 1S93.

Integument smooth, membranaceous. Eostrum short, acute, laterally
compressed, raised above the orbit into a crest which is armed with two
slender acute teeth ; the lower margin of the orbit is fringed with long
closely set hairs. The rostral crest is continued backward as a sharp keel
on the median line of the carapace, as far as the cervical groove ; posterior
to this the carina is obsolescent. The lower angle of the orbit is prominent,
but not spiniform, the branchiostegal spine is prominent, the pterj'gostomian
angle sharp but unarmed. The dorsal portion of the gastro-hepatic groove
is pronounced, and is followed by another obsolescent, transverse, cervical
furrow farther back on the carapace, — a furrow which forms (he anterior
boundary of the cardiac area. The branchial area is bounded above by a
blunt ridge and is separated from the pterygostomian area by an oblique
suture. A slight carina runs from the branchiostegal spine to the branohio-
pterygostomian suture. The infero-lateral margin of the carapace is nearly
straight.

The first three segments of the abdomen are thick, rounded, and devoid
of dorsal carina or tooth ; the fourth segment is faintly carinate but not
toothed ; the fifth and sixth are distinctly carinate and armed with a small
acute posterior tooth. The telson is short, convex above, and armed with
three pairs of minute lateral spines.

The eye-stalks are about as long as the rostrum and have the form
characteristic of the genus ; the eyes are of a dark brown coloi'. The basal
segment of the antennule is armed externally with a stylocerite which is
much shorter than the segment, and with a small acute spine at the distal
external angle. The antennular flagella are nearly as long as the body.
The second segment of the antenna is devoid of an external spine ; the
scale is broad, foliaceous, narrowed at the distal end ; the fiagellum is slen-
der and much longer than the body. The merus of the second maxilliped is
long and narrow, its inferior distal angle not produced beyond the base of
the carpus ; the exopod is much longer than the endopod, reaching forward
to the distal end of the antennal peduncle ; it is fringed on both sides with
very long, delicate setce. The tei'minal segment of the endopod of the third
maxilliped is flattened, truncate, and armed with about four strong spines on

206 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

the distal part of the outer, and on the distal, margins. The posterior tho-
racic appendages, when stretched forward, reach to the distal end of the
antennal scales. There are no exopods on any of the thoracic appendages
behind the third inaxillipeds. In the median line of the sternum of the first
abdominal segment thei'e arises a long, laterally compressed, vertical tooth.
Length, 112 nnn. ; carapace, 44.5 mm.; rostrum, 8 mm.
Station 3358. 555 fathoms. 3 males, 2 fem.

" 1 male, 1 fem.

•' 3 males, 5 fem.

" 2 males.

'' 1 fem.

" 1 male, 1 fem.

" 2 fem.

" 1 male.

" 1 male.

" 27 males, 36 fem.

" 2 males, 3 fem.

" 1 fem.

" 1 male, 1 fem.

" 1 fem.

" 5 fem.

" 2 males, 3 fem.

'^ 1 male, 1 fem.

" 7 males, 8 fem.

" 1 male.

" 1 male.

" 3 males, 2 fem.

" 5 fem.

In this species the carina on the fifth and sixth abdominal segments
terminates posteriorly in a small acute tooth, whereas in the preceding
species, B. alius, these segments are destitute of teeth, the posterior margin
of the sixth rising to form a peculiar transverse ridge. B. brasilicnsis Bate
differs from the present species in having the carapace higher, with more
convex infero-lateral borders, the third, fourth, and fifth abdominal segments
toothed, the sixth toothless, and in the lack of the tooth or tubercle on the
sternum between the first pair of abdominal appendages. B. harildti Smith,
from the Atlantic side of the continent, resembles B. tanneri in many respects.

3362.

1175

3363.

978

3364.

902

3365.

1010

3366.

1067

3376.

1132

3377.

764

3380.

899

3384.

458

3393.

1020

3400.

1322

3403.

384

3404.

385

3407.

885

3410.

331

3411.

1189

3418.

660

3424.

676

3425.

680

3435.

859

3436.

905

GENNADAS. 207

but is distinguished at a glance by the long spine on the tergiim of the fifth
abdominal somite. B. moratus Smith, another allied species, differs in havino-
a distinct hepatic spine, a much broader merus joint in the second maxilliped,
a differently shaped distal joint in the endopod of the third maxilliped [v.
Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1882, Plate X., Fig. 5), and in the existence
of small exopods at the bases of all the thoracic appendages.

In one abnormal specimen (a female) from Station 3436 the anterior tooth
of the upper margin of the rostrum is wanting. The rostrum of this speci-
men has thus the general form of the rostrum of ^. iridesccns Bate.

The number and arrangement of the branchiae of this species are shown
in the following table : —

Somite vii.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

Pleurobranchige

1

1

1

1

1

1=6

Arthrobranchiae 1

2

2

2

2

2

2

= 13

Podobranchise

1

1

1

1

1

0= 5

Epipods 1

i

1

1

1

1

1

=

(7)

24 +(7)

The posterior of the two arthrobranchiae of the eighth somite is perhaps
homologous with the pleurobranchise of the following somites. It is a small
organ, as is the pie ui'ob ranch ia of the ninth somite also. The epipods
borne by the appendages of the seventh to the tenth somites inclusive
are vesicular.

Color when alive, deep red, with a large patch of bright blue on the back
of the second, third, and fourth abdominal segments ; eyes black.

GENNADAS Batk.
Anu. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., VIII. 191, 1S81 ; Rep. Clialleiiger Macrura, p. 339, 1888.

Gennadas sp.

Hydr. 2638. 500-570 fathoms. Sub-marine tow-net.

Station 3399. 1740 " 1 male.

The specimen from Station 3399 is 60 mm. in length. It is badly muti-
lated, wanting the third pair of maxillipeds and the last two pairs of thoracic
appendages. The tubercle on the inner side of the ej'e-stalk is pointed, as in
G. intermedins Bate, but the mandibular palpus is much longer than described
for that species, reaching nearly to the middle of the antennal scale.

The merus of the second maxilliped is broad and operculiform. The

208 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

peiuiltiinate thoracic legs carry an epipod but not a podobranchia, tlie three
pairs of chelate legs are furnished with small epipods and also with a podo-
branchia. This specimen doubtless belongs to Bate's genus Gennadas which,
it seems to me, hardly deserves to be separated from Benthedctjnms. Smith's
genus Amalopeiieus* closely resembles Gennadas in its general form, but is said
to lack the podobranchioe throughout the series of thoracic legs.

The other specimen, from Station 2638, is in a still worse state of preser-
vation. It was taken in the Tanner net towed at a depth of from 500 to 570
fathoms over a bottom of 622 fathoms, off Guaymas.

Family SERGESTID^.

SERGESTES M. Edw.

Aun. Sci. Nat., XIX. 34G, 1830.

Sergestes inous Fax.
Plate LL, Fig. 2-2^.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zobl., XXIV. 216, 1893.

Inteti-ument soft, membranaceous. Carapace devoid of .spines. Gastro-
hepatic groove distinct across the dorsum. Rostrum short, triangular, blunt
at the tip, bounded on each side by a distinct sulcus. The orbital area of the
carapace is likewise circumscribed by a shallow sulcus which unites poste-
riorly with the anterior part of the cervical sulcus. The upper limit of the
branchial area is defined by a prominent ridge which gives off from its ante-
rior end an inferior branch obsolescent before reaching the posterior border
of the carapace. The excuvrent branchial orifice is bounded externally by a
shallow concavity in the antero-lateral margin of the carapace.

The abdomen is unarmed, the terga of the sevei'al somites rounded
above, the pleurae with rounded and ciliated lower margins. A distinct
longitudinal groove courses over the side of the fourth, fifth, and sixth
somites of the abdomen, beginning at the posterior end of the anterior third
of the fourth somite and ending a little way in front of the posterior border
of the sixth. The sixth abdominal somite is once and one half as long as
the fifth and about equal in length to the telson, which is sulcate above and
on each side and tipped by a small acute spine.

The eye-stalks are shorter than the proximal segment of the first pair

' Bull. Mus. Comp. Zobl , X. 86, 1882.

SERGESTES INOUS. 209

of antenuDe ; the eyes are black and small, not exceeding the eye-stalks in
diameter. The first segment of the antennular peduncle is somewhat shorter
than the second ; the second and third segments are about equal in length.
The second segment of the antenna is unarmed ; the scale is broad to the
tip, and reaches a little way beyond the proximal end of the third segment
of the antennular peduncle. The second pair of maxillipeds are robust and
reach forward to the distal end of the ])roximal segment of the antennular
peduncle. The third maxillipeds and the third pair of legs are the longest
of the appendages ; they ai'e subequal in length, reachhig much beyond the
distal end of the antennular peduncle. The second and third pairs of legs
are furnished with a minute terminal chela, the fingers of which are tipped
with a brush of setjB. There is a tuft of setse at the distal end of the inferior
margin of the carpus, corresponding to a similar tuft near the proximal end
of the propodite. The penultimate pair of legs are about as long as the
carapace ; they are flattened and fm-nished with long cilia, as is customary
in this genus. The posterior pair of legs is wanting in the only specimen
obtained.

The abdominal appendages are very long, diminishing in length poste-
riorly. The external branch of the caudal fin or swimmeret appears to be
without an external spine, but an angle in the outer margin, one quarter of
the way from the distal end, marks the position of the spine commonly found
on this appendage.

Length, 113 mm. ; carapace, 34.5 mm.

Station 3380. 899 fathoms. 1 female.

The branchial organs are arran2;ed as follows : —

Somite vii.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV,

Pleurobranchije

+ ;

1 + /

1 + ^

1 + /

o

-

=7 + 4.1

Arthrobranchiffi

=0

Podobraneliise

1

=1

Epipods 1

1

= (2)
8 + 4 Z + (2)

In the above formula the letter I stands for the simple lamella which
represents the second pleurobranchia on the eighth to tlie eleventh somites.
The pleurobranchite of the tenth and eleventh, and the anterior pleuro-
branchia of the twelftli, somite are of about an equal size, and are the
largest of all the gills. The posterior pleurobranchia of the twelfth somite
(Plate LI., Fig. 2'*, pi.'), though smaller than the anterior, is perfect in form

27

210 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

and unconcealed. The posterior gill of the thirteenth segment is smaller
than the anterior gill of the same segment, being a little smaller than the
podobranchia attached to the second maxilliped.

This species bears a close resemblance to Sergcstes mollis Smith * from the
Atlantic coast of North America, but differs from the latter species in an
important structural feature. In S. mollis the posterior pleurobranchia of
the antepenultimate thoracic somite is replaced by small simple lamella,
which is concealed beneath the following gill, while in 8. inous the posterior
pleurobranchia of the said somite is well developed and unconcealed. Tlie
difference between the two species is at once apparent on lifting the lateral
flap of the carapace.

Sergestes bisulcatUS Wood-Mason.

Plate LII.

Sergestes bisulcatus Wood-Mason, Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6tli Ser., VII. 190, VIII. 353, 1891.
Sergestes phorcns Fax., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, XXIV. 217, 1893.

Carapace devoid of spines ; gastro-hepatic and cervical grooves well pro-
nounced across the dorsal part of the carapace ; a ridge runs along the upper
border of the branchial area, giving off from its anterior end a branch which
runs backward at a lower level along the branchial area ; dorsal side of the
carapace slightly convex in an antero-posterior sense ; rostrum cristiform,
short, laterally compressed, directed obliquely upward, subquadrate in out-
line, the anterior margin produced to form a short point near the middle ;
antero-lateral margin of the carapace nearly perpendicular from the base of
the rostrum to the level of the lower side of the peduncle of the antennule,
whence it recedes to an angle over against the base of the second antenna ;
from this point it becomes concave, sweeping downward and backward, and
forming .the ciliated margin of the excurrent branchial orifice.

The second, third, and more especially the fourth abdominal somites are
lightly sulcate in the median dorsal line ; the abdominal pleurae have rounded,
ciliated margins ; the sixth somite is armed with a minute posterior dorsal
spine, and is marked by a not very distinct lateral longitudinal sulcus. The
telson is sulcate above, and on each side ; it is shorter than the sixth abdom-
inal segment ; distal end triangular ; margins ciliated.

The eye-stalk, with the eye, is considerably shorter than the proximal
segment of the antennular peduncle ; the eye itself is subspherical and much

* Aim. Rep U. S. Fisli Coinm. for 1S82, p. 419, 1884; id. for 18S5, Plate XX. Fig. 3, 3a, 4, 5, 1886.

SERGESTES BISULCATUS. 211

larger in diameter than the eye-stalk ; it rests in a depression of the proximal
segment of the antennule. The first and second segments of the antennular
peduncle are of equal length, while the third is considerably shorter; the
proximal segment of the upper, principal flagellum is enlarged, and one third
as long as the distal segment of the peduncle ; the form and proportions of
the secondary flagellum, two-branched in the male, simple and multiarti-
culate in the female, will be easily appreciated by glancing at Figs. 1** and
1" on Plate LIT. The antennal scale reaches a little beyond the proximal
end of the last segment of the antennular peduncle ; it is broader at the
distal end than is common in species belonging to this genus.

The thoracic appendages have much the same form and relative propor-
tions as in S. robusius Smith.* The third maxillipeds reach beyond the distal
extremity of the antennular peduncle. The first pair of legs reach to the
end of the antennal scale ; there is a tuft of setae near the distal end of the
carpus corresponding to a similar tuft near the proximal end of the propodite.
The second pair of legs extend beyond the peduncle of the antennules ; they
are terminated by a small but perfect chela, each finger of which is provided
at its tip with a brush of hairs. The legs of the third pair are similar to
those of the second pair, but longer. The fourth and fifth pairs are flattened
and furnished with long hairs, serving as natatory organs ; the fourth pair
reaches to about the end of the carpus of the third pair, while the fifth pair
only attains to the jniddle of the merus of the fourth pair.

The complex form of the petasma of the male is portrayed on Plate LIL,
Fig. 1\

The inner lamella of the posterior abdominal appendages is once and
a half as long as the telson ; the outer lamella is nearly twice as long as
the telson, and is equipped with a spine on the external margin about one
third of the way from the distal end, which is narrowed, though rounded.

The branchial formula is as follows : —

Somites,

VII.

VIII.

TX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

Pleurobranchise,

1

1

1

2

2

=

7

Arthrobranchige,

=

Podobranchiae,

1

=

1

Epipods,

1

=

0)

8+(l)
The posterior gill of the antepenultimate thoracic somite is small and

* BuU. Mus. Coinp. Zoiil., X. 97, Tlate XVI. Fig. 5-S, 1882.

212 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

concealed ; the anterior gill of this segment, as well as the two gills on the
penultimate somite, is large and conspicuous.

Length, 65 mm. ; carapace, 21 mm.

Station 3382. 1793 fathoms. 1 male.

3386.

242

iC

1 km.

3388.

1168

a

2 "

3401.

395

11

1 "

3437.

628

ii

1 "

?

1 mal

I assign this species to S. hisulcatus Wood-Mason with some doubt, as the
description of the latter species is not detailed enough to make its identity
sure. Wood-Mason's specimens were taken in the Arabian Sea and the Bay
of Bengal, 738-840 fathoms.

There is nothing on the labels to indicate that the specimens from Sta-
tions 3382 and 3388 did not come up in the trawl, which had been dragged
over a bottom of 1793 and 1168 fathoms; but it should be observed that at
Station 3382 a net was towed at a depth of 200 fathoms for fifteen minutes,
and then brought ojien to the surface, and that at Station 3388 the Tanner
net was towed at a depth of 400 fathoms, bringing up specimens in its upper
part only, which was open all the way from 400 fathoms to the surface.
Perhaps the specimens of Sergestes hisulcatus from these two stations were in
reality captured in the tow-nets.

Sergestes edwardsii Kk.
Plate LI., Fig. 1-1'.

Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 5 Rsekke, uatuivideusk. matbem. Afd., IV. 246, 277, Plate IV. Fig.
9'>-9^1859.

In this species the gastro-hepatic groove is well-nigh obliterated on the
dorsal part of the carapace, and the dorsal portion of the cervical furrow,
which in some species of Sergestes forms the front boundary of the cardiac
area, is obsolete. Tliere is a sharp spine near the antero-lateral margin of
the carapace, behind the base of the eye-stalk, and another on the hepatic
area. A longitudinal ridge runs from the base of the antenna backward,
dividing at the hepatic spine into a superior and an inferior branch. The
former forms the upper boundary of the branchial area, the latter courses
as a carina along the middle of the branchial region, and fades out before
reaching the posterior border of the carapace. The rostrum is cristiform,

SERGESTES EDWARDSII. 213

tapering anteriorly in the largest individuals to a slender acute point, which
overreaches the anterior margin of the ophthalmic segment.

The abdominal somites are unarmed, rounded above, the third, fourth,
and fifth longitudinally sulcated on the dorsal face. The telson is sulcated
on the dorsum and on each side, and ends in a blunt, ciliated point.

The eye-stalks are shorter than the proximal segment of the antennule ;
the eyes are black, and somewhat greater in diameter than the stalks. The
first and second segments of the antennule are of about equal length, while
the third segment is longer than the first or the second by one half. The
second segment of the antenna of the second pair is armed with a small
external spine ; the scale is lanceolate, terminating in an apical spine ; it
falls short of reaching the distal end of the antennular peduncle. The
second and third pairs of maxillipeds are robust organs compared with the
following thoracic appendages ; the second pair reach forward as far as the
distal end of the peduncle of the second antennae ; the third pair are equal
in length to the whole body, minus the telson and half the sixth somite ; the
distal part of these appendages is armed with spines of various lengths ; four
of these spines, one of which is terminal, are exceedingly long and acute.
The following pairs of thoracic appendages have the form characteristic of
the genus to which this species belongs.

The petasma of a large male is figured on Plate LI., Fig. 1".

The two branches of the last pair of abdominal appendages are longer
than the telson, the outer branch longer than the inner. The external
margin of the outer branch is not armed with a spine, but about one third
of the way from the proximal end this branch of the swimmeret suddenly
narrows by a change in the trend of the external margin.

There are six large pleurobranchiae on each side of the body, two on the
thirteenth, or penultimate thoracic, somite, and one on each of the four ante-
cedent (ninth to twelfth) .somites; a smaller but perfectly formed podo-
branchia is attached to the base of the second maxilliped.

Length of one of the largest specimens (Station 3388), 29 mm.; cara-
pace, 9.3 mm.

A good many specimens of this pelagic species were taken in the surface
tow-net and also in the upper, open part of the submarine tow-net at the fol-
lowing stations: hydr. 2619, hydr. 2627, hydr. 2628, 3382, 3388, 3409,
3412, 3414.

Three large males from Station 3388 (one of which is figured on Tlate

214 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

LI., and described above) differ from typical specimens, as described and
fiu-ured by Kroyer, in having a larger and somewhat differently shaped ros-
trum, and in the form of the petasma. These specimens were separated
from S. edivardsii as a distinct species, S. hcdia, in my preliminary rejDort on
the " Albatross " Crustacea.* But I am now inclined to regard them as
large and mature individuals of S. edivardsii. Kroyer f notes a "rare variety"
of S. edivardsii distinguished by a larger rostrum.

8. edivardsii appears to be a surface species of wide distribution in the
tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Sergestes oculatus Kr.

Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 5 Rcekke, naturvidensk. mathem. Afd., IV. 243, 277, Plate III.

Fig. 5«-5/, 1859.

One specimen from Station 3412, surface.

This is also a surface species found in the tropical parts of both the Atlan-
tic and Pacific Oceans. Cf. Kroyer {op. cit), Bate (" Challenger " Macrura),
and Ortmann (Decapoden und Schizopoden der Plankton-Exped.).

Sergestes longispinus Bate.

Rep. Challenger Macrura, p. 417, Plate LXXVI. Pig. 2-2it, 1888.

One specimen, 250 miles S.E. of Acapulco, lat. 13° 33' 30" N., long.
97° 57' 30" W. Tanner net towed at 175 fathoms, and hauled to surface
open, 8 p. M.

This species, originally described from specimens secured b}' the " Chal-
lenger " in the warmer portions of the Atlantic, has been previously recorded
from the Pacific (12° S., 113° W.) by Ortmann.+

LUCIFER J. V. Thomps.

Zoolog. Researches, p. 58, 1829.

Lucifer acestra Dana.

? Leuri/er rei/naudii M. Edw., Hist. Kat. Crust., II. 469, Plate XXVI. Fig. 10, 1837.

Litcifrr arestra Dana, U. S. Explnr. Exped., Crustacea, Part I., p. 671, 1852, Atlas, Plate XLIV. Pig, 9,

1855 ; Streets, Bull U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p. 122, 1S77.
Lucifer reynaudii B.ate, Rep. Challenger Macrura, p. 466, Plate LXXXIV., 1888.
Lucifer rtynaudi Ortm., Decap. u. Schizop. der Piaiikton-Exped., p. 40, 1893.

A good many .specimens, including both sexes, were captured on the
surface of the sea at the following places : —

* Bull. Mus. Comp. Zobl, XXIV. 217, 1893. f Op. cit., pp. 246, 277.

% Decap u. Scliizop. der Plauktou-Exped., p. 36, 1893.

GNATHOPHAUSIA WILLEMOESII. 215

Lat. 29° 52' 30" N., loug. 138° 24' 0" W.

« 13° 33' 30" N., " 97° 57' 30" W.

« 12° 34' 0" N., " 97° 21' 0" W.

« 0° 36' 0" N., " 82° 45' 0" W.

« 0° 13' 0" S., " 84° 52' 0" W.

Spence Bate and Ortmann consider this species to be Lucifer reijnaudii
M. Edw., but Milne Edwards's description and figure are not sufficient for

identification.

Lucifer acestra has an enormous horizontal distribution throngliout the
warmer parts of both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. See Ortmann, I. c.

Suborder SCHIZOPODA.*
Family LOPHOGASTRIDtE.

GNATHOPHAUSIA W. Suhm.
Nature, VIII 400, 1873 ; Trans, Liuu. Soc. London, ZooL, 2d Ser., I. 36, 1875.

Gnathophausia zoea W.-Suhm.

Nature, VIII. 401, Fig. 6, 1873 ; Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., 2d Ser., I. 32, Plate IX. Pig. 2-15,

Plate X. Pig. 4, 1875.

Station 3403. 384 fathoms. 3 specimens.
" 3406. 581 " 1 specimen.

Gnathophausia wiUemoesii G. 0. Saks.
Plate K, Fig. L

Porhandl. Vidensk.-Selsk. Cliristiania, 1883, No. 7, p. 6 ; Rep. Challenger Scliizopoda, p. 38, Plate V.

Pig. 1-6, 1885.

Station 3392. 1270 fathoms. 1 specimen.
" 3417. 493 " 1 "

" 3420. 664 " 1 "

" 3425. 680 " 1

The dorsal spine is longer than in the type specimen figured by Sars, and
it is minutely denticulated along the margins, as in G. sarsii Wood-Mason,t
a form probably not specifically distinct from G u'illcmocsii.

* Only the deep-sea Schizopods of the expedition are included in this report.. An account of the pelagic
species, bj Dr. Arnold Ortmann, has been published in the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Vol. X'XV., No. 8, pp. 97-111, 1 Plate, 1894.

t Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VII. 187, 189L

216 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

In small individuals of this species the rounded lateral expansions of the
carapace behind the antennal spines are more prominent and the antennal
spines relatively smaller than in full grown specimens.

G. ivilkmoesii was discovered by the naturalists of the " Challenger " Expe-
dition in 1874. Two specimens were procured south of Amboina, lat. 4° 21'
S., long. 129" 7' E. ; depth, 1425 fathoms.

Gnathophausia brevispinis Wood-Mason.
Phte J.

Onathophausia gracilis, var. brevispinis Wood-Mason, Ana. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., VII. 188, 1891.
Onathophausia brevispinis Wood-Mason, Auu. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6tli Ser., VIII. 269, 1891.
Gmthophausia deiitata Fax., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 217, 1893.

Rostrum somewhat shorter than the remaining part of the carapace,
slender, gently up-curved, its three margins armed with teeth, those of the
superior margin the largest. At the base of the rostrum, over the anterior
part of the gastric region, rises a prominent thin triangular crest, produced
at the apex to a spine ; there are in most specimens a minute denticle near
the anterior, and one to three near the posterior, end of the crest. Supra-
orbital spines small, not distinctly defined from the base of the rostrum.
Antennal spines of moderate length, slender and acute. Branchiostegal
spines very long, their bases expanded into wing-like processes on each side
of the carapace. Cervical groove distinct. Dorsal keel obsolete on the
posterior gastric region, distinct behind the cervical groove and armed with
a row of small teeth. Posterior dorsal spine rather short, scarcely projecting
beyond the first abdominal somite ; it is directed upiward at a much stronger
angle than is common in this genus. Near the infero-posterior angles of the
carapace are two spines, the upper of which is long and slender, equalling
the dorsal spine in length, while the lower one is reduced to a tooth, obsolete
in some specimens. The lower lateral keel is distinct, terminating in the
upper of the two spines at the infero-posterior angle. Below this another
minutely denticulated submarginal keel runs from the branchiostegal spine
backward to the lower and smaller spine of the infero-posterior angle of the
carapace. The upper lateral keel is obsolete.

The abdomen is rather slender, and is armed with a row of seven dorsal
spines ; two of these occur on the first segment, two on the second, and
one on each of the three following segments ; the two spines on the second
segment, together with the posterior spine of the first segment, are much

GNATHOPHAUSIA BREVISPINIS. 217

longer than the rest of tlie series. The plenras of the abdominal segments
are armed with two marginal spines, the sixth segment having in addition
a tooth at the infero-posterior angle of its posterior section. The aj^ical
projection of the telson is divided into four terminal spines; there is, more-
over, a small tooth on the external margin of the projection.

The eyes are small, not exceeding the eye-stalk in diameter ; a small
tubercle is situate on the inner side of the eye-stalk, a little way behind the
cornea. The outer flagellum of the first pair of antennae is excessively long,
being nearly twice the length of the whole body ; the inner flagellum, on
the contrary, is not longer than the carapace not including the rostrum.

The second segment of the second pair of antenna? is furnished with
an acute tooth at the anterior end of its exterior border, and a slender spine
is observable on the lower face of the following segment. The scale is broad,
not more than twice as long as broad, the inner edge strongly arched, the
outer edge slightly arched ; the outer edge is armed with a few (two to
four) small teeth on its distal half, and it terminates in an acute spine,
which surpasses the distal extremity of the scale. The flagellum is somewhat
shorter than the outer flagellum of the first pair of antennae.

The maxillipeds are provided with distinct exopods. The remaining
pairs of appendages do not differ in any important regard from the generic
type.

Length, 60 mm. ; carapace, including rostrum and dorsal spine, 33 nnn. ;
rostrum, 14 mm. ; dorsal spine, 4 mm.

Station 3361. 1471 fathoms. 1 specimen.

3375.

1201

3400.

1322

3406.

551

3411.

1189

?

?

In two of the six specimens obtained (Stations 3361, 3406), the tooth or
short inferior spine at the infero-posterior angle of the carapace is nearly or
quite obsolete.

This species is closely related to Q. gracilis W.-Suhm,* one specimen of
which was secured by the "Challenger" Expedition from a depth of 1500
fathoms in the Atlantic, lat. 1° 22' N., long. 26° 36' W. According to Suhm's
description and figure the third and fourth abdominal segments of G. gracilis

* Trans. Liuu. Soc. London, Zool., 2d Ser., I. 33, Plate IX. Fig. 1, 1875.

28

218 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

ure devoid of dorsal spines and the gastric region is armed anteriorly with
two small teeth in the median line. The specimen was afterwards described
and fio-ured with more detail by G. 0. Sars.* The third and fourth abdomi-
nal segments are represented as armed with dorsal teeth, similar to, though
shorter than, those of G. hrevispinis, while the gastric region appears unarmed.
The specimen was in a bad state of preservation when it reached Professor
Sars, and Suhm's figure, which was probably drawn soon after the capture, is
presumably correct as far as the gastric teeth are concerned. The " Albatross "
specimens appear to be specifically distinct from the " Challenger " species,
and may be diagnosed at once by the prominent dentate gastric crest, the
small size or even absence of the lower spine of the infero-posterior
angle of the carapace, and the great breadth of the antennal scale. The
pleurJB of the first four abdominal segments are expanded posteriorly into
rounded lobes. A deep transverse dorsal fold separates the two dorsal spines
of the second segment of the abdomen.

Wood-Mason describes the dorsal spines of the first abdominal somite of
G. hreiispinis as subequal. In the "Albatross" specimens the anterior of
these spines is at the best only half as long as the posterior one.

G. hrevispinis was first obtained in the Bay of Bengal (690-1748 fathoms)
by H. M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer " Investigator."

FAaiiLY EUCOPIID^.

EUCOPIA Dana.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., VI. 19, 1852 ; U. S. Explor. Exped., Crustacea, Ft. I., p. 609, 1852.

Eucopia australis Dana.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 28, 1852 ; U. S. Explor. Exped., Crustacea, Pt. I., p. 609, 1852, Atlas,

Plate XL. Fig. 10, 1855.

Station 2627 Hyd. Between 1770 fathoms and surface, submarine tow-
net (bottom, 18.32 fathoms). 4 specimens.
Station 2637 Hyd. Between 700 fathoms and surface, submarine tow-
net (bottom, 773 fathoms). 1 specimen.
Station 3377. 764 fathoms. 1 specimen.
3406. 551 " 1
" 3433. 1218 " 1 "

* Rep. Clialleuger Schizopoda, p. 48, Plate VII. Fig. 6-10, 1885.

EUCOPIA SCULPTICAUDA. 219

The type specimen of this interesting Schizopod was taken from the
stomach of a penguin collected by tlie Wilkes Expedition in the Antarctic
seas, lat. 66° 4' S., long. 149° 44' E. The subsequent exi^lorations of H. M.
S. " Challenger " showed that this animal enjoys an enormous geographical
range, being found at great depths in the Atlantic, Pacific, Australian, and
Antarctic Oceans. It has also been dredged at a recent date in the Bay of
Bengal by the •' Investigator." According to Willemoes-Suhm, who rede-
scribed and figured this species under the name of Chalaraspis imguiculala* it
is the commonest Schizopod of the deep-sea fliuna of the Atlantic. It has
been described and figured with great care by G. 0. Sais in the final Report
on the " Challenger " Schizopods, pp. 55-62, Plate IX., X.

The finding of this species in the stomach of a penguin is taken by
Sars as evidence of its occurrence, in the Antarctic Ocean, in comparatively
shallow water. But perhaps a fish just risen from a depth far bejond the
penguin's reach was the bird's purveyor.

Eucopia sculpticauda Fas.
Plate K, Fig. 2, 2'' ; Plate LIIL, Fig. 1-1". -

BuU. Mus. Comp. Zobl, XXIV. 218, 1893.

This species differs from F. australis in a striking manner as regards the
form of the frontal margin of the carapace, the eyes, and the telson. In
other respects it agrees so closely with E. australis as to render a detailed
description superfluous.

The frontal margin of the carapace is very prominent, forming a three-
sided, blunt rostrum, which projects between the eye-stalks and av holly con-
ceals the underlying ocular segment. The lateral margins of the rostrum
form the upper wall of a deep, distinct orbit. In E. australis the frontal

* Trans. Limi. Soc. London, Zool., 2d Ser., I. 37, Plate VIII., 1875. This memoir was written on
board the " Challenger " under date of November, 1 873. In a letter from Dr. Willcmoes-Suhm to Professor
Siebold, dated April, 1871, and jmblished on the 20th of October of the same year in the 24th volume of the
Zeitsohrift fiir wissenschaftliehe Zoologie, occurs merely nominal mention of this species as Chalaraspis
ungitifera. The genus Chalaraspis was originally established (Trans. Linn. Soc. London, as cited above) I'or
the reception of C. unguinilata alone. Suhm afterwards discovered and referred to the same genus another
Schizopod {Chalaraspis alata Suhm, Zeitsehr. f. wissenseh. Zool., XXIV., p. xx) which has been shown by
G. 0. Sars (Rep. Ch.allenger Schizopoda, p. 50, 1885) to be not only generically but even familiarly distinct
from Chalaraspis unguiculata. Chalaraspis uHfjuiciilata being synonymous with Eiiropia australis Dana, Sars
has seen fit to retain the generic name Chalaraspis for C. alala. a proceeding not in accordance with sound
principles of nomenclature. The types of the genera Europin and Chalaraspis being one and the same species,
the name Chalaraspis should be dropped as a synonym of Eucopia, and a new generic name adopted for
C. alata. I propose for the latter the generic name Edytaspis (= Chalaraspis G. O. Sars, nee W.-Suhm).

220 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

margin of the carapace projects but slightly, leaving the ocular segment
exposed, and not forming anything that can be truly called a rostrum.

The eye with its peduncle attains a much greater degree of perfection
than in E. aiistmhs. The peduncle is broadly expanded at the distal end so
as to assume a triangular form, the distal extremity equalling in width the
entire leno-th of the peduncle. The upper side is flattened, and on the inner
maro-in just back of the cornea, there is a slender ocular papilla. The eye
itself is as broad as, or even a little broader than, the distal end of its
peduncle, reniform, dark chestnut in color (in alcohol), and perfectly faceted.
The above description applies to the type specimen, a female. In the only
male obtained, the eyes are not so well preserved, but the peduncle appears
to be broader near the proximal end than it is in the female. In immature
individuals, like the one represented on Plate K, Fig. 2, the pigment of the
eye is of a very light color — yellowish, according to the .sketch from life
made by Mr. Westergren. In E. austrulis the eye-stalks are cylindrical, the
cornea narrower than the stalk and the pigment and facets of the eye
are very imperfectly developed.

In the form of the tehon, E. sculj)ticai(da exhibits one of its most marked
peculiarities. The proximal part of this segment is deeply furrowed for a
little less than one half its length, the furrow being bounded on each side by
an elevated, rounded ridge. A low median keel, beginning in the anterior
furrow, runs backward to the posterior end of the telson. A constriction a
little way in fiont of the tip divides off a terminal plate which is broadly
rounded at the end, its lateral margins being concave. The whole dorsal
face of the telson from the posterior end of the anterior ridges to the termi-
nal plate is beautifully ornamented with a net-work of ridges enclosing
honeycomb-like cells. The distal half of the segment is armed with mar-
ginal spines, which are obsolete on the rounded posterior extremity. In
E. austrahs the telson has an entirely different shape, the distal half tapering
off regularly to the tip, which is armed with two long setae ; the dor-sal sur-
face does not display the honeycomb structure which is so conspicuous in
E. sciiljjticaiida.

Length of female, 66 mm. ; carapace, measured from the lower angle of
the orbit to the posterior end of the lateral wings, 23 mm.

Station 2619 Hyd. 1000 fathoms (Tanner net). 1 (fem. juv. ?).
" 3407 885 " 1 fern.

3413 1360 " 1 male.

PETALOPHTHALMUS. 221

The specimen from Station 2619 (Plate K, Fig. 2) is apparently a young
female. It was caught in the Tanner net which had been towed at a depth
of 1000 fathoms (100 to 400 fathoms above the bottom), and drawn up
closed.

Family MYSID^.
PETALOPHTHALMUS W.-Suhm.

Zeitsolir. wissenscli. Zool., Vol. XXIV., p. xiv, 1874; Traus. Linn. Soc. London, 2d Ser., Zool.,I, 43, 1875.

(In part : so far as relates to the male.)

In the above-cited papers Willemoes-Suhm described as male and female
of the same species Petalophthalmus armic/er, two interesting Atlantic Schizo-
pods from the " Challenger " Expedition characterized by the atrophy of
the eye and the conversion of the eye-stalk into a leaf-like plate. The
male differed in a singular manner from the female in the form of the
carapace, antennce, mandibles, maxillipeds, gnathopods, telson, etc. In the
former the carapace was short, leaving the two posterior thoracic segments
exposed ; tlie second pair of antennae lacked the flagellum ; the mandibular
palps were enormously developed, forming a pair of very powerful prehensile
limbs reaching far beyond the pednncle of the first pair of antennae; the
maxillipeds and the gnathopods were devoid of exopods ; the telson was
truncate and entire at the distal end. In the female, on the other hand, the
carapace covered the posterior part of the thorax, the telson was deeply
incised, and the appendages presented the normal form. There were seven
pairs of incubatory lamellse under the thorax, as in Boreoniym G. O. Sars,
to which genus the specimen conformed in most regards. When the " Chal-
lenger " Schizopods were afterwards placed in Professor Sars's hands, the
female of ^^ PetaloiMlialmus armiger'" had been lost, so that no further account
of the specimen was published. The male was redescribed and figured by
Sars with great care.*

In the "Albatross" collection of 1891,1 find one male specimen agreeing
in all the essential structural features with the male of PctcdopJdJudmus annhjer
Suhm, but differing in some trivial characters of merely specific value. This
specimen is figured on Plate LIV., under i\\Q r\nmQ oi Pctahphthahms pacificus.
What is of more interest, I have discovered among the material dredged
during the cruise of the " Blake " in 1877-78, a female Schizopod, 33 mm.
long (Station 29, lat. 24° 36' N., long. 84° 5' W., 955 fathoms) that closely

* Rep. Challenger Schizopoda, pp. 174-177, Plate XXXII. Fig. 1-9.

222 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

agrees with the male of P. annigcr, barring the usual sexual peculiarities of
an incubatory pouch and simple caudal limbs. The mandibular palpus and
carapace have the same form and proportions as in the male. The telson,
moreover, is truncate and entire, and the maxillipeds and gnathopods are
devoid of exopods — features that Willeinoes-Suhm thought were character-
istic of the male. The brood-pouch of the " Blake " specimen consists of
six pairs of incubatory lamellce and the rudiments of a seventh pair between
the bases of the first pair of legs or gnathopods. From the joosterior side
of the base of the lamellte of the posterior pair there springs a curled and
ciliated lobe. This specimen, which is represented on Plate LIIL, is prob-
ably the female of PetalopMlialmus armiger, or at any rate of a closely related
species.* The specimen that Suhm took for the female of P. annujcr is
clearly a Borcomysis, probably B. sci/phops G. 0. Sars, as Hansen t maintains.

Suhm and Sars both represent the carapace of the male P. armiger with-
out lateral wings, the postero-lateral angles being obliquely truncated. But
Sars explains this feature in his text (p. 175) as due to a folding of the cara-
pace. In the female specimen from the " Blake " dredgings the carapace is
produced posteriorly so as to form short, rounded lateral wings, just as in
P. pacificus.

According to Sars, the flagellum of the second antennae is imperfectly
developed in the type specimen of P. armiger, consisting merely of a biar-
ticulate peduncle, the terminal portion being absent. This defect is without
doubt due to mutilation of the type specimen, for in the " Blake " specimen
of P. armiger (female), and also in the specimen oi P . pacifciis (male) secured
during the cruise of the " Albatross," the terminal portion of the flagellum is
present as a slender lash about equal in length to the terminal segment of
the peduncle, and composed of about six segments.:|;

The epipods of the maxillipeds, which Sars did not detect in the type of
P. armiger, are plainly visible in the two specimens of P. armiger and P. -pa-
cificus now before me. They consist of delicate long appendages attached to
the basal segment of the maxillipeds, and tucked away under the sides of
the carapace.

In the light afforded by the " Blake " specimen of P. armiger, it be-

* The telson of the " Blake " female (Plate LIIL Fig. 2") differs somewhat from the telsou of the male
P. armiijsr, iuasinuoh as it narrows posteriorly and is furnished with but seven setae on the posterior margin.
One of these setae (the shortest) is in the median line, the others form three pairs, the external ones twice the
length of the next pair inside.

t Vidcnsk. Mcddolclser fra den nalnrliist. Torening i Kjobcnhavn for Aaret 18S7, p. 212, IS88.

i Plate LIIT. Fig. 2\ Plato LIV. Fig. 1'.

PETALOPHTIIALMUS PACIFICUS. 223

comes necessary to modify Sars's diagnosis of the genus PetalopUhalmus * as
follows : —

Sexes similar. Carapace short, leaving the last two thoracic segments
exposed. Eye-stallvs leaf-like, without any visual elements or pigment. An-
tennular peduncle greatly elongated in both sexes, and without the usual
hirsute lobe in the male. Antennal flagellum small, antennal scale lanceo-
late or narrowly oval, setose on both margins. Mandibular palps prodigiously
developed in both sexes, forming powerful prehensile organs. Maxillipeds
devoid of exopods, but furnished with well developed epipods; meral seg-
ment expanded interiorly so as to form a large linguiform lobe. Gnatho-
pods (or first pair of legs) short, strong, subcheliform, devoid of exopods ;
meral segment expanded on the inner side to form a very large, porrect
lobe. Terminal segment of fourth pair of legs (counting the gnathopods as
the first) obtuse and densely hirsute. Caudal limbs scarcely natatory even
in the male. Marsupial pouch of female composed of seven pairs of incu-
batory lamellae, the anterior pair rudimentary. Apex of telson entire, not
incised in the middle. Outer plates of the uropods distinctly jointed near
the apex.

In the " Challenger" specimen of P. armiger, the second and third pairs of
legs were imperfect, lacking all the joints of the endopods beyond the point
of articulation with the exopods. It is remarkable that these same joints are
lost from the same appendages both in the "Albatross" specimen of P. paci-
ficiis and in the P. urmigcr obtained during the cruise of the " Blake."

Petalophthalmus pacificus Fax.

Plate LIV.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 218, 1893.

Similar to P. armiger W.-Suhm, but different in some particulars. The
rostrum is more prominent, and there is a median tooth on the carapace be-
hind the rostrum. The caudal limbs of the male are quite different from
those of p. armiger as described and figured by G. 0. Sars. In the latter
each pair of caudal limbs bears a slender cylindrical external branch, whilst
in P. pacificus the first pair is wholly destitute of an external branch, and the
second pair (Plate LIV., Fig. 1*') discloses but the slightest rudiment of such
a branch in the shape of a minute bud barely discernible with the aid of

* Oil. cit., p. 173.

224 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

a strong lens ; on the following pairs of limbs this little vestige of the outer
branch becomes somewhat larger (see Plate LIV., Fig. 1''), but still remains
a mere rudiment of the part as developed in P. unniyer.

Length, 31 mm.

Station 2637 Hydr. 700 fathoms (tow-net). 1 male.

The sounding at Station 2637 is 773 fathoms. The Tanner net was
towed at 700 fathoms for twenty minutes, but it came up open all the way
to the surface.

SCOLOPHTHALMUS Fax.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., XXIV. 219, 1893.

Integument membranaceous. Carapace small, leaving the last two tho-
racic segments exposed ; produced in front to a spiniform rostrum, and
armed with a pair of antennal, and a pair of branchiostegal spines ; cervical
sulcus distinct, with a linguiform dorsal area behind it. Abdomen slender,
subcylindrical, sixth segment the longest. Telson broad, apex truncate, not
incised. Eye-stalks transformed to sharp spines, visual elements absent.
Peduncle of first pair of antennas robust, long, much exceeding the peduncle
of the second pair of antenme, and reaching nearly as far forward as the tip of
the scale of the second antennae ; the three segments subequal. Peduncle
of the second pair of antennse rather short and slender; scale much longer
than the peduncle, narrow, tapering at tlie distal end, proximal fourth of
oiater border smooth, naked, terminating in an angle which bears a strong
spine-like seta ; the rest of the outer border of the scale is fringed with hair-
like sette like the inner border. Mandibular palp stout, long, reaching be-
yond the middle of the peduncle of the first pair of antenna3 ; first segment
short, second segment very long, third segment narrowly oblong, one half as
long as the second segment. Second maxilloe Avith inner bjisal part ex-
panded, three lobed, terminal segment expanded at the distal end, trian-
gular ; scaphognath rather small. Maxillipeds short, broad, third segment
very short, fourth, fifth, and sixth segments about equal in length, seventh
segment small and armed at the tip with one or two strong stiff setae ; the
inner borders of the three antecedent seacments also bear a few setie ; the
sixth (penultimate) segment is broad and triangular; there is no porrect
internal lobe to the maxilliped, such as found in some of the allied genera ;
neither is there any exopod, but the ba.sal segment bears a long, well devel-
oped epipod. The first pair of legs (gnathopods) are of moderate length;

SCOLOPHTHALMUS. 225

the basal segment bears a small vesicular incubatory lamella, the second seg-
ment a well developed exopod ; the body of the fourth segment is very short,
but is expanded internally into a large and broad porrect lobe or plate, which
reaches forward nearly to the end of the long fifth segment ; the inner mar-
gin of this lobe is fringed with setae ; terminal segment small, its margin
setiferous, and tipped with a strong spiniform seta. The following pairs of
legs are long and slender, the antepenultimate reaching forward beyond the
base of the antennal scale ; the third and fourth pairs are imperfect in both
of the specimens obtained, only the bases together with the exopods remain-
ing ; the distal segment of the second pair is short, unguiform, and partially
concealed by long setas, which arise from the distal end of the antecedent
segment ; the distal segment of the fifth, sixth, and seventh pairs is lanceo-
late, and drawn out to an exceedingly long and acute point; the proximal
end of the propodites of these three pairs of appendages is divided into three
short segments. The first to the fifth abdominal appendages bear each
a pair of simple appendages which increase in size successively from the first
to the fifth ; the inner branch of the posterior pair of abdominal appendages
(uropods) is long, lanceolate, surpassing the telson and the outer branch, the
latter of which is rounded at the distal end, and divided by a transverse
suture ; the inner branch is setose on both margins, the outer branch is
setose on the inner margin and also the distal part of the outer margin,
beyond the transverse suture ; there is a spine at the point where the
transverse suture meets the external margin of the outer branch. Marsupial
pouch of female composed of seven pairs of incubatory lamellae.

The natural position of this genus appears to be next to Hansenomysis* a
genus based on a single mutilated specimen of H. fyllce taken off the west
coast of Greenland in 80 fathoms. As far as can be determined by compari-
son with Hansen's description and figures, Scolophthalmiis differs from Han-
senomi/sis in having a prominent rostrum, spiniform eye-stalks (?) and long
robust antennular peduncles which surpass in length the antennal peduncles
and equal the antennal scales ; moreover, the proximal part of the outer
margin of the antennal scale is smooth and naked in Scolojjhthalmus, and the
outer plate of the uropods is fringed with setse on the inner margin onlj^
The maxillipeds of Scolophthalmiis, like those of Hansenomi/sis, are devoid of
exopods and internal meral lobes. The gnathopods are similar to those of

* Arctomysis Hansen, Vidensk. Meddelelser fra Naturhist. Forening i Kjobenbavn for Aai-et 1S87,
p. 210, Plate VII. Fig 5-5', 1888 {nom. praoc.) ; Eansenomysis Stebbing, Hist. Crust., p. 268, 1893.

29

226 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Hansenomysis and Ceratomysis, being furnished with exopods and internal
meral lobes.

Petalophthahmis, Scolophthalmiis, Hansenomi/sis, and Ceratomysis, form a
natural group of genera characterized by the development of seven pairs
of incubatory lamella in the female (the anterior pair sometimes rudimen-
tary), the absence of an exopod from the raaxillipeds, the outgrowth of a
large, porrect lobe from the inner margin of the merus of the gnathopods,
and the imperfect development of the carapace, which leaves the last two
segments of the cephalo-thorax free. This group is connected with the more
normal genera of Mysidce through the genus Boreomysis, in which the incu-
batory pouch is likewise composed of seven pairs of lamellas, but the maxil-
lipeds are furnished with an exopod, the gnathopods lack the internal meral
lobe, and tlie carapace covers all the thoracic segments. The maxillipeds
have an internal meral lobe in Petalophthahms, Ceratomysis, and Boreomysis ;
the gnathopoda are furnished with an exopod in all the genera excepting
Petalophthahmis. Petalophthalmus differs from all the other genera here men-
tioned in the absence of an exopod from the gnathopods and in the enormous
development of the mandibular palps. In the great size of the antennu-
lar peduncle as compared with the second antenna?, Scolophthalmus exhibits
special affinity with Petalophthahnus.

Scolophthalmus lucifugus Fax.
Plate LV., Fig. 1-T.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 219, 1893-

Rostrum long, acute ; antero-lateral margins of carapace oblique, armed
with two spines, one behind the external side of the antennule, the other
at the antero-inferior angle ; posterior lateral wings short and rounded.
Abdominal segments smooth and subcylindrical, sixth segment nearly as
long as the two antecedent segments combined.

Length, 42 mm.

Station 3400. 1322 fathoms. 1 fern.

CERATOMYSIS. \^ 227

CERATOMYSIS Fax.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zobl., XXIV. 220, 1893.

Integument soft and membranaceous. Cephalo-thorax robust. Carapace
short (leaving the last two segments of the thorax exposed), spinose ; frontal
margin truncate, armed at the extei-nal angles with a pair of long horn-like
spines ; a conspicuous rounded notch near the anterior end of the lateral
margins, serving as an excurrent orifice from the branchial chamber. Abdo-
men cylindrical, spinose, sixth segment not much longer than the fifth ;
telson very long and narrow, truncate at the distal end, setose on both mar-
gins. Eyes absent, their stalks assuming the form of slender styles whose
tips are soft and delicate, perhaps serving as tactile organs. Peduncle of the
first antennjB rather short, reaching only to the proximal end of the last seg-
ment of the peduncle of the second antennte ; flagella much longer than the
pedimcle, flattened and fringed with long setse on their margins. Peduncle
of second antennte long and slender, distal segment the longest ; scale long
and very narrow, ciliate on both the internal and external borders. Mandib-
ular palps long, reaching some distance beyond the distal end of the pedun-
cle of the first antennte ; second segment longest, third segment long oval,
its margins ciliate. Maxillipeds devoid of exopods, but furnished with an
internal porrect lobe ; the fifth and sixth segments are somewhat pyriform,
with their inner margins protuberant and furnished with setse ; the seventh
or terminal segment is small and is armed with two or three stout spine-like
set£e. The first pair of legs or gnathopods, like the following pairs, is fur-
nished with long exopods ; the fourth segment, moreover, is produced on
the inner side to form a very long porrect lamina ; the distal segment of
these appendages is oval, and ciliated on the margin. The following pairs
of legs are long and slender, the propodites of the last three pairs indistinctly
segmented; the dactyli of the second, third, and fourth pairs are short and
unguiform, those of the fifth, sixth, and seventh pairs long and lanceolate.
The first to the fifth abdominal segments bear each a pair of appendages
which increase in size from before backward ; these appendages are all
simple save the left one of the fifth pair which carries (in the unique type
specimen) a slender lateral branch (Plate LVI., Fig. 1^). Both branches of
the uropods are linear, setose on both margins, subequal in length, shorter
than the telson ; the outer branch is not divided by a transverse suture.
Seven pairs of incubatory lamelliB in the female.

228 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Ceratomysis spinosa Fax.
Plate L v., Fig. 2 ; Plate L VI.

BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIV. 220, 1893.

The ceplialo-thorax is somewhat longer than the abdomen minus the
telson ; the two posterior thoracic segments are completely exposed behind
the short carapace, which is one half as broad at the anterior end as it is
long. The anterior margin of the carapace is straight; not rostrate, but
produced at each lateral angle to a long horn directed obliquely forward ;
the cervical groove is pronounced, as is also the tongue-shaped dorsal area
behind it ; in front of the cervical groove are three long erect spines in the
median line, the foremost of which is on the frontal margin ; there is, besides,
a spine on each side of the carapace in a transverse line with the middle one
of the median three ; behind the cervical groove there is one spine in the
median line near the posterior margin of the carapace, two on each side of
the tongue-shaped dorsal area, and a long row of six on each side, in line
with the lateral spines of the gastric area ; a rounded notch in the anterior
part of the lateral border of the carapace, in which the epipod of the second
maxilla plays, serves as an outlet for the respiratory currents ; behind this,
the lateral margin is somewhat concave and terminates posteriorly in a sharp
tooth ; the hind border of the carapace is sinuous, but not produced into
pronounced lateral wings. The last two thoracic segments, — those that are
not covered by the carapace, — are each armed with a median dorsal spine ;
their lateral borders are drawn out into a long spine ; the ultimate segment
has in addition a spine on each side between the median and marginal spines.
The row of median dorsal spines is continued along the abdomen, there being
one spine on each segment except the first, Avhich bears two, — the j^osterior
one deeply bifid ; the hindmost of the median abdominal spines is situate on
the base of the telson, and is smaller than those in front of it ; there are,
moreover, two lateral longitudinal rows of spines on each side of the abdo-
men, one on the lower lateral margin, and one between this and the median
dorsal row. The sixth abdominal segment is but little longer than the fifth.
The telson is very narrow and long, nearly equalling, indeed, the length of
the remaining portion of the abdomen ; it narrows a little toward the hinder
end, which is truncate ; the margins are setose and slightly scalloped toward
the posterior end.

The eye-stalks assume the form of two slender styles, the free ends of

CERATOMYSIS SPINOSA. ' 229

which appear to be of a soft consistency, suggesting a tactile office ; no visual
elements are discernible. The first antennae consist of a short three-jointed
stalk, which bears two flattened and ciliate flagella, the inner one a little
longer than the outer ; the whole antennule is as long as the carapace.
The antennal scale is linear, ciliated on both margins; the flagellum sur-
passes the antennular flagella. The mandibular palpi overreach the an-
tennular peduncles by the length of their terminal segment, which is long,
oval, and somewhat expanded ; the margins of the segments of the mandib-
ular palpi are prettily fringed with delicate setae. The second, third, and
fourth pairs of legs are very slender, the hinder three pairs being more
robust and very long; the antepenultmiate pair are the longest of all,
reaching forward nearly to the end of the antennal scale ; the dactyli of
the last three pairs are long and rather straight.

The marsupial pouch of the female is composed of seven pairs of lamellae.

The abdominal limbs (in the female) are simple, except the left one of
the fifth pair, which bears a slender lateral branch ; the first pair is the
smallest; the fourth and fifth pair are considerably elongated, the fifth to
the greatest degree, reaching backward beyond the distal end of the basal
segment of the uropods. The two branches of the uropods are linear, of
nearly the same length, shorter than the telson ; the outer branch is not
divided by a transverse joint; it is ciliate on both sides, the outer margin
being furnished, besides, with a few stouter setas.

Length, 36 mm. ; carapace, 9 mm.

Color in hfe, milk-white.

Of this curious Schizopod a single specimen, a female, was taken at
Station 3357 in 782 fathoms ; bottom, green sand ; temperature, 38° F.

230 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Suborder STOMATOPODA.

Family SQUILLID^.

SQUILLA Fabb. (lestr.).
Species Insectorum, I. 51i, 1781.

Squilla biformis Bigelow.

Johns Hopkins University Circulars, Vol. X., No. 88, p. 94, 1891 ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVII. 532,

Plate XXI., 1895.

Station 3389. 210 fathoms. 11 males, 8 fern.
" 3391. 153 " 8 " 5 "

" 3396. 259 " 16 " 18 "

" 3397. 85 " 1 male.

The above stations are in the Gulf of Panama.

This species was first discovered in the Gulf of California, off the harbor
of La Paz, by the " Albatross " Expedition of 1889. It is the only species
of Squilla secured during the cruise of 1891.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION.

The route of the " Albatross," as will be seen by reference to the
accompanying chart, traverses about twenty-nine degrees of latitude, from
1° S. (Galapagos Islands) to 28° N. (Guaymas, in the Gulf of California).
In a longitudinal direction the region explored extends from 78° 34' 20" W.
(Gulf of Panama) to 110° 53' 4" W. (Guaymas). An account of the topo-
graphy of the region is given by Mr. Agassiz in his general sketch of the
expedition.* The bathymetrical range explored is very great, extending
as it does from the surface and the shore line to 2232 fathoms.

In order to apprehend the faunal relations of the Crustacea of this region
it will be convenient to consider separately the littoral and the deep-sea
species. The littoral as distinguished from the deep-sea fauna may be taken
to include the animals living between the shore and a depth of 100 to 150
fathoms. But it must be borne in mind that there is no definite line divid-
ing the littoral from the deeper fauna. In a general sense the depth speci-
fied may be taken as that above which we find, but in a slight degree at
most, those structural modifications which respond to the peculiar conditions
obtaining at greater depths.

That the temperature of the sea is the chief factor governing the distri-
bution of marine Crustacea has been recognized by all writers on the subject.
In 1838 Milne Edwards t wrote : " I'etude de la distribution geographique
des Crustaces fait apercevoir aussi une coincidence remarquahle entre la tempera-
ture des diver ses regions carcinologiques et T existence ou la predominance de cer-
tables formes organiques. Ainsi, quoique les Crustaces des Antilles et des
mers de I'lnde soient tons ou presque tons d'especes differentes, ils ont entre
eux une analogie si grande, que les deux faunes offrent le meme aspect ge-
neral et se distinguent facilement de celles appartenant aux regions froides
de I'un et de I'autre continent. . . . Les regions temperees ont aussi entre

* Bull. Mils. Comp. Zool, Vol. XXTTI , No. 1, witli maps, 1892.
t Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., 2' Ser., X. 15fi, 157.

232 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

elles des points de ressemblance multiplies." In 1852 Dana* published a
chart to illustrate the distribution of marine animals. On this chart the
waters of the globe are divided into five great circumterrestrial zones, whose
potent influence controls the distribution of marine life. The limits of these
zones are determined by isocrymal lines, or lines of equal mean temperature
of the surface water during the coldest month of the year. The Torrid or
Equatorial Zone is bounded north and south by the isocryme of 68° F., —
the limit of reef-building corals. The North and South Temperate Zones are
included between the isocrymal lines of 68° and 35°, the North and South
Frigid or Polar Zones between the isocrymes of 35° and 26°.

The relations existing between littoral Crustacea from similar latitudes
around the whole circuit of the globe make it clear that the primary faunal
divisions should be drawn with reference to the isocrymal lines. Yet Danaf
proceeds to base his fundamental faunal areas or " kingdoms " chiefly on
north and south lines running across the isocrymes, in accordance with the
general trend of the great continental shores. His Arctic and Antarctic
kingdoms alone are determined by latitude. Miers,:|: Henderson,§ and other
recent carcinologists have followed Dana's method.

But other zoologists who have treated of the distribution of the littoral
marine fauna have based their primary divisions on the isothermal lines.
Thus, according to the Danish conchologist Morch,|| the marine fauna falls

* United States Exploring Expedition, Vol. XIII., Pt. II., p. 1451.
■\ Op. cit., pp. 1530, 1554, etc.

X Brachyura of the Challenger Expedition, p. xvii, 1886. Dana's and Miers's primary faunal regions
may be readily compared as follows : —

Dana. Miers.

Kingdoms. Regions.

Africo-European . . . \ ^""""P^' )

I W. Africa. V Atlantic.

Opcidental .... ! E. America. )

( W. America Occidental.

r E. Africa, "S

Oriental . 3 Indian Ocean. ^

i Pacific coasts and islands, ex- f Oriental or Indo-Pacific.

(^ cept W. America. '

I Arctic shores, including Nor- )

^'^'^^^'^ < way, Iceland, Greenland, > Arctic or Boreal Circumpolar.

(. Alaska, etc. )

i Antarctic shores, including So. )
Antarctic J Patagonia, So. New Zealand, >• Antarctic or Austral Circumpolar.

( etc. )

§ Anoniura of the Challenger Espedition, p. 197, 1888.
II Malakozoolog. Blatter, VI. 104, 1860.

LITTORAL MARINE PAUN^. 233

into two great primary divisions, the Polar and the Tropical ; the Polar being
subdivided into North- and South-Polar and North- and South-Subpolar, the
Tropical into Indo- and Atlantico-Tropical and North- and South-Subtropical.
A similar mode of division is adopted by Giinther * and Gill t in treating of
the distribution of shore fishes. Gill in particular protests against making
the lay of the continents the pi-ime factor in the distribution of littoral
marine animals, i-e-affirming what had long before been pointed ont by
Milne Edwards and others : " The tropical faunas are much more closely
related to one another than they are to the faunas along the same reach of
shore toward the arctic or antarctic regions. This relationship is evinced
more or less in every class and branch of animals. . . .. Consequently, the
marine faunas cannot be at all correlated with the primary [terrestrial or
inland] realms or regions of the globe." He then proceeds logically to
divide the littoral marine fauna into five primary circumterrestrial realms
whose boundaries are determined by tbe isocrymal lines. These realms are
the Arctic, Pararctic or North Temperate, Tropical, Notalian or South Tem-
perate, and Antarctic.

It is true, as Gill well says, that the relations between the littoral marine
faunae in a longitudinal direction are traversed and complicated by relations
existing in a latitudinal direction. This must necessarily result from the easy
routes of migration afforded by the great coast lines and from the dispersal
of the larvoe of tropical species northward and southward by the deflected
equatorial currents. But, on the whole, the change of temperature encoun-
tered in passing from low to high latitudes has proved a barrier to the spread
of tropical littoral types northward — a more effectual barrier, it would seem^
than the immense distances between the tropical shores of the different
continents have proved to be against the intertropical dispersal of such
types around the globe. Every summer myriads of delicate larvEe, belong-
ing to tropical and subtropical genera, such as Ocijpodc and Calapiia, are
borne on the warm bosom of the Gulf Stream to the southern shores of New
England, only to perish on the approach of the northern winter. Yet these
same genera are represented by flourishing colonies established on tropical
shores around the whole girdle of the globe. Geological evidence goes to
show that the tropical Atlantic and Pacific were formerly connected over the
region now occupied by the Isthmus of Panama, Central America, and parts

* Introduction to the Study of Fishes, p. 259, 1880.

t The Natiou, XXV. 43, 1877 ; Proc. Biolog. Soc. Washington, II. 32-36, 1885.

30

234 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

of Mexico, and that this connection was not completely severed till late in
the Tertiary period. It is obvious that the former iminterrupted sweep of
the equatorial current from the Atlantic into the Pacific must have served as
an important agent in disseminating tropical types around the earth.

Littoral species of the cold and temperate zones have this advantage over
tropical types in the matter of distribution on north and south lines: the
temperature of the sea rapidly falls in passing from the surface downward,
so that even under the equator a temperate degree of heat is found at a mod-
erate depth. Availing themselves of this, many littoral species of the North
and South Temperate realms, by moving into the deeper and colder waters
have extended their range toward the equator. For example, Cancer horealis,
whose normal range as a strictly shore species is limited on the south by the
New England coast, was found during one of the cruises of the " Blake " in 142
fathoms off the coast of South Carolina, living in a temperature of 56J F.
under a surface temperature of 81°. Eluding in this way the fatal heat of
the tropics, certain species of the temperate zone have actually pa.ssed under
the equator and invaded the opposite hemisphere. Cancer Joncjijoes, a shore
crab of Chile, was dredged by the " Albatross " in the Gulf of Panama at a
depth of 210-286 ftxthoms, above the seventh parallel of north latitude. The
bottom temperature here was 46° to 49° F., while the surface temperature
was 72°-74°. The extreme surface temperatures at Valparaiso are given as
52° and 62°.* Platymera gaudichaudii is another crab long known to nat-
uralists as a native of the shores near Valparaiso. This species also was found
by the "Albatross" in the Gulf of Panama, living at a depth of 127 fathoms
in a temperature of 56° (surface temperature, 74°). The same species was
secured during another cruise of the " Albatross " much further north, off
the California coast from the latitude of San Diego to San Francisco. It is
of interest to note that near the northern limit it was found even at as slight
a depth as 26 fathoms, where it enjoyed the congenial temperature of 58°.

In this way, doubtless, it has come about that many littoral genera
(e. g. Cancer and Lithodes) of the Arctic and North Temperate regions are
represented on the shores of corresponding latitudes in the southern hemi-
sphere, albeit they are unknown from the vast stretch of intervening coast.

This extension of the range of Arctic and Temperate littoral animals
toward the equator in the cold off-shore waters finds a close parallel in the
distribution of land animals. I refer to the well known influence which alti-

* The mcaus of the coldest aud warmest thirty consecutive days of tlic year.

LITTORAL FAUNA OF THE PANAMA PROVINCE. 235

tude, with its accompanying low temperature, exerts in extending the south-
ern Umit of a northern fauna.

The western coast of Central America and Mexico from Panama to
Guaymas — the region explored by the "Albatross" in 1891 — forms a
small part — the so-called Panama Province — of the great Tropical carcino-
logical Realm. The innnediate origin and special relations of this fauna
remain to be considered.

As soon as the shore Crustacea of the Panama Province came to be
known with any degree of fulness, chiefly through the publications of
William Stimpson, it appeared that they belonged, with few exceptions, to
genera living on the Atlantic side of the continent, in tlie Gulf of Mexico
and the Caribbean Sea. It also appeared that although but few identical
species inhabited the two coasts,* yet a very large number of the Panamian
species were represented by corresponding, close!}' related species in the
Caribbean Sea. In many cases these " representative " species on the two
sides of the continent are barely distinguishable, and, were it not for the
continental barrier separating the seas inhabited by them, they would be
deemed but varieties or geographical races of one species.

I have brought together in the following list some of the similar littoral
species of the Panamian and Caribbean Provinces. Cosmopolitan species are
of course emitted.!

Pacific Coast. Atlantic Coast.

Leptopodia debilis. Leptopodia sagittaria.

Podochela vestita. Podochela riisei.

Anasimus rostratus. Anasimus fugax.

Collodes graBosus. ) ^-,, , ^ . .

, . ^ . > Collodes tnspinosus.

" tenuirostns. y

Batrachonotus nicliolsi. Batrachonotus fragosus.

Euprogiiatha granulata. Euprognatha rastellifera.

Sphenocarcinus agassizi. Sphenocarcinus corrosus.

Epialtus sulcirostris. Epialtus affinis.

Tyche lamellifrons. Tyche emarginata.

* The following Decapods, in addition to certain species of world-wide range, have been recorded from
the Panamian and West Indian sides :

Microphn/s weddMii, Acanthoiiyx peliverii, Carcinus itKPJias, Cronius ruber, Achelous spinimanus, Gelasi-
mus maracoaiii, G. heterocheks, 0. vocator, 0. sienodactijliis. Geor/rapsus lividus, Ocypode arenaria, Aralus
pisoiii, Goiiiopsis cruentata, Uippa emerita, Petrolisthes armatus, A/p/ieus minor, A. heterocheks. The species
of Gelasimus and Alpheus are given on Kingsley's authority. Both of these genera need careful revision.

t A few species are included which are not very closely related, but which are the only species of the genus
known, e. g., the two species of Sphenocarcinus. Such cases poiut in the same direction as the rest, i. e. to tlie
West Indian origin of the Panamian littoral fauna.

236

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Pacific Coast.

Herbstia camptacantha.

Pelia pacifica.

Libinia macdonaldi.

Pericera fossata.

" triangulata.

Othouia sexdentata. >
" quinquedentata. >

Thoe sulcata. )
" erosa. 5

Mitlirax aniiatus.

" sinensis. )

" tuberculatus. J

Lanibrus hassleri.

Solenolambrus arcuatus.

Mesorrhcea gilli.

Heterocrypta macrobracbia.

Actaea sulcata.

" dovii.
Glyptoxanthus labyrintbicus.
Lophactaea rotundata.
Xantho stimpsoni.
Panopeus validus,

" latus.
Menippe obtusa. )
" frontalis. )
Leptodius occidentalis.
Ozius perlatus.
Heteractaea lunata.
Pilumnus xantusii.

" limosus.
Eiiphia squamata.
Arenfeus mexicanus.
Neptunus iridescens.
Achelous affiuis.

Callinectes toxotes. J
" bellicosus. |-

" arcuatus. )

Speocarcinus granulimanns.
Gelasimus gracilis.
Calappa convexa.
jEthusa lata.
XJhlias ellipticus.
Eanilia angiistata.

Raninops fornicata.

Cymopolia tuberculata.
" zonata.

Atlantic Coast.

Herbstia depressa.
Pelia mutica.
Libinia spinimaua.
Pericera trispinosa.
" siiinosissima.

Othonia Iherniinieri.

Thoe puella.
Mithrax spinosissimus.
" bispidus.

Lambrus pourtalesii.

Solenolambrus typicus.

Mesorrhcea sexsiiinosa.
( Heterocrypta grauulata.
\ ' " sp. non descr.

Actsea nodosa.
" setigera.

Glyptoxanthus erosus.

Lophactaea lobata.

Xantho denticulatus.

Panopeus herbstii.

" xanthiforniis.

Menippe mercenaria.

Leptodius floridanus.
Ozius reticulatus.
Heteractaea ceratopus.
Pilumuus aculeatus.

Eriphia gonagra.
Arenajus cribrarius.
Neptunus spinicarpus.
Achelous depressifrons.
Callinectes bocourti.

" ornatus.

" tumidus.

" danae.

Speocarcinus carolinensis.
Gelasimus pugnax.
Calappa galloides.
JSthusa microphthalma.
Uhlias limbatus.
Ranilia muricata.
Raninops constricta.

" stimpsoni.
Cymopolia dilatata.

" dentata.

LITTORAL FAUNA OF THE PANAMA PROVINCE. 237

Pacific Coast. Atlaxtic Coast.

TT„„„„ „v„ . ( Hypoconcha sabulosa.

Hypoconcha panamensis, \ ""■

I " arcuata.

Lepidopa myops. Lepidopa scutellata.

Clibanarius panamensis. Clibauaiius vittatus.

T>„ • , , , . ( Paguristes deiiressus.

Pagunstes aegueti. < ° '■.

( sericeus.

Paguristes fecundus. Paguristes lymaui.

Pylopagurus longimauus. |

" affinis. \ Pylopagurus ungulatus.

" hirtimanus. « rosaceus.

Spiropagurus occideiitalis. Spiropagurus iris.

Petrolistlies occidentalis. Petrolisthes sexspiuosus.

Sicyonia affinis. Sicyonia edwardsii.

Lysiosquilla desaussurei. Lysiosquilla scabricauda.
Squilla panamensis. i

" biformis. S Squilla intermedia.

But few characteristically Indo-Pacific genera are found in the Panamian
Province. An jEthra from the western coast of Mexico has been described
by S. I. Smith as a new species by the name of jE. scutata, but A. Milne
Edwards regards it as a mere variety of the Indo-Pacific ^E. scruposa. Daira
americana Stimps., a species closely related to the Indo-Pacific D. j^crlata
(Herbst), inhabits the western coast of Central America and Mexico. Four
species of Trapezia and one species of Quadrella have also been found on the
same coast.* Of the two known species of Chorilibmia, one comes from North-
ern Australia and New Guinea, the other from the Gnlf of California. One
species of Carpilodes {C. cinctimanus), a genus rather characteristic of the
Indo-Pacific region, is recorded from Cape St. Lucas.f Still, the number of
peculiarly Indo-Pacific genex'a is so small as barely to give a perceptible tinge
to the Panamian fauna. The great sea-distances separating the tropical Indo-
Pacific Province from the Panamian, together with the adverse equatorial
current which sets against the richer fauna of the East, have allowed a
marked differentiation to come about between these two provinces of the
great Tropical Realm. On the other hand, the small numI)or of genera
peculiar to the Panama fauna, and the large number, not only of West In-

* Trapezia riifopunctata (Herbst), an Indo-Pacific species, recorded from flic island of Socorro ;
T. cymodoce (Herbst), also an Indo-Pacific species, from Panama and Acapulco ; T. formosa Smith, from
Panama; T. nigrofusca Stimps., from Cape St. Lucas; (Quadrella nitida Smitli, from Panama. Two species
of the eastern genus Mi/ra, from tlie Gulf of California, have been recently described by Miss M. J. Ratlibun
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI. 2.55, 256, 1893). But this genus is hardly separal)le from the American
genus Persephona.

f He.mipes testudinarius, although it belongs to ^ genus of circumterranean distribution, belongs in tlie
category of species which liave reached the west shore of tropical America from tlie Indo-Pacific region.

238 STALK-EYED CEUSTACEA."

dian "enera but also of species closely allied to those of the West Indies,
point to a common origin of these two faunoB in the great Caribbseo-Mexican
Gulf which formerly Opened freely into the Pacific over the region now
occupied by Central America and Mexico.* This communication between
the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific was not barred at the Isthmus of Darien
apparently before the Miocene.t

The relationship between the littoral faun* of the Atlantic and Pacific
coasts of tropical America has often been pointed out by writers on the dif-
ferent classes of marine animals. Even before geological evidence was avail-
able a former water-way across the Isthmus of Darien was invoked to explain
the existence of identical or analogous species on the opposite shores.

In 1856 Philip P. Carpenter ]: made a comparison between the littoral
Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific shores of tropical America, and listed as
common to both shores 35 identical species, and 34 species likely to prove
identical ; together with 67 Pacific species represented in the West Indies by
closely allied or analogous species. He also pointed out the general dissimi-
larity of the Panamian and Indo-Pacific MoUuscan faunas. On comparing the
marine Mollusca of Panama with those of the West Indies, Morch§ con-
cluded that the Panama Province, although geographically a part of the
Pacific, yet faunally belonged to the tropical Atlantic, its affinities with the
Indo-Pacific region being comparatively remote.

Later conchologists, by nicer discrimination, have very much reduced the
number of identical species, but have not thereby effaced the relationship
between the two faunae. Even Fischer, || who believes that the affinity
between the faunoe of the opposite sides of the Isthmus is much more
remote than has been maintained by many writers, admits the striking
distinctness of the Panama fauna from the Indo-Pacific.

Of the 193 kinds of Central American shore Fishes known to Dr. Glinther**
in 1869, 59 (or '60\ p. c.) were found on both the east and west coasts. In a
later work ft the same author asserts that the genera of Fishes are with

* See A. Agassiz, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X., No. 1, p. 82, 18S3 ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIV. 112,
1888.

t See W. M, Gabb, Proc. Anier. Pliilosopli. Soc, XII. 571, 572, 1872, and Dall and Harris, Bull. U. S.
Geolog. Surv., No. 84, p. 151, 1892.

X Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1856, pp. 362 et scqq., 1857.

§ Beitrage zur Molluskenfauna Central-Amerika's, von 0. A. L. Morch. Malakozoolog. Blatter,
herausgeg. v. Menke u. Pfeiffer, VI. 107, 1800.

11 Manuel de Concliyliologie, p. 167, 1881.

*• Trans. Zoolog. Soc. London, VI. 397, 1869.

tt Introduction to tlie Study of Pislies, pp. 279, 280, 1880.

LITTORAL FAUNA OF THE PANAMA PROVINCE. 239

scarcely any exception identical on the two sides of Central America, and
that one half of the species are common to both coasts. D. S. Jordan* con-
siders the assumption of complete identity to be erroneous in 30 out of
Glinther's 59 cases, so reducing the percentage to 15. Of 407 species of
Fishes known in 1885 to inhabit the Pacific coast between Cape St. Lucas and
Panama, only 71 species or 17|- p. c. are considered by Jordan to be common
to both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. He therefore concludes that " the
two faunae show no greater resemblances than the similarity of physical con-
ditions on the two sides would lead us to expect " without resorting to the
hypothesis of a recent communication between the two oceans. Many of
the species found on both coasts according to Jordan often ascend rivers and
may have been diffused by crossing from marsh to marsh during the rainy
season.

In determining the genetic relationship between two faunas one must
take into account not merely the species that are absolutely indistinguish-
able to the discriminating eye of a modern systematist but also the number
of common genera and the number of closely allied or representative species.
The observations of Jordan and other recent ichthyologists have very much
increased the percentage of representative species from the two coasts of
Central America, at the expense of the identical ones. For it may be
assumed that the Caribbean and Panamian Fishes considered conspecific
by Dr. Glinther are at any rate closely allied. This degree of divergence
between the fauna3 of the two coasts is only what one might expect to find,
if the passage through the Isthmus of Panuuia has been closed, as seems
probable, since the early Miocene.

The belief that the resemblance between the Panamian and Caribbean
faunas is due to the intercommunication of the tro[)ical Atlantic and Pacific
within comparatively late geological times does not rest upon a hypothetical
basis, if we can rely upon the observations of the late W. M. Gabb,t who spent
three years in the exploration of San Domingo. This geologist found in the
San Domingo Miocene 217 extinct, and 97 still living species of Mollusca,
the still surviving forms existing on both sides of Central America, whicli
barrier is capped by Miocene rocks. Fifteen of tlie 97 surviving species are
now restricted to the Panama Province, having disappeared from the Carib-
bean waters since the Miocene period.

* Proc. U. S. Nat. M\is., VIII. mi, 1885. Cf. also Evermann and Jenkins, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIV. 123 p/s«yy., 1891.

t See Proc. Anicr, PliiIoso|i1i. Sue, Xll. 571, 1872.

240 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

According to A. Agassiz * the littoral Echinoid fauna of the Panama
district is a mixed one, including generic elements from the adjoining dis-
tricts. But the strictly Panamian species are with feio excejjtions representatives
of the West Indian types. In a later work f the same author says that the
principal differences in the Echinoid fauna on the two sides of the Isthmus
are due to the immigration of true Atlantic types into the West Indian
faunal region during the Tertiary and Post-Tertiary periods, after the Gulf of
Mexico and the Caribbean Sea ceased to be in freer conununication with the
Pacific than with the Atlantic.

The total dissimilarity of the Coral fauna on the opposite sides of the
Isthmus cannot be ignored. | It may be explained in part by the extreme
sensitiveness of the reef-building species, such as flourish in the Caribbean
Sea, to pliysical conditions. Mr. Agassiz § tells us that there could be no more
striking contrast in topography than that between the Caribbean and tlie sea
on the western side of Central America, with its abrupt continental slope and
silt-covered floor. To the enormous amount of silt that covers the ocean
bottom, Agassiz attributes the absence of reef-building corals on the west
coast, while Dana and others have ascribed it to the cold currents from the
north and south that wash these shores, lowering the surface temperature
at the Galapagos in the month of November, it is said, to G2° F. The aflin-
ity between the Miocene West Indian Corals and the recent species of the
Pacific, which has been pointed out by Duncan || shows that the present dis-
similarity is a result of the exclusion of the Pacific from the Caribbean Sea.

Below tlie littoral zone there lies a belt, extending say from 150 to
500 fathoms, which forms a sort of debatable ground, invaded on the
one hand by littoral types from above, and on the other by characteristic
deep-sea forms from below. Mingled with these are certain genera whose
evolution finds its fullest expression in this intermediate zone. In illustra-
tion : Cancer longijjes and Pleuroncodes monodon ai'e shallow-water species of
the coast of Chile which by descending into the cold waters of the interme-
diate belt have been enabled to extend their range into the heart of the
tropics. Paralomis is a genus of probable Patngonian origin which in a simi=
lar way has worked northward in the cold waters of this intermediate bathy-

* Mem. Mils. Conip. Zool., III. 221, 1S72. f Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., X., No. 1, p. 79, 1883.

X See Vevrill, in Proo. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., X. 323, 1866.

§ BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIII. 9, 1892.

II Qnai-terly Journ. Geolog. Soc. Loudon, XIX. 406-458, 1863; XX. 20-44, 1864.

INTERMEDIATE OR CONTINENTAL ZONE. 241

metrical belt. Lifhodes, a shallow-water form in the cold seas of both the
Northern and Southern Hemisphere, is found in the tropics only at consider-
able depths. Munida, too, is a type of world-wide distribution in compara-
tively shallow waters of the North and South Temperate regions. But it
reaches its maximum development in moderately deep water (100-300
fathoms) within the tropics, and one species [Munida stimpsoni) has been
found in the West Indian region at so great a depth as 1105 fathoms.*
Xanthodes, Ehalla, Solenocera, and Sicyonia, are littoral or sublittoral genera
of cosmopolitan range in the warmer seas of the globe. Cymoijolia is also a
genus of extended geographical range, with a vertical distribution from the
shore to 298 fathoms. Catapagurus has been hitherto known from the east
coast of North America, 50-300 fathoms, and from the Arafura Sea and the
Feejee Islands, 28 fathoms; the "Albatross" species has most affinity with
that from the Arafura Sea. ^tlmsa and Pasiphaeia are co^^mopolitan genera
with a bathymetrical range extending from the littoral belt and the surface
to 1000 fathoms. Ancmiathia, Uroptyclnis, Iconaxius, and Aristceus have their
fullest development in the intermediate zone between 150 and 500 fathoms.
They are all genera of world-wide range, unless it be Iconaxius, which has
hitherto been found only on the east and west sides of the Pacific. The
following genera represented in the material collected by the "Albatross" at
a depth less than 500 fathoms may be considei'ed as deep-water types which
overlap the limit of the intermediate belt : Ifimidojjsis, Polycheks, Gly-
phocrangon, Heterocarpus, Nematocarcinus, Acanthephyra, Benthesicymus, and
GnathophausicL

The following list indicates the genera found below the 500 fathom line ;

those wliose range extended beyond 1000 fathoms are printed in italics : —

Tracliycavcinus. Eri/onicus. Peneus (1 species).

^thiisliia. Sclerocrangon. Peneopsis.

Leptolithodes. Pontophilus. Haliponis.

Llthodes Paracrangon. Hemipeneus.

Parapagurus. Ghjphocranrjon. Benthesicymus.

Galacantha. Heterocarpus. Gennadas.

Mutudojjsis. Pandalopsis. Sergestes ?

Axius (Iconaxius) Nematorarcimis. Gnafhophausia.

Calastacus. Acanthej^hi/ra. Encopia.

Nephropsis. Hyvienodora. Petalophthalmus.

WiUe-moesia. Notostomus. Scolophthnlmus.

Pohjcheles. Pasiphaeia ? Ceratomysis.

* As a result, cliiefly, of the dredging expeditions of the last twenty years, the number of known species
of Mitiiirla has been raised from six to about forty-five.

31

242 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

An analysis of this list discloses the enormous — often cosmopolitan —
distribution of deep-sea types and their lack of special affinity with the
nearest littoral fauna. Only four new genera were found among the Stalk-
eyed Crustacea taken at a greater depth than 500 fiithoms, viz. Trachycar-
cimts, Calastacus, Scolojjhthalmus, and Ceratomysis. Of these, Tr achy car dims
(a Corystoid crab from 546-695 fathoms) is represented in deep water in the
Caribbean Sea by an undescribed species which. is probably congeneric, and
by Trichopeltarion (151 fathoms). Both of these genera are closely related
to, and perhaps derived from, Ilypoj^eltarium, a shallow water form found on
the shore of South America from La Plata around Patagonia to Chile. Calas-
tacus is allied to Calocaris of the North Atlantic, 150-400 fathoms. Scolojih-
thalmits, a deep-sea Schizopod, is probably a near relative of Hansenomysis
from off the west coast of Greenland, and it is worthy of note that both
Scolopldhalmiis and Ceratomysis confess by their structure their kinship with
Boreomysis, a genus which reaches its highest development near the arctic
and antarctic regions.

Iconaxius has been previously known from remote parts of the Pacific, —
near the Celebes and Kermadec Islands. The only other known species of
Paracrangon inhabits Puget Sound and the seas near Japan. Sclerocrangon is
without doubt a genus of boreal origin. It is represented in high northern
latitudes by circumpolar littoral species, and on both sides of the Atlantic by
deep-water species that range as far south as 31° 57' N. {S. agassizii). One
of the " Albatross " west coast species, S. procax, extends the range of this
genus southward in deep water to within 4° 3' of the equator (Station 3380,
899 fathoms, bottom temperature 37° F.). The genus Pandalopsis is repre-
sented in the " Albatross" collection by the same species that was discovered
by the " Challenger " off Monte Video. Petalopldliahnm was known, prior to
the " Albatross " Expedition, only through the unique specimen obtained bj'
the "Challenger" Expedition from a great depth in the tropical Atlantic.
Like Scolop)hihahniiS and Ceratomysis, it is related to Boreomysis. All the
other genera included in the above list may be said to have a world-wide
distribution.

That the truly deep-sea Crustacean fauna of the Panama region has no
special affinity with the littoral fiiuna of the same region may perhaps be
more clearly shown by placing in two columns the distribution of the
Panamian species found below 500 fathoms, or the habitat of representative
species, when such are known.

DEEP-SEA FAUNA OF THE PANAMA REGION.

243

Panamian.

Trachycarcinus corallinus (546-695 fms.).
^thusina gracilipes (885-1823 fms.).

" challengeri (2232 fms.).
" smithiana (13-1-899 fms.).

Leptolithodes asper (695 fms.)

" longipes (770 fms.)

}

Lithodes diomedeee ? juv. (660-1010 fms.).

Parapagurus pilosimanus abyssorum (770-
1823 fms.).

Galacantha rostrata (1175-1360 fms.).

" diomedese (770-1877 fms.).

Munidopsis bairdii (1772 fms.).

« ciliata (695-1270 fms.).

« vicina (1672-1793 fms.)

.}

« subsquamosa (1471-1672 fms.).

" subsquamosa aculeata (1793

fms.).

Munidopsis villosa (511 fms.).

" aspera (134-782 fms.).

" carinipes (695 fms.).

« latirostris (153, 1772 fms.).

" hendersoniana (1020 fms.).

Axius (Iconaxius) acutifrons (465-555
fms.).

Nepbropsis occidentalis (660-676 fms.).

Willemoesia inornata (1322-1823 fms.).

Trachycarcinus sp. non descr. Antillean Sea.

Philippines, Arafura Sea, Banda Sea (700-
1425 fms.).

Japan Seas (1875 fms.).

JSthusina abyssicola. E. coast North Am-
erica (1497^2221 fms.).

L. multispinus. British Columbia, Japan
(?-876 fms.).

L. diomedeae. Off coast of Chile.

L. grimaldii. No. Atlantic (410-1458 fms.).

L. agassizii. Off coast of Carolina (465-
850 fms.).

Bay of Biscay, Bermudas, Sierra Leone,
Tristan d'Acunha, Patagonia, Valparaiso,
Banda Sea, Philippines, Papua, Japan,
Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea (740-1997
fms.).

E. coast Europe, West Indies, Juan Fernan-
dez, Banda, Bay of Bengal (G. areolata)
(1098-1591 fms.).

Galacantha spiuosa. West Indies (333 fms.).

E. coast United States (1497-1742 fms.).

M. ciliata. Bay of Bengal, Arru Is., be-
tween Papua and Admiralty Is. (800-
1310 fms.).

M. nitida. Caribbean Sea (769 fms.).

Japan Seas, Bay of Bengal (var. pallida)
(1803-1875 fms.).

Between Marion I. and the Crozets ; W.
Patagonia (1375-1450 fms.).

M. crassa. E. coast United States (1742-
2620 fms.).

M. abbreviata. Caribbean Sea (502-734 fms.).

Near Patagonia (245 fms.).

M. longimana. West Indies (372-502 fms.).

M. brevimana. West Indies (200 fms.).

M. cylindrophthalma. Bay of Bengal (188-
220 fms.).

Between Papua and Admiralty Is. (1070
fms.).

M. edwardsii. Bay of Bengal (1310 fms.).

Off Banda (360 fms.).

r Closely allied species in E. and W. Atlantic,

J off Arru Is., Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea

[ (188-922 fms.).

' W. leptodactyla. N. and S. mid Atlantic ;
Mediterranean Sea ; off S.W. South Am-
erica (1300-2000 fms.).
W. forceps. West Indies (1920 fms.).

244

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Panamian.
Polycheles nanus (899-1270 fms.).

" sculptus pacificus (511-1270 fms.).
Eryonicus csecus (400-1832 fms.). )
" spinulosus (384 fms.). J

Sclerocrangon atrox (660-676 fms.).
« procax (660-905 fms.).

Pontophilus occidentalis (978-2232 fms.).

Glyphocrangon nobilis (770-1360 fms.).

Heterocarpus hostilis (G95-1020 fms.). )
" affinis (GCO-680 fms.). [

Pandalopsis ampla (660-676 fms.).
Nematocarcinus ensifei- (660-1879 fms.).

Acanthephyra agassizii (1573-1832 fms.).

« approxima (384-1168 fms.).

« curtirostris (458-1772 fms.).

" brevirostris (1740 fms.).

Hymenodora glacialis (905-1832 fms.).

Notostomus westergreni (1740 fms.).

Pasiphaeia americana (259-551 fms.).

" princeps (1132 fms.).

" acutifrons (384-551 fms.).

Haliporus nereus (695-1793 fms.).

Hemipeneus spinidorsalis (1201-1823 fms.).

" triton (1672-1823 fms.).

Benthesicymus altus (1360-2232 fms.).

Gennadas sp. (570-1740 fms.).
Sergestes inous (899 fms.).

" bisulcatus (242-1793 fms.).
Gnathophausia zoea (384—551 fms.).

Atlantic coast United States (705-1917

fms.).
P. sculptus. W. Atlantic (464-1400 fms.).
I E. ceecus. Off Canary Is. (1620 fms.).
1 E. sp. Bay of Bengal (690-920 fms.).
' S. ferox. Arctic Ocean and high North

Atlantic from Nova Zambia to Baffin's

Bay (shore to 459 fms.).
, S. salebrosa. Kamtchatka (shallow water.).
S. agassizii. E. and W. Atlantic (263-959

fms.).
P. abyssi. E. coast North America ; Bay of

Bengal (1917-2021 fms.).
j Near Dominica, W. I. (1131 fms.).
( G. acuminata. Feejee Is. (1350 fms.).
H. alphonsi. Philipijines ; Japan ; Bay of

Bengal; Arabian Sea (345-740 fms.).
Off Monte Video (600 fms.).
East coast North America (588-2033 fms.).
A. agassizii. E. coast North America (105-

2949 fms.).
A. purpurea. E. Atlantic (1000 fms.).
A. sanguinea. Bay of Bengal ; Arabian Sea

(490-1748 fms.).
Patagonia (400 fms.).

Bay of Bengal ; Arabian Sea (840-1043 fms.).
E. coast United States (1395-2949 fms.).
North Atlantic, S. to 37° 12' 20" (E. coast

U. S.) (452-2949 fms.).
N. patentissimus. S. of Philippines (2150

fms.).
P. cristata. Feejee Is. (315 fms.).
E. coast United States (444-1342 fms.).
Patagonia ; Japan (245-775 fms.),
H. Isevis. S. W. of Sierra Leone; off Ma?

nila (10,50-2500 fms.).
So. Atlantic, near Tristan d'Acunha ; Philip-
pines (1900-2050 fms.).
H. carpenteri. Bay of Bengal ; Arabian Sea

(1091-1644 fms.).
Tristan d'Acunha ; off Feejee Is. ; off Ker-

madec Is. ; Japan ; Philippines ; between

Papua and Australia (345-1900 fms.).
G. parvus. Cosmopolitan (346-3050 fms.).
S. mollis. E. coast United States ; Arabian

Sea (373-2949 fms.).
Arabian Sea; Bay of Bengal (738-840 fms.).
Bay of Biscay ; North and Tropical Atlantic ;

Pacific, north of Kermadec Is. (600-1850

fms.).

THE DEEP-SEA FAUNA. 245

Panamian.

f Gr. willemoesii. S. of Amboiua in Bauda
Gnathopliausia willemoesii (493-1270 fms.). -j Sea (1425 fuis.).

[ G. sarsii. Bay of Bengal (102 fms.)-
" brevispiuis (551-1471 fins.). Bay of Bengal (690-1748 fms.).

Eucopia australis (551-1770 fms.). North and Tropical Atlantic ; Southern

Ocean ; Antarctic Ocean ; Japan ; Bay of

Bengal ; Gulf of Manaar (350-2500 fms.).

Petalophthalmus pacificus (700 fms.). P. armiger. Tropical mid Atlantic (2500

fms.).

A study of the deep-sea Crustacea thus leads to the conclusion that this
fauna is one of cosmopolitan range, indivisible into subordinate local pro-
vinces like those of the littoral and terrestrial faunse. This is what one
would expect from the uniformity "of conditions prevailing at great depths
and from the enormous length of time that has elapsed since modern types
of marine Invertebrata came into existence. We have seen not only that
many of the denizens of the cold waters of the intermediate zone, even with-
in the tropics, are emigrants from the shallow water of cold and cold-temper-
ate latitudes, but also that very many of the peculiarly deep-sea types betray
their kinship with boreal genera. This, in the absence of much light from
paleontology in this particular group of animals, may aiford us the clew to
the origin of a large part of the ab3'ssal Crustacean fauna. Earely, as in the
case of the recent Eryontidce, do we find a deep-sea type that vividly recalls
an ancient form. In this case, so good an authority as Boas thinks that the
modern deep-water Polycheles is identical with the Jurassic Eryon. It is of
interest to note that in the same beds at Solenhofen — beds of undoubted
shallow-water origin — we find with Eryon another singularly antiquated type
in Limulus. But the surviving descendants of Limulus ai'e pre-eminently
littoral. It is manifestly illogical to assume, as some have done, that because
a certain form is now restricted to deeji water the rocks in which it occurs
as a fossil were deposited at a similar depth. The surviving representatives
of an ancient shallow-water type may be littoral, as in the case of Limulus,
or they may be found onlj^ in deep water, like the recent Eryontidoi. Some
unquestionably bottom-living species at the present day have a vertical
distribution of 2000 fathoms. For instance, Parapagiirus ahyssormn ranges
from 2-50 to 2221 fathoms,* and Dall t states that certain species of Mollusca

* Not taking into account tlie "Cliallenger" record of this species in 45 fatlioms off Patagonia
(Henderson, Rep. Clmllenger Auoiiiura, p. 89, 1888),
t Bull. Mus. Comp. Zobl., XII. 186, 1886,

246 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

on the coast of Florida extend from a few fathoms off shore to 2000 fathoms.
Considerations like these will put one on his guard against such an assump-
tion as that above alluded to. Pourtales was surprised at the bulk and
massive type of the West Indian Tertiary simple corals as compared with
their modern representatives which he dredged in the Caribbean Sea. But
this difference is explicable if we suppose that the ancient forms were littoral.
Under the enormous pressure which exists in deep water, great size is pos-
sible only when accompanied by a soft and freely permeable texture. The
calcareous shells and corals from deep water are generally small, or if large,
extremely thin and fragile. The deep-sea Crustacea, as a rule, lack the
rigid calcareous coat which protects their littoral i-elatives. Species living
under a pressure of a ton or more to the square inch are often so limp and
delicate that it is difficult to secure a perfect specimen. By casting away
their armor, their battle with the abyss was won.

The small number of ancient types of Crustacea preserved in the great
depths of the ocean is not a subject for wonder if we bear in mind the fact
that most of the fossil Crustacea known to us are probably littoral, or from
the present point of view, shallow-water forms. Tlie changes in environ-
ment to be met and overcome by a highly specialized littoral species in
adapting itself to life at great depths are presumably as- great, and lead to as
much structural modification as those encountered by the littoral descend-
ants of ancient species through the vicissitudes of the shores. As a concrete
example, I will instance the family Galateidse. This family has a very
extensive vertical distribution, being represented at all depths from the
littoral zone to below 2000 fathoms. But this great distance is apportioned
in a rough way among the different genera of the family. In the shallower
waters from the shore to 25 fathoms the genus Galatea prevails, in the
deeper, but not abyssal belt Munida comes to the front, while in the greater
depths below 500 fathoms the family is represented chiefly by the blind
genera GalacantJia and Munidopsis. Now MM. Milne Edwards and Bouvier*
have shown, in their interesting memoir on this group, that as we pass from
the shallow-water Galatea, through Munida, to the deep-sea genera Galacan-
tJia and Munidopsis, we depart further and further from the more primitive,
generalized, or Macruran type.

In some instances the more primitive types of Crustacea flourish in the

* Considerations Generales sur la Faniille des Galatheides. Par MM. A. Milne Edwards et E. L.
Bouvier. Aun. Sci. Nat, Zo.il, 7*'"" Ser, XVI. 315-317, lS9i.

DEEP-SEA FAUNA. 247

sublittoral or intermediate depths, while the most highly specialized forms
are more characteristic of the very shallow waters. Such is the case with the
Pairaridie.*

Doubtless in certain groups of lowly organized animals many species cast
in the antique mould survive in the abyssal depths of the ocean. But in
highly specialized groups, like the Stalk-eyed Crustacea, — beings endowed
witli visual and respiratory organs of a very perfect grade, — the peculiar
conditions that surround the dwellers of the deep work great structural
changes. Correlated with the retrogression of the visual organs, marked
changes take place affecting the antennae and anterior parts of the body
generally. The purity of the water in these still regions often leads to a
more or less complete disappearance of the epipods or " gill-scrapers."

So it comes about that the Crustacea living at a great depth are apt to
be rather specialized types, — further removed from the primitive ancestral
stock than are the allied species of the shore. Taking the animal kingdom
as a whole, it is probable that the archaic forms now extant in the shallow
waters of the land or coast, or in the moderate depths below the strictly
littoral zone, far outnumber those surviving in the extreme depths of the
sea. Heterodonta, the Ganoid fishes, Limulus, Pollicipes, Trigonia, and Lbi-
gitla are all peculiar to shoal water. So are the Unionida3 of the rivers and
ponds. Nautilus and Pleurotomaria come from very moderate depths. The
Brachiopods, distributed from the shore-line to 2945 fathoms, attain their
maximum development in from 50 to 250 fathoms. The wonderful Crinoid
fields, — those. lily beds of the Caribbean Sea, — lie at a depth of but 50 to
200 fathoms beneath the surface.

Only in a very broad and general sense may the deep-sea Crustacea,
taken as a whole, be called antique types, inasmuch as they are to a very
great degree members of the Anomuran or Macruran series, — low in the
scale of classification, and in so far more primitive forms. Only four species
(representing two genera) of Brachyura were discovered by the "Albatross"
below 500 fathoms,! and these low in the Brachyuran scale. As bearing on
the suggestion of the boreal origin of the deep-sea Crustacea, it may be
observed that the Brachyura, that great group which scarcely tinges the

* Milne Edwards and Bouvier, in Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., 7 ""= Ser., XIII. 195, 1S92 ; Mem. Mus. Comp.
Zool., Vol. XIV., No. 3, p. 9, 1893.

t In the vast amount of material obtained by the " Challenger " during the circumnavigation of the
globe only four species (belonging to three genera) of Bracliyura came from below 500 fathoms. Two of these
are the same as two of the four species secured by the "Albatross" below the 500 fathom line.

248 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

complexion of the deep-sea fauna, attain their maximum development within
the tropics.

So few pelagic or surface species are included in this Report, that a dis-
cussion of the distribution of the pelagic fauna would be out of place here.
Tlie experiments in towing at various depths with the self-closing Tanner
net proved beyond question that the pelagic fauna may sink during the heat
of the day, or under other adverse conditions of the surface, to a depth of 100
to 250 fathoms.*

With regard to the vertical distribution of the species that come up in
the dredge or trawl, it may be taken for granted that the ambulatory forms,
whose structure fits them only for life on the ocean floor, really come from
the bottom. But many natatory species are also captured when dredging at
great depths. Such are the swimming prawns belonging to the family Hop-
lophoridge, certain Pasiphaeiida?, Peneidte, and Sergestidas, and the deep-sea
Schizopods. It is evident tliat these may never have come from the bottom,
but that they may have entered the open trawl on its way up to the surface.
The absence or rarity of some of these forms in collections made at or near
the surface, taken in connection with structure and color of the animals them-
selves, signifies that they normally dwell at a great depth. The experiments
with the Tanner net towed at great depths, within 100 fathoms or so of the
bottom, are of great interest in this connection. At Hydr. Station 2619, the
net was towed for sixteen minutes at a depth of 1000 fathoms (100-482
fathoms above the bottom). A specimen o? Euco2:)ia and a violet colored Am-
phipod came up in the lower part of the net, which had been closed at
1000 fathoms. At Hydr. Station 2627 (1832 fathoms) tlie net was towed at
1740-1770 fathoms for twenty minutes, but nothing was captured in the
closed part of the net. In the upper part of the net, which came up open
all the way from 1740 fathoms to the surface, were four specimens of
Eucojna. A similar trial at Station 3436 failed through the water shoal-
ing and the net dragging the bottom. At Station 2637 (Gulf of Cali-
fornia, 773 fathoms) the net was towed at 70 fathoms above the bottom,
but in this case the net came up open to the surface, bringing with it two
deep-sea Schizopods, — JEucojna and the eyeless retalojylitlialmus. Again, at
Station 2638, in the Gulf of California, the net was towed at a depth vary-

* See A. Agassiz in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIII. 48-56, 1892, aud Ortmann in Bull. Mus. Coaip.
Zool., XXV. 108-110, 1894.

VERTICAL RANGE OF DEEP-SEA SWIMMING FORMS. 249

ing from 500 to 570 fathoms, where the soundings mdicated a depth of 622
fathoms. A red, deep-sea Peneid, belonging to the genus Gennadas was
found in the lower, closed part of the net *

There can be no doubt that the deep-sea natatory Crustacea occasionally
come to, or very near to, the surface. The first known specimen of Hymeno-
dora glacialis, a species whose rudimentary eyes and whose structure point to
the depths as its normal dwelling-place, was taken at the surface, off the east
coast of Greenland. An immature specimen of Acanthephyra agassizii was
caught at the surface, in a dip-net, during the cruise of the " Albatross " off
the east coast of the United States in 1884. This specimen was kept alive
for half an hour before it was put into alcohol. t A female of the nearly
related, if not identical, species, A. 2nirjmrea, was captured during the
" National " Expedition, swimming at a depth of less than 200 fathoms.
Spence Bate records a specimen of Gennadas secured at the surface on
the voyage of the " Challenger." Amalopeneiis, a genus identical with, or
at any rate most closely allied to, Gennadas, was found during the " Na-
tional " Expedition at a depth of less than 200 fathoms. Yet the same
thing was captured in the closing-net between 500 and 570 fathoms (bottom
622 fathoms) during the " Albatross" Expedition of 1891, and between 650
and 750 fathoms during the " National" Expedition. The genws Encojyia was
first made known to science through a specimen recovered from the stomach
of a penguin killed in the Antarctic Sea. This specimen was presumably
captured by the bird in comparatively shallow water. According to Mr.
Agassiz's notes made on board the " Albatross," the same Schizopod was
captured in the open part of the Tanner tow-net between the surface and
300 fathoms at Station 3414 (2432 fathoms). Another individual, as we
have seen above, was taken in the closed portion of the net at a depth of
1000 fiithonis.

Spence Bate suggested that some of the free-swimming Crustacea of
the deep sea may approach the surface to spawn, — a plausible theory if
one bears in mind the sensitiveness of young animals to cold. As the bot-
tom Crustacea of the deep sea may be supposed, from their structure and
affinities, to have originated directly from littoral ancestors, so the deep-sea
swimming forms have probably come from pelagic or surface species. It

* At Clialleuger Exped. Station 267 (2700 fathoms), in the mid North Pacific, a specimen of Gennadas
was captured iu the open tow-net which had only been lowered to witliin 700 fatlioms of the bottom.
t See S. I. Smith, in Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish Coram, for 1885, p. 607, 1886.

32

250 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

may well be that after these types had become acclimated to the depths,
their young still found in the ancestral surface life the conditions most favor-
able for their development. The toad still goes to the water to spawn, the
land-crab goes to the sea. The journey of a swimming prawn from a depth
of 1000 fathoms or more to the surface to spawn does not impress one as
more remarkable than the periodic passage of anadromous fishes from the
Bea to fresh waters in their solicitude for the welfare of their 3'oung. The
advantage gained for the race, too, through the wide dispersal of pelagic
larvae by the ocean currents is obvious.

Most of the Stalk-eyed Crustacea, as is well known, protect their eggs
for a longer or shorter period after they are laid, either carrying them under
the tail, or, as in the Schizopoda, brooding them in a special pouch beneath
the breast. In many of the deep-sea species the eggs attain an enormous
size before they hatch. From analogy with certain land and fresh-water
species, we infer that in these cases the young quits the egg, or, which is the
same thing, leaves the mother in an advanced stage of development, ready
to lead a life similar to that of its parents. But it is a remsirkable fact that
none of the deep-sea swimming forms belonging to the family Peneidte are
ever found carrying their eggs. The natviral inference from this is that the
young must be quickly hatched, in a very immature state, best fitted for sur-
face life, like the larvse of the littoral species belonging to the same family.
This certainly adds weig-ht to Spence Bate's suggestion concerning the occa-
sional occurrence of such forms at the surface. It is also worthy of note in
this connection, that Acanthephyra agassizii, one of the Hoplophoridae that
has been taken at the surface, has eggs of normal size.

COLORS OF THE DEEP-SEA CRUSTACEA.

By Mr. Agassiz's direction, colored drawings of many of the Crustacea
secured during the cruise were made by Mr. A. M. Westergren. Some of
these are reproduced on Plates A to K of this memoir. The late Professor
J. Wood-Mason and Dr. A. Alcock have also published a very full set of
notes on the living colors of the Crustacea dredged in the Arabian Sea and
the Bay of Bengal by tlie Indian Marine Survey Steamer " Investigator."
So that we now have a knowledge of the color variations exhibited by most
of the important types of the deep-sea representatives of this class. It ap-
pears from a systematic tabulation of these notes on the colors, that a general
tendency is manifested among the Crustacea from deep water to assume red
tints, which pass through various shades of pink, orange, and yellow, to straw-
color and ivory-white.

Of eight species of Brachyura, ranging from 90 to 405 fathoms, four are
pink, one yellowish red, one pinkish yellow, one straw-color, and one white,
with a pink blush.

Out of twenty-two species of Anomura, coming from depths varying from
52 to 1997 fathoms, the majority are some shade of red, pink, or orange,
while four species of Munidopsis (all of them blind, and obtained at great
depths, 1310 to 2300 fathoms) are white. It is to be observed that five other
species of this genus from lesser depths (117-740 fathoms), although they also
are blind like all the species of Munidopsis, are more or less deeply tinged
with orange.

Among the deep-sea bottom species of Macrura, pink is again the prevail-
ing color, — pink of various shades, from a deep purplish pink to milky
white, with merely a pink suffusion. Twenty-eight out of thirty-seven
species are of this hue, while five are red, one orange, one chalky yellow,
and two old-ivory white.

252 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Squilla tenuirostris, from 90 to 100 fathoms, which is a great depth for
this shallow-water genus, is deep pink. The more strictly littoral Stomato-
pods, on the other hand, although more or less fossorial in their habits, often
display conspicuous color patterns in various shades of blue, green, and

brown.

The deep-sea free-swimming Crustacea consist of the Hoplophoridoe, cer-
tain genera of Peneidse, a few species of Pasiphaeiidse and Sergestidge, and
the deep-sea Schizopods. Of these, the Hoplophoridfe are without exception
blood-red, bright crimson, or crimson lake. The Peneids are mostly red, in
a few cases fading to orange or milk-white. HaVqwrus ccqualis (405 fathoms)
is pink, Haliporus neptunus (1644 fiithoms), Aristceus coruscans (561 fathoms),
Hemipeneus carpenteri (1091-1310 fathoms), and Hejjomadus tener (1310
fathoms) are orange colored. Benthesicymus tanneri, a Peneid of a deep
red ground color, is remarkable for having a large patch of bright blue on
the back of the second, third, and fourth abdominal segments.* The deep-
sea Pasiphaeiidoe and Sergestidae are lurid red or else deep crimson or lake.
Among the Schizopods the various species of Gnathojyhaicsia are bright red
or crimson. So are Eucopia and (according to Willemoes-Suhm) the eyeless
Petalophthalmiis. Ceratomysis spinosa, a blind Schizopod from 782 fathoms,
is milk-white.

The differences in the coloration of littoral Crustacea that are exposed to
different degrees of light are sometimes very striking, individuals of the same
species often displaying various tints, according as they live in the open and
near the surface, exposed to the full influence of the sun, or in deeper water,
ensconced under stones or within crevices, and thus removed from the glare
of day. The pallor of most fossorial species is very marked, recalling the
ghastly appearance of cave inhabitants.

In connection with the prevalence of red colors among the Crustacea
from great depths, certain experiments upon shore species are very sugges-
tive. S. Jourdain t has shown that Nika edulis, which is brown in a bright
light, turns to red when kept in the dark. Hippolyte variaus will cliange
from a lively emerald green to brown, if placed in partial d.arkness, while in
total darkness it assumes a red hue.J Such experiments as these go far
toward explaining the prevalence of red color among the Crustacea of the
deep sea. It is due to a modification of the pigments, induced by the daik-

* See page 254.

•f Comptes Rendus, LXXXVII. 302, 1S78.

i See A. E. Malard, iu Bull. Soc. Philomatli. de Paris, S*"" Ser., IV. 28, 1892.

COLORS OF THE DEEP-SEA CRUSTACEA. 253

ness in which these creatures dwell, eitlier through chemical action or more
probably through a physiological process originating in the eye and affecting
the pigment cells by a reflex action. In either case the prime cause is a
purely physical one, — the more or less complete absence of light in the
depths of the sea. This color, then, is to be regarded as entirely useless to
its possessor.

The retention of pigment and functional eyes through a long succession
of generations among the deep-sea Crustacea implies the existence of a cer-
tain amount of light at depths far beyond the point where it can be demon-
strated by experiments with photographic plates.* Although many of
these animals are blind and show a strong tendency to become colorless, yet
many are endowed with very highly developed eyes and display pronounced
colors, forming a strong contrast in both respects to the fauna of subter-
ranean caverns. The free-swimming Crustacea from great depths are, as we
have seen, commonly of a very bright red color and endowed witli visual
organs of a high order, while the bottom species, even those from nuich shal-
lower depths, are most often pale of hue and frequently blind. This difierence
is to be explained through the different mode of life followed by the two
classes. Powerful and active swimmers, such as the Notostomi and Gnatho-
phausife, are fitted by their mode of life, to take advantage of Avhat little
light exists at those depths, whether it be some feeble rays which penetrate
from above, or the pale phosphoric gleams evoked by their passage through
the deep. The more sedentary, bottom species, on the other hand, would be
prone to conceal themselves in the mud or whatever retreat the sea-floor
might afford. Hence the aptness of these forms to lose both their pigments
and their sense of sight.

Colors of the cyanic series, — blues and greens, — although not uncom-
mon among surface and shore Crustacea, are almost never seen in the species
from the deeper waters. It is remarkable, however, that the eggs of many
of the red deep-water Crustacea show during the period of incubation bright
blue or sometimes green tints. Mr. Agassiz t has noted this, and the late Pro-
fessor J. Wood-Mason specified many such cases, in his account of the Crus-
tacea dredged by the steamer " Investigator." It seems likely, therefore,
that the blue pigments are not really lacking in the adult, but merely over-

* Cf. Fol and Sarasin, Comptes Reiidus, XCIX. 793, C. 100, aad Cliuu, Die pelagische Thierwelt, etc.,
p. 59 (Bibliotheca Zoologica, Erster Band, Heft 1, 1888).
t Bull. Mus. Coinp. Zoul., XXIII. 82, 1892.

254 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

whelmed to our eyes by the expansion of the red chromatobhasts under
the influence of the dai'kness in which these animals live. According to
Pouchet,* the pigments of the xanthic series (red, orange, and yellow) in
Crustacea are contained in contractile anatomical elements, — the chromato-
blasts, — while the blue pigment is never found in the substance of the
chromatoblasts, but is held in free solution. Pouchet found that living
prawns [Leander serrator) when placed in a vessel with a black bottom
always assumed a brownish red color, but if they were transferred to a
white-bottomed vessel they became yellowish, — the intrinsic color of their
tissues. Extirpation of the eyes of the prawn had the same effect as a black
bottom, specimens thus mutilated remaining permanently red. The change
from yellow to red was accomplished much more quickly than the reverse
change from red to yellow. In the latter case the change was effected in
about twenty-four hours, during Avhich the animal passed through a transi-
tory bright blue stage, — a phase of color not exhibited during the passage
from yellow to red.

" Le microscope explique cette triple apparence. Quand les chromoblastes sent
contractus a V&tsA sph^rique, ils sout trop petits pour faire une image perceptible sur
la ratine, et sont de nul effet. Des que I'animal est sur fond noir, les chromoblastes
se dilatent ; ils ^tendent de tons c8t^s des ramifications qui couvrent une grande sur-
face ; ils deviennent perccptibles et modifient I'image rdtinienne. L'animal, sous
cette influence, deviendrait d'un rouge ou d'un rose franc, si un autre pigment ne
venait rabattre la vive teinte des chromoblastes. Mais, ^ mesure qu'ils ^tendent leurs
ramifications sous I'liypoderme, on voit ce dernier tissu, a leur voisinage, prendre une
belle nuance cobalt plus ou moins haute de ton. C'est ce bleu qui sert de hruniture
au carmin des chromoblastes et donnent an Pal^mon sa couleur propre [rouge
brunatre] sur fond noir. Quand les chromoblastes dilates se r^tractent de nouveau,
ce bleu, qui s'est produit dans I'hypoderme et qui I'impregne, persiste pendant six
i sept heurcs et disparait progressivement."

The prawn depicted on Plate H {Bcnthcsicymus tanneri) was brought up
from a depth of 860 fathoms and drawn as .soon as it was taken from the
trawl. The general color is a deep blood-red or crimson, passing into
scarlet on the abdomen. The dorsal side of the first abdominal segment
is adorned with a large squarish spot of a deeper red than the rest of the
abdomen. This spot is repeated on the second, third, and fourth abdom-
inal segments. On the third and fourth segments the spot is bright cobalt

* Jouru. de I'Anat. et de la Physiol., VIII. 101, 1872.

COLORS OF THE DEEP-SEA CRUSTACEA. 255

blue,* but on the second segment it is parti-colored, — blue and light yellow.
The two colors in the latter case are not disposed in accordance with the
bilateral symmetry of the prawn, but the division between them forms a
diagonal line across the middle of the segment, and results in a most abnor-
mal color pattern.

The change of Pouchet's prawns, under the influence of light, from red,
through blue, to light yellow, suggests the thought that the unique color-
ation of the deep-sea prawn figured on Plate H may be due to a change of
color undergone by the animal as it was brought up into the full blaze
of day. Such an interpretation is the more plausible, since the coloration
shown in this specimen does not appear to be a specific character. Although
upwards of 140 specimens of Benthesic//mus tanneri had been collected through
the whole course of the voyage, from a date as early as February 24, yet this
peculiar pattern in blue and yellow was not observed until April 22, the last
day of the cruise.

Viewed in this way, the blue is a transient tint assumed by the abdomi-
nal spots during their passage from a deep red, such as is still retained by the
anterior one of the series, to the pale yellow which already pervades a con-
siderable part of the second and begins to tinge the border of the third.
This supposition, implying, as it does, the persistence of the cyanic pigments
in the red, deep-sea Crustacea, accords well with the fact already noticed, that
the effgs of these creatures are often brilliant blue.

* The blue color is much too light in the figure.

LIST OF SPECIES ARRANGED ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHICAL

REGIONS.*

Gulf of Panama (Stations 3381-3397

Cancer longipes.

Xantliodes sulcatus.

Panopeus latus.

Aclielous affinis.

Platymera gaudicliaiidii.

jEtlinsa ciliatifrons.

Paralomis diomedeae.

Lithodes panamensis.

Pylopagurus affinis.

Parapagurus pilosimanus abyssoruni.

Pleuroncodes monodon ?

Munida obesa.

Munida propinqua.

Munida gracilipes.

Galacantlia dioinedeae.

!Mnnidopsis bairdii.

Munidopsis ciliata.

Muuidopsis vicina.

Munidopsis subsquamosa aculeata.

Munidopsis agassizii.

Munidopsis villosa.

Munidopsis sericea.

Munidopsis crinita.

Munidopsis tanneri.

Munidopsis hamata.

Munidopsis latirostris.

Munidopsis hendersoniana.

Uroptychus uitidus occidentalis.

Willeinoesia inoruata.

Polycheles nanus.

56-1832 fathoms).

Polycheles sculptus pacificus.
Eryonicus csecus?
Pontophilus occidentalis.
Glyphocrangou alata.
Glyphocrangon nobilis?
Glyphocrangon sicaria.
Heterocarpus vicarius.
Heterocarpus hostilis.
Nematocarcinus ensifer.
Nematocarcinus agassizii.
Acanthephyra agassizii?
Acanthepliyra approxima?
Acanthephyra cristata.
Acanthephyra curtirostris (inch var. y).
Acanthephyra cucullata.
Hymenodora glacialis.
Pasiphaeia americana.
Pasiphaeia magna.
Sicyonia picta.
Solenocera agassizii.
Peneopsis diomedeae.
Haliporus nereus.
Hemipeneus triton.
Benthesicymus altus.
Benthesicymus tanneri.
Sergestes bisulcatus.
Gnathophausia willemoesii.
Eucopia sculpticauda.
Squilla biformis.

OffMariato Point (Stations 3353-3-359; 182-782 fathoms).

Maiopsis panamensis. Galacantha dioraedess.

Xanthodes sulcatus. Munidopsis ciliata.

Trachycarcinus corallinus. Munidopsis aspera.

Ebalia sp. Munidopsis carinipes.

Cymopolia tuberculata. Munidopsis inermis.

Glyptolithodes cristatipes. Uroptychus pubescens.

Leptolithodes asper. Uroptychus bellus.

Catapagurus diomedeae. Axius acutifrons.

Munida obesa. Axius crista-galli.

* Littoral and surface species are not included in tliis list.

SPECIES AERANGED BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS.

257

Polycheles tanneri.

Polycheles sculptus pacificus.
Panulirus sp.
Glyphocrangou sj)inulosa.
Heterocarpus hostilis.
Nematocarcinus agassizii.

Acanthephyra curtirostris.

Sicyonia picta.
Peneopsis diomedeae.
Haliporus nereus.
Benthesicymus tanneri.
Ceratomysis spinosa.

Off Galera Point (Stations 3398, 3399; 1573 and 1740 fatlioms).

J]^thusina gracilipes? Notostomus westergreni.

Willemoesia inornata. Haliporus nereus.

Pontophilus occidentals. Hemipeneus spinidorsalis.

Nematocarcinus ensifer. Benthesicymus altus.

Acanthephyra agassizii? Gennadas sp.

Acanthephyra brevirostris. Eucopia australis.
Hymenodora glacialis.

Off Malpelo Island (Stations 3377-3380 ; 52-899 fathoms).

Achelous afhnis.

JSthusina gracilipes?

.^ilthusina smithiana.

Cymopolia fragilis.

Spiropagurus occidentalis.

Paguristes fecundus.

Parapagurus pilosimanus abyssorum.

Munida refulgens.

Polycheles nanus.

Polycheles granulatus.
Eryonicus csecus?
Sclerocrangon procax.
Heterocarpus hostilis.
Nematocarcinus agassizii.
Sicyonia affinis.
Benthesicymus tanneri.
Sergestes inous.
Eucopia australis.

Between Mariato Point and Cocos Island (Stations 3360-3362 ; 1175-1672 fathoms).

jEthusina gracilipes?

Parapagurus pilosimanus abyssorum.

Galacautha rostrata.

Munidopsis vicina.

Munidopsis subsquamosa.

Polycheles nanus.

Pontophilus occidentalis.

Off Cocos Island (Stations 3363-

Euprognatha granulata.
Sphenocarcinus agassizi.
Larabrus hassleri.
Pauopeus tanneri.
Achelous spinimanus.
jEthusa lata.
j35thusina smithiana.
Cymopolia fragilis.
Raninops fornicata.
Leptolithodes longipes.
Lithodes diomedeae?
Cancellus tanneri.
Eupagurus californiensis.
Pylopagurus longimanus.
PylopaguTUS hirtimanus.
Spiropagurus occidentalis.

33

Acanthephyra cristata.
Acanthephyra curtirostris.
Hemipeneus triton.
Benthesicymus altus.
Benthesicymus tanneri.
Gnathophausia brevispinis.

-3372 ; 52-1067 fathoms).

Parapagurus pilosimanus abyssorum.
Munida refulgens.
Munida microphthalma?
Galacantha diomedeae.
Munidopsis ciliata.
Munidopsis aspera.
Pontophilus occidentalis.
Glyphocrangon nobilis?
Heterocarpus hostilis.
Nematocarcinus ensifer.
Nematocarcinus agassizii.
Notostomus fragilis.
Sicyonia affinis.
Peneus balboae.
Haliporus nereus.
Benthesicymus tanneri.

258

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

On course from Cocas Island to Malpelo Island (Stations 3373-3376;

1132-1877 fathoms).

.^thusina gracilipes?

Parapagurus pilosimanus abyssorum.

Galacantha diomedeae.

Willemoesia inornata.

Eryonicus caecus?

Glyphocrangon nobilis?

Nematocarcinus ensifer.

Acanthephyra curtirostris.
Pasiphaeia princeps.
Hemipeneus spinidorsalis.
Hemipeneus triton.
Benthesicymus altus.
Beutliesicymus tanneri.
Gnathophausia brevispinis.

Between, Gralera Point and Galapagos Islands (Station 3400 ; 1322 fathoms).

jEthusina gracilipes?
Parapagurus pilosimanus abyssorum.
Galacantha rostrata.
Willemoesia inornata.
Polycheles nanus.
Glyphocrangon nobilis?

Galapagos Islands (Stations 3401

Anamathia occidentalis.

Panopeus tanneri.

^thusina gracilipes?

Lithodes diomedeae?

Parapagurus pilosimanus abyssorum

Munida propinqua.

Galacantha diomedeae.

Munidopsis margarita.

Munidopsis ornata.

Munidopsis aspera.

Polycheles tanneri.

Eryonicus spinulosus.

Glyphocrangon loricata.

Glyphocrangon nobilis?

Nematocarcinus ensifer.
Haliporus nereus.
Hemipeneus spinidorsalis.
Benthesicymus tanneri.
Gnathophausia brevispinis.
Scolophthalmus lucifugus.

-3411 ; 63-885 and 1189 fathoms).

Nematocarcinus ensifer.
Nematocarcinus agassizii.
Acanthephyra approxima?
Pasiphaeia americana.
Pasiphaeia acutifrons?
Haliporus nereus.
Aristaeus occidentalis.
Benthesicymus tanneri.
Sergestes bisulcatus.
Gnathophausia zoea.
Gnathophausia brevispinis.
Eucopia australis.
Eucopia sculpticauda.

Between Galapagos Islands and Acapulco (Stations 3413-3415 ; 1360-2232 fathoms).

Acanthephyra curtirostris, var. /3.
Haliporus nereus.

jEthusina gracilipes?

j3Ethusina challengeri?

Parapagurus pilosimanus abyssorum.

Galacantha rostrata.

Pontophilus occidentalis.

Glyphocrangon nobilis?

Nematocarcinus ensifer.

Haliporus doris.
Haliporus thetis.
Hemipeneus spinidorsalis.
Benthesicymus altus.
Eucopia sculpticauda.

Off Acapulco (Stations 3416-3423; 94-772 fathoms).

Trachycarcinus corallinus. Nephropsis occidentalis.

Polycheles sculptus pacificus.

Lithodes diomedeae?
Pleuroncodes monodon?
Galacantha diomedeae parvispina.
Munidopsis hystrLx.
Calastacus stilirostris.

Sclerocrangon atrox.
Sclerocrangon procax.
Glyphocrangon alata.
Glyphocrangon spinulosa.

SPECIES ARRANGED BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS. 259

Glyphocrangon nobilis? Nematocarcinus agassizii.

Heterocarpus atfiiiis. Acanthephyra curtirostris, var. /3.

Pandalopsis ampla. Benthesicymus tanneri.

Nematocarciuus ensifer. Gnathopliausia willemoesii.

Near Las Tres Marias (Stations 3424-3428 ; 80-680 fathoms).

Lambrus hassleri. Polycheles sculptus pacificus.

Osachila lata. Sclerocrangon atrox.

Lithodes sp. Paracrangon areolata.

Munida refulgens. Glyphocrangon spinulosa.

Galacantha diomedese parvispina. Heterocarpus affinis.

Munidopsis hystrix. Pandalopsis ampla.

Munidopsis scabra. Nematocarcinus ensifer.

Munidopsis quadrata. Benthesicymus tanneri.

Munidopsis depressa. Gnathophausia willemoesii.
Nephropsis occidentalis,

OffMazatlan (Stations 3429, 3430 ; 852 and 919 fathoms).

Parapagurus pilosimanus abyssorum. Nematocarcinus ensifer.

Galacantha diomedeae. Acanthephyra curtirostris, var. y.

Gulf of California (Stations 3431-3437 ; 628-1588 fathoms)

Parapagurus pilosimanus abyssorum. Hymenodora glacialis.

Galacantha diomedece parvispina. Benthesicymus tanneri.

Sclerocrangon procax. Genuadas sp.

Glyphocrangon spinulosa. Sergestes bisulcatus.

Glyphocrangon nobilis? Eucopia australis.

Nematocarcinus ensifer. Petalophthalmus pacificus.
Acanthephyra curtirostris, var'" a, (3, y.

260

TABLE SHOWING THE BATHYMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIFFERENT

UoTE. Strictly littoral and surface species are omitted. It should be observed that the free-swimming species, most of which occur

merely indicate the soundings at the stations where these forms were captured. See page 248.

e(

f. 10

Of. 160

1

f. 20C

f. 260 f. 301

f. 3SI

f. 400f. 46

Of 60(

r. 660

f. 600f. 660f. 700

f. 76(

f. 800f. 860

f. 90

)f 960f. lOOOf.

1 1

Decapoda.

Splieuocarcinus agassizi ....
Anamathia occideutalis ....

—

Lambrus hassleri

—

Panopeus latus

" tanneri

Achelous spinimanus

" atfinis .

Trachycarcinus corallinus . . .
Platymera gaudichaudii ....
Osachila lata

^

V

-

-

iEthusa ciliatifrons

" lata ....

iEthusina gracilipes

" challenger! 1 . . . .

_

" fragilis

Raninops fornicata

Glyptolithodes cristatipes . . .

Paralomis diomedeie

Leptolithodes asper

" longipes ....

Lithodes panamensis

Cancellus tanneri

Eupagurus californiensis . . .
Pylopagurus longimanus . . .

" affiuis

" hirtimanus ....

-'

Spiropagurus occidentalis . . .

Paguristes fecundus

Parapagurus pilosimanus abyssorum
Pleuronoodes monodon 1 . . . .

■

-

" refulgens

" propinijua

• •

" microyththalraa ^ . . .
Galacantha rostrata

" diomedese ....
Munidopsis b.airdii

" ciliata

" ^icina

" subsquamosa . . .

" " aculeata

.. 1 ..

" villosa

" hystrix

" sericea

" margarita ....
" crinita

-

—

" scabra

" tanneri

" hamata

** aspera .

.. 1 ..

1 1

" quadrata

" liepressa

" cariuipes

'* latirostris

-

• *

-

" hendcrsoni.ana . . .

" inermis

Uroptychus nitidus occideutalis .

SPECIES OBTAINED DUEING THE "ALBATROSS" EXPEDITION OF 1891. 261

toward the end of the table, may have entered the trawl during its passage up to the surface. In such cases, the distribution lines

lOSOr. UOOf. llSOf. 1200f. laOOf. UOOf. 1360f. IMOr. WSOf. ISOOf. 1660f. leoOf. 1660f. noOf. 1760f, ISOOf. ISSOf. ISOOf. 1960f. 2000f. 2060f. 2100f. 2160f. 2200f. 2260f.

262

TABLE SHOWING THE BATHY-

60f. lOOf. 1

1 1

eof. 20or 250f. soof. 3

60f. 400f. 4

COf.

iOOf.

sot. f

OOf.

OOf. 700f. 760f.

OOf.

60£.

900f.

60f. 1

JOOf.

XJroptyclius pubescens . , . .

" bt'llus

1 1 1

Axius acutifrons

" crista-galli

Calastacus stilirostris

Nepliropsis occidentalis ....

Willemoesia inornata

Polycheles tauneri

••

" nauus

" sculptus pacificus . .

" granulatiis

Eiyonicus cajcus ?

#_

"Ill-

" spinulosus

Panulirus sp

-

—

Sclerocrangou atrox

procax

Pontophilus occiiieiitalis ....

Paracrangon areolata

Glyphocrangoa loricata ....

" alata

" spiimlosa . . .

" nobilis ? . . . .

" sicavia ....
Heterocarpus vicarius ....

-

—

1

* •

" hostilis

" affiai3

Pandalopsis ampla

Nematocarcinus eusifer ....

" agassizii . . .
Acanthephyra agassizii ? ...

" approxima ? . . .

" cristata ....

" curtirostris . . .

" brevirostris . . .

" cucuUata ....

Hymenodora glacialis

Notostomus f ragilis

" westergreni ....
Pasiphaeia americaua

^_

"

1

Ill

••

■■

.. 1 ..

,.

m

" priuceps

" acutifrons ? . . . .

" magna

Sicyouia aifiuis

" picta

—

—

^

—

Peneus balbose

Solenocera agassizii

Peneopsis diomede*

Haliporus uereus

" doris

" thetis

Aristaeus occidentalis

Hemipeneus spinidorsalis . . .

" triton

Bentliesicymus altus

" tauneri ....
Gennadas sp

'

• *

t

m

Sergestes inous

" bisulcatus

SCHIZOPODA.

Gnathophausia zoea

" willemoesii . . .

" brevispiuis . . .

Eucopia australis

" sculpticauda

Petaloplithalmus pacificus . . .
Scolopiithalmus lucifugus . . .
Ceratomysis spiuosa

Stomatopoda.
Squilla biforrais

1

1 1

1 1

1

1

V-

-

1 1

1 1

* Tanner tow-net, 400 fathoms to surface. t Submarine tow-net, 500-570 fathoms. t Submarine tow-net, 700 fathoms to surface.

METRICAL DISTRIBUTION. —Continued.

263

1060f. UOOf. 1160f. 1200f. 12B0f. ISOOf. 13B0f. 1400f. 1460f. IBOOf. IBBOf. 1600f. 1660f. 1700f. n60r. ISOOf. 1860f. 1900f. 19B0f 2000f. 2050f. 2100r. 2160f 220Clf 2260f

I

1

264

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

RECOED OF SUBMARINE TOW-NET STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
FISH COMMISSION STEAMER "ALBATROSS."*

March and April, 1891.

Position.

Tbmpbra-

a

i

a

TURES.

Character
of

Depth

at which

towed,

Serial

Date.

Time,

&

i

Reuaszs.

Number.

Latitude

Longitude

Sur-

Bot-

a
5

Bottom.

in

a

North.

West.

face.

tom.

X Orli'l.tV^UD*

.1

1891.

h. m.

O I tl

o f tl

o

o

3382 Dr.

March 7

8 50 a.m.

621

80 41

75

35.8

1793

gn. M.

200

15

Hauled up straight from 200

«

" 7
" 7

9 53 a.m.
10 23 A.M.

6 21
6 21

80 41
80 41

75
75

35.8
35.8

1793
1793

gn. M.
gn. M.

200 1
100)

fathoms in 10 minutes; from
1 00 fatlioms in about 5 min-
utes. About 60 miles from
the 100 fathom line.
15 miles from 100 fathom line.

3388 Dr.

" 9

10 31 A.M

7 6

79 48

73

36.2

1168

gn. glob. Oz.

400

17

and 25 miles from nearest
land.

2619 H}d.

" 11

8 25 A.M.

7 31

78 42 30

68

36.5

1100

gn. glob. Oz.

300

19

«

" 11

9 44 AM.

7 31

78 42 30

68

36.5

1100

gn. glob. Oz.

( 1000 1 ^
) 1482 S '

16

Drifted into 1482 fathoms.

2627 Hyd.

" 25

6 49 a.m.

36

82 45

81

36.0

1832

gy. glob. Oz.

1770 K
\ 1739 r

20

South.
13

Towed awhile from 200 fath-

2628 Hyd.

" 26

9 14 a.m.

84 52

81

204

20

oms to surface, to fill upper
]jart of net. About 250 miles

North.

from the Galapagos.

3414 Dr.

April 8

6 57 A.M.

10 14

96 28

82

35.8

2232

gn. M.

100

20

350 miles from land.

"

" 8

7 47 A.M.

10 14

96 28

82

35.8

2232

gn. M.

200

10

"

" 8

8 49 A.M.

10 14

96 28

82

35.8

2232

gn. M.

300

20

■'

" 8

10 30 a.m.

10 14

96 28

82

35.8

2232

gn. M.

300

15

" 9

10 4 a.m.

1234

97 21

82

175

8

( About 300 miles S. E. of Aca-
1 pnlco. Depth. J

" 9

8 3 p.m.

13 33 30

97 57 30

83

175

10

i About 250 miles S. E. of Aca-
1 pulco. Depth.}
( About 30 miles S. E. of Aca-
( pulco. Depth.§

" 11

8 45 A.M.

1632

99 42

80

300

20

(■ About 120 miles N.W. of Aca-

■' 16

10 10 a.m.

17 39 30

102 11 30

76

175

15

i pulco. Depth over 2,000

[ fathoms.

f Surface about 75 miles S. W.

3436 Dr.

*' 22

1 22 P.M.

27 3 40

110 53 40

72

37.2

905

bn. M. bk. Sp.

800

15

■1 of Guavmas, half-way across
[ Gulf of California.

2637 Hyd.

« 22

7 21 P.M.

27 20

110 54

71

38.0

773

bn. M. bk. Sp.

700

15

( About 50 miles S. W. of
j Guaymas.

3437 Dr.

" 23

5 31 A.M.

27 39 40

111 30

70

40.0

628

bn. M. bk. Sp.

600

15

( Shoaled water and dragged
j on bottom.

2638 Hyd.

" 23

7 26 a.m.

27 38

111 4

72

39.2

622

bn. M. bk. Sp.

( 500 ) .
) 570 S '

15

* Tanner tow-net at all Stations except Station 3382, March 7.

t Depth varying between these points.

} Between two Stations, over 2,000 fathoms.

§ Between two Stations, about 500 fathoms.

RECORD OF DREDGING AND TRAWLING STATIONS.

265

RECORD OF DREDGIXG AND TRAWLING STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
FISH COMMISSION STEAMER "ALBATROSS."

Position.

Tempera-

i

.2

tures.

1

Character
of

a

3

Date.

Time.

£

Reuarks.

"3

Latitude

LoDgitude

Sur-

Bot.

•-

Bottom.

1

North.

West.

face.

torn.

p.

1891.

h. m.

O * /'

o t It

o

o

3353

Feb. 22
" 23

8 P.M.

■ Surface tow-uet.

8 56 A.M.

7 ' 6 15

80 34

73

39.0

695

gn. M.

3354

" 23

1 25 P.M.

7 9 45

80 50

78

46.0

322

gn. M.

3355

" 23

3 1 P.M.

7 12 20

80 55

81

54.1

182

bk. G. Sh.

.3356

" 23

7 30 P.M.

7 9 30

81 8 30

83

40.1

546

sft. bl. M.

I Surface tow-net. 1 5 miles from
I Mariato I'oint.

3357

" 24

6 17 a.m.

6 35

81 44

83

38.5

782

gu. S.

Surface tow-net.

3358

" 24

1 1 38 A .M.

6 30

81 44

83

40 2

555

gn. S.

3359

" 24

2 4 p.m.

6 22 20

81 52

83

42.0

465

rky.

3360
3361

" 24
" 25

5 20 P.M.
7 33 a.m.

6 17
6 10

82 5

83 6

83

82

36 4
36.6

1672
1471

fne. bk. dk. gn. S.
gu. Oz.

[ Surface tow-net.

3362

" 26

7 20 a.m.

5 56

85 10 30

84

36.8

1175

gn. M. S. rkj.

i Intermediate net of Chun and
1 Petersen.

3363

" 26

4 37 P.M.

5 43

85 50

83

37.5

978

wh. glob. Oz.

Surface tow-net.

3364

" 27

6 58 a.m.

5 30

86 8 30

81

38.0

902

yl. glob. Oz.

3365

" 27

1 30 P.M.

531

8631

85

37.0

1010

yl. glob. Oz.

> Surface tow-net.

3366

" 27

8 4 p.m.

5 30

86 45

84

37.0

1067

yl. glob. Oz.

3367

" 28

6 38A.M

5 31 30

85 52 30

82

.57.1

100

rky.

3368

" 28

7 21a.m.

5 32 45

86 54 30

82

58.4

66

rky.

Surface tow-net.

3369

•' 28

8 7 a.m.

5 32 45

86 55 20

82

62.2

52

Nullipore or rky.

3370

" 28

10 3 a.m.

5 36 40

86 56 50

84

54.8

134

rks. & S.

( At Cocos Island. Surface tow-
j net at night.

3371

March 1

7 49 a.m.

5 26 20

86 55

82

39.0

770

glob. Oz.

3372

" 1

5 51 P.M.

4 49

86 1 1 20

84

38.8

761

gy. glob. Oz.

8 p. M. Surface townet.

3373

2

10 33 a.m.

4 2

84 58

82

36.6

1877

br. M. bk. Sp.

3374

3

10 35 A.M.

2 35

83 53

80

36.4

1823

gu. Oz.

3375

4

6 36 a.m.

2 34

82 29

77

36.6

1201

gy. glob. Oz.

Surface tow-uet.

3376

4

4 27 P..M.

3 9

82 8

78

36.3

1132

gy. glob. Oz.

3377

5

8 38 A.M.

3 56

81 40 15

77

38.0

764

M.

3378

5

11 45 A.M.

3 58 20

81 36

78

55.9

112

brk. sli.

3379

5

2 15 P.M.

3 59 40

81 35

78

52

rks.

3380

5

4 51 P.M.

4 3

81 31

79

37.2

899

rks.

3381

6

8 38 a.m.

4 56

80 52 30

77

35.8

1772

gn. M.

( Subm.irine tow-net. 8 : 30 p.m.,
j surface tow-net.

3382

7

10 46 A.M.

621

80 41

75

35.8

1793

gn. M.

3383

8

6 51 A.M.

7 21

79 2

74

36.0

1832

gn. glob. Oz.

3384

8

1 20 P.M.

7 31 30

79 14

74

42.0

458

gn. S.

3385

8

3 7 P.M.

7 32 36

79 16

72

45.9

286

gn. M.

3386

8

4 54 P.M.

7 33 12

79 17 15

73

48.0

242

fne. gy. S.

3387

8

7 21 P..M.

7 40

79 17 50

74

56.2

127

fne. gy. S.

Surface tow.net.

3388

" 9

6 41 A.M.

7 6

79 48

73

36.2

1168

gn. glob. Oz.

Submarine tow-net.

3389

9

2 10 P.M.

7 16 45

79 56 30

74

48.8

210

gn. M.

3390

9

4 25 P.M.

7 26 10

79 53 50

74

62.6

56

fne. gy. S. G.

3391

9

7 15 P..M.

7 33 40

79 43 20

73

55.8

153

gn. M.

3392

" 10

6 30 A.M.

7 5 30

79 40

73

36,4

1270

hard.

Rhabdamina bottom.

3393

" 10

1 21 P.M.

7 15

79 36

74

36.8

1020

gn. M.

3394

" 10

5 43 P.M.

7 21

79 35

73

41.8

511

dk. gn. M.

3395

" 11

2 20 P.M.

7 30 36

78 39

70

38.5

730

rky.

3396

" 11

5 15 P.M.

7 32

78 36 30

70

47.4

259

hrd. gy. M. S.

34

266

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

I

RECORD OF DREDGING AND TRAWLING STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
FISH COMMISSION STEAMER " ALBATROSS." — Confmued.

1

Position.

TBMPERi-
TCRES.

.a

Character
of

Date.

Time.

1

Remaaks.

2

Latitude

Longitude

8ur-

Bot-

j3

Bottom.

1

North.

West.

fiice.

tom.

a.

o

189].

h. m.

O t n

o / "

o

o

3397

March 1 1

6 32 P.M.

7 33

78 34 20

71

57.3

85

stf. gn. M. brk.

Surface tow-net.

3398

23

3 16 P.M.

1 7

80 21

84

36.0

1573

gn. Oz.

( Surface tow-net, off Galera
1 l^oint.

3399

" 24

6 37 A.M.

I 7
South,

81 4

80

36.0

1740

gn. Oz.

Surface tow-net.

3400

" 27

6 10 a.m.

36

86 46

81

36.0

1322

It. gr. glob. Oz.

Surface tow-net.

3401

" 28

4 45 a.m.

59

88 58 30

82

43.8

395

glob. Oz.

3402

" 28

7 13 a. M

57 30

89 3 30

82

42.3

421

R. glob. Oz.

3403

" 28

10 19a.m.

58 30

89 17

82

43.3

384

fne. gy. S. bk. Sp.

3404

" 28

1 16 p.m.

1 3

89 28

83

43.2

385

R.

1

3405

" 28

3 42 P.M.

57

89 38

83

60.0

53

P. Co. Sh.

)■ Tangles.

3406

April 3

6 47 A.M.

16

90 21 30

81

41.3

551

R.

J

3407

3

10 48 a.m.

4

North.

90 24 30

81

37.2

885

glob. Oz.

Tangles.

3408

3

4 7 P.M.

12 30

90 32 30

83

39.5

684

glob. Oz.

Tangles.

3409

3

7..24 P.M.

18 40

90 34

82

42.3

327

bk. S.

) Tangles. Surface tow-net. Oft
) Bindloe Island, 4 miles west.

3410

3

8 48 P M.

19

90 34

82

44.2

331

bk. S.

3411

4

7 35 A.M.

54

91 9

82

36.2

1189

yl. glob. Oz.

3412

4

6 1 1 P.M.

1 23

91 43

82

38.0

918

R.

( 9 p. M.. surface tow-net, 5 miles
1 off Wenman Islands.

3413

5

8 34 A.M.

2 34

92 6

82

36

1360

glob. Oz. dk. Sp.

At noon, surface tow-net.

3414

8

11 14 A.M.

10 14

96 28

82

35.8

2232

gn. M.

j Submarine tow-net and surface
( tow-net.

3415

" 10

9 39 A.M.

14 46

98 40

83

36.0

1879

br. M. glob. Oz.

3416

" 11

9 46 a.m.

16 32 30

99 42 40

81

40.5

419

fne. br. M.

3417

" 11

11 44 a.m.

1632

99 48

82

40.6

493

gn. M.
br. S. bk. Sp.
gn. M. bk. Sp.

3418

" 11

2 57 A.M.

16 33

99 52 30

82

39

660

3419

" 11

5 59 P.M.

16 34 30

100 3

81

39.0

772

Surface tow-net.

3420

■' 12

7 48 a.m.

1646

100 8 20

82

39.6

664

(Ik. gn. M.

3421

" 12

11 32 a.m.

16 47 20

100 10

82

42.9

338

dk. gn. M.

3422

" 12

12 35 p.m.

16 47 30

99 59 30

83

53 5

141

gn. M.

3423

12 1 31 P.M.

16 47 30

99 59 20

83

56.0

94

gn. M.

3424

" 18 11 18a.m.

21 15

106 23

76

38.0

676

gy.S.bk.Sp.glob.

3425

18

2 14 P.M.

21 19

106 24

76

39.0

680

gn. M. & S.

3426

18

3 45 P.M.

21 21

106 25

76

51.2

146

rky.

3427

18 4 3 P.M.

21 22 15

106 25

75

51.2

80

rky.

3428

" 18 6 40 P.M.

21 36 30

106 25

76

48.1

238

dk. gy. S. glob.

3429

" 19 5 39 a.m.

22 30 30

107 1

73

37

919

gn. M. glob. Oz.

3430

" 19 3 27 P.M.

23 16

107 31

73

37.9

852

bk. S.

3431

" 20; 6 33 A.M.

23 59

108 40

70

37.0

995

It. bro. M. glob.

3432

" 20

2 38 P.M.

24 22 30

109 3 20

70

37.8

1421

br. M. Ilk. Sp.

3433

" 21

6 34 a.m.

25 26 15

109 48

69

36 5

1218

br. M. bk. Sp.

3434

'■ 21

10 14 a.m.

25 29 30

109 48

70

36 4

1588

br. M.bk. Sp.

■ Surface tow-net.

3435

" 22

8 56 a.m.

26 48

110 45 20

70

37.3

859

br. M. bk. Sp.

3436

" 22

3 10 P.M.

27 34

110 53 40

72

37.2

905

br. M. bk. Sp.

J Submarine tow-net and surface

/ tow net.

[ Submarine tow-net dragged on

3437

" 23

5 4 a.m.

' ' * ■

70

40.0

628

br. M. bk. Sp.

the bottom. About 50 miles
[ south of Guaymas.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE A.

Fig. 1. Trachycarcinus coralUnus Fax.

1\
1".

r.

v.
v.

Male. Natural size. Station 3418. Colored
from life.

Male, denuded. Natural size. Station 3356.

Oral and autennal region. Enlarged.

Sternal region of male. Enlarged.

Abdomen of male. Enlarged.

Lesser cheliped of male. Enlarged.

Abdomen of an ovigerous female, x 2. Sta-
tion 3356.

Fig. L

PLATE B.

Galacantha rostrata A. M. Edw.

U ti ii

2. Eryonicus ccecris Bate ?

Natural size. Colored from life.
Lateral view of carajjace. Natural size.
Male. Enlarged. Station 3375. Colored
from life.

PLATE C.

Fig. 1. Polycheles sctilptus pacificits Fax.

a ia ii ii ii ii

" 2. Polycheles sculptus Smith.

Natural size. Colored from life.

First, second, and third abdominal somites,
viewed from the side.

First, second, and third abdominal somites,
viewed from the side. " Blake " Station
326, off east coast of United States.

PLATE D.

Fig. 1. Nephropsis occidentalis Fax.

a -^b >( Ii It

" 2. Pontophilus occidentalis Fax.

li 0<i « " «

2\

2d

Male. Natural size. Station 3418. Colored

from life.
Carapace from above.
Swimmeret.

Nat. size. Station 3382. Colored from life.
Carapace, lateral view.
First abdominal appendage.
Second abdominal appendage.
Third abdominal appendage.

268 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

PLATE E.

Fig. 1. Gnathojihyllum panamense Fax. Female. X 2^. Colored from life.

l". " " " Lateral view. More highly magnified.

((

1*. " " " Anterior part, from above. Still more en-

larged.

I''. « " " End of the abdomen and posterior pair of

abdominal appendages. Enlarged.

1''. " '' " Eostrum in profile. Enlarged.

1'. " " " External maxilliped. Enlarged.

((

IK

((

l^

(f

1-*.

«

u

le

<<

u

C(

PLATE F.

Fig. 1. Notostomus westergreni Fax. Male. Natural size. Station 3399. Colored

from life.
" 1". " " " Anterior part of the carapace seen in profile.

Enlarged.
Eye-stalk and eye. Enlarged.
Right antennal scale. Enlarged.
Telson and posterior pair of abdominal ap-
pendages. Slightly enlarged.

PLATE G.

Fig. 1. Peneopsis diomedece Fax. Female. Natural size. Colored from life.

" 1". " " " Antennal scale.

" 1'. " " " First abdominal appendage of female.

" 1". " " " Petasma of male.

" 1''. " " " Swimmeret.

PLATE H.

Fig. 1. Benthesicymus tanneri Fax. Male. Natural size. Station 3435. Colored

from life.
" 1". " " " Carapace in profile. Natural size.

" 1*. " " " Sternum of the female. Enlarged. Station

3435.
" 1". " " " First pair of abdominal limbs and petasma

of male. Enlarged. Station 3435.
" f. " " " Right first abdominal appendage of the

female, outer side. Enlarged. Station

3435.
" 1'. " " " Distal end of third maxilliped of male, first

form. Enlarged. Station 3435.
" I-'. " " " Distal end of third maxilliped of male, sec-

ond form. Enlarged. Station 3410.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

269

PLATE J.

Fig. 1. Gnathophausia brevispinis W.-M.

a J^a ii ii u

u ]^!>_ f( II <(

<< J^c_ <( i{ «

<( ]^rf_ « (( «

1'.

X 1|. Station 3375. Colored from life.
Dorsal view. More enlarged.
Eye-stalk and eye. Enlarged.
Eight anteunal scale. Enlarged.
Telson and posterior pair of abdominal ap-
pendages. Enlarged.
End of the telson. More highly magnified.

PLATE K.

Fig. 1. Gnathophausia willemoesii G.O. Bars. Natural size. Station 3392. Colored from

life.

" 2. Eucopiia sculpticauda Fax.

(( 9a |[ (( u

Young female ? X 23. Station 2619 Hydr.
Colored from life.

Telson and posterior pair of abdominal ap-
pendages. Enlarged.

Hinder part of the telson, more highly
magnified.

Distal portion of one of the legs of the third
pair, or third gnathopods. Enlarged.

Distal end of one of the legs of the fourth
pair (anterior pair of elongated legs). En-
larged.

PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Euprognatha granulata. Fax.

" 2. Anaviathia occidentalis Fax.

» 2" " " "

" 3. Sphenocarcinus agassizi Eathb.

H qa it (( I(

Female. Enlarged.

Antennal and oral region. Enlarged.

Male. Somewhat enlarged.

Ventral side. Somewhat enlarged.

Male. X 1^.

Anterior part, from below, x IJ.

Fig. 1. Ilaiopsis panamensis Fax.

U -ya U (< "

U Jf>_ Ii Ii «

« -J^c (( U «

PLATE II.

Male, f natural size.

Anteunal and oral region. Slightly reduced.
Sternum and abdomen. " "

End of left chela, from inside. Nat. size.

PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Lambrus hassleri Fax.

ii ia ii ii ii

" 2. Xanthodes sulcatus Fax.

(( 2" " " "

" 3. Panop)eus latus Fax.

it gd^ a ii a

" 4. Panopeus tanneri Fax.

a Aa ii ii ii

Female. Somewhat enlarged.
Male, from below.
Enlarged.

Antennal and oral region.
Male. Enlarged.
Antennal and oral region.
Male. Enlarged.
Antennal and oral region.

270

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Fig. 1. Achelous affinis Fax.

" 2. Gecarcinus malpilensis Fax.
(( 2" " " "

PLATE IV.

Male. X \\. Station 3379.
Antennal and oral region.
Abdomen of the male.
Male. Slightly reduced.
Front and oral region.

I

PLATE V.

%■

, 1.

Pinnixa panamensis Fax,

1".

« « «

1".

(( i( '<

2.

Osachila lata Fax.

2".

<( i( (f

2'>.

(( « i(

3.

JSthusa cUiatifrons Fax.

.3".

U (( «

3».

(( 1( l(

Enlarged.

Cheliped.

Abdomen of the male.

Male. Somewhat enlarged.

From below.

Anterior part, from below.

Male. Somewhat enlarged.

Anterior part, from below.

Abdomen of the male.

PLATE VI.

Fig. I. ^thusa lata Rathb.

(( ia a a it

<( -ib ti a a

" 2. ^thusina smithiana Fax.

i( 2" " " "

" 3. Cymopolia tuberculata Fax.

(f Oa it it a

" 4. Cymopolia f raff His Rathb.

(( 4o_ « (( (1

Female. Slightly enlarged.

Antenual and oral region.

Abdomen of the female. Natural size.

Enlarged.

Abdomen of the male.

Male. Enlarged.

From below.

Male. Enlarged.

From below.

PLATE VIL

Fig. 1. Maninops fornicata'Ph.^.

(I Ja it tt ((

1*.

u

2.

Glyptolithodes cristatipes Fax,

11

2".

« (( ((

ti

•2\

(( (( ((

ii

2^

(( (( ((

u

3.

Paralomis diomedem Fax.

ii

3".

ti a tt

a

3'.

It It tt

"ig'

I

Leptolithodes asper (Fax.).

((

1 "

(( (( ((

ti

l*.

(( ti tt

11

Ic

it a ti

(<

l**

(I ti it

Enlarged.

Anterior part, from below.

Cheliped.

Male. Enlarged.

Carapace, viewed from tlie side.

Second antenna.

Abdomen.

Female. Slightly reduced.

Abdomen of an ovigerous female. Nat. size.

Abdomen of a smaller female. Enlarged.

PLATE VIII.

Female. About | natural size.
Abdomen. " § " "

Rostrum in profile. Natural size.
Second antenna. X IJ.
A small portion of the dorsal surface of the
carapace. More highly magnified.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

271

Fig. 1. Leptolithodes lo

1""
V.
P.

1\

PLATE IX.

'ffqjes (Fax.). Male. Keduced nearly one half.

Abdomen of the female. Natural size.
Abdomen of the male. " «

Rostrum in profile. X Ij^.
Second antenna.

A small portion of the dorsal surface of the
carapace. Much enlarged.

PLATE X.

Fig.

1.

Lithodes pan

am

a

1".

ii

It

t(

1".

a

(C

((

1-.

((

it

it

2.

Lithodes sp.

Carapace, lateral view. Eeduced.

Oral region.

Abdomen. Natural size.

Young. X IJ. Station 3425, 680 fathoms.

PLATE XI.

Fig.
((

(I

1.

1".
1'.

2.

2"

Cancellus tanneri Fax.

Eupagurus callfoi'niensis Benedict.

2*.

2=.
2*.

«

Male. Enlarged.

Viewed from below.

Second antenna.

End of one of the penultimate pair of tho-
racic appendages.

One of the appendages of the last thoracic
pair.

Male. X 2^.

Anterior part of the carapace and cephalic ap-
pendages. More highly magnified, viewed
from above.

Extremity of the abdomen, together with the
posterior pair of appendages, viewed from
the dorsal side.

End of antennule.

Portion of one of the antepenultimate pair
of thoracic appendages.

Portion of one of the posterior pair of tho-
racic appendages.

Extremity of one of the posterior pair of
thoracic appendages, external side.

Fig.
it

PLATE XIL

Pylopagurus longimanus Fax.

Male. Enlarged.

Anterior part of the carapace and cephalic

appendages.
Extremity of the abdomen, together with the

posterior pair of appendages, viewed from

the dorsal side.

tl

^d^ (I a u

»

9e it a ii

Pig.

I

1. Pylopaguriis hirtimanus Fax,

ii

In it ii i(

272 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Fig. l*". Pylopagurus longimanus Fax. Carpus, propodite, and dactylus of right

cheliped of a smaller specimen, outer face.

Enlarged.
" V. " " " Penultimate thoracic appendage.

" 1'. " " " Extremity of one of the posterior thoracic

appendages.
" 2. Pylopagurus affinis Fax. Male. Enlarged.

" 2". " " " Anterior part of the carapace and cephalic

appendages.
" 2'. " " " Extremity of the abdomen, together with the

posterior pair of appendages, viewed from

the dorsal side.
" 2". " " " Posterior segment of the sternum, together

with the basal segment of the posterior

thoracic legs, showing the extruded vasa

deferentia.
Penultimate thoracic appendage.
Posterior thoracic appendage.

PLATE XIIL

Enlarged.

Anterior part of the carapace and cephalic
appendages.
1\ " " " Extremity of the abdomen and posterior pair

of ai^pendages.
" " " Eight chela, outer face.

" " " Penultimate thoracic apjjendage.

" " " Posterior thoracic appendage.

Catapagurus diomedece Fax. Male. Enlarged.

" " " Anterior part of the carapace and cephalic

appendages.
" " " Extremity of the abdomen, together with the

posterior pair of appendages.
" " " Penultimate thoracic appendage.

" " " Posterior thoracic appendage.

PLATE XIV.

Spiropagurus occidentalis Fax. Male. Enlarged.

" " " Anterior part of the carapace and cephalic

appendages.
1'. " " « Extremity of the abdomen, together with the

posterior pair of appendages, dorsal side.
P. " " " Penultimate thoracic appendage.

r'. " " " Posterior thoracic appendage.

2. Paguristes fecundus Fax. Female. Enlarged.

2". " " " Anterior part of the carapace and cephalic

appendages.
2\ " « " Telson, dorsal face.

2". " " " Penultimate thoracic appendage.

2''. " " " Extremity of penultimate thoracic appendage.

More highly magnified.
2'. " " " Posterior thoracic appendage.

1^

1".

1'.

2.

2".

((

2".

iC

2".

Fig.

1.

(1

1".

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

273

PLATE XV.

Fig. 1. Petrolisthes agassizii Fax.

« -\a il It <(

" 2. Pachyclieles panamensis Fax.

" 3. Pleuroncodes monodon M. Edw. ?

(( go « « "

<( Q6 « << "

Male. Enlarged.

Right external maxilliped.

Female. Enlarged.

Left external maxilliped.

Male. X IJ.

Left chela, outer face.

Antennule.

External maxilliped.

Fig. 1. Munida obesa Fax.

(t -^a « (i "

" 2. Munida gracilipes Fax.
II 2" " " "

<( 2''. " " "

PLATE XVI.

Male. X 1^.

External maxilliped.

Much enlarged.

Chela.

External maxilliped.

Fig. 1. Munida refulgens Fax.

PLATE XVII.

Male. Nat. size.

PLATE XVIII.

Fig. 1. Munida propinqua Fax.

(( -la U '( "

" 2. Munidopsis vicitia Fax.
(( 2" " " "

" 3. Munidopsis ciliata W.-M.

« 4. Munidopsis agassizii Fax.
« 4«, « " "

Male. Somewhat enlarged.

External maxilliped.

Female. Much enlarged.

Cheliped.

Male. Sixth abdominal somite, telson, and

last pair of appendages, much enlarged.

Station 3353.
Female. Much enlarged.
Chela. More highly magnified.

Fig. 1. Munidopsis hystrix Fax.

" 2. Mtmidopsis villosa Fax.

" 3. Munidopsis sericea Fax.

It Qa I! « "

PLATE XIX.

Enlarged.

Chela.

Male. Enlarged.

Male. Enlarged.

External maxilliped.

PLATE XX.

Fig. 1. Munidopsis ornata Fax.

Ja_ « " "

" 2. Munidopsis margarita Fax.
" 3. Munidopsis crinita Fax.

a Qa " " "

Male. Enlarged.

External maxilliped, viewed from below.

Enlarged.

Female. Highly magnified.

External maxilliped.

35

274

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

PLATE XXL

Fig. 1. Munidopsis scabra Fax.

If la U (( "

" 2. Munidopsis hamata Fax.

l( 2" " " "

Fig. 1. Munidopsis tanneri Fax.

<( la (( <i «

" 2. Munidopsis depressa Fax.
(( 2" " " "

« 2'. " " "

Fig. 1. Munidopsis quadrafa Fax.

(( la (( (( ''

(1 ]^6 « « «

« Jc (( (I «

" 2. Munidopsis inermis Fax.

(( 2" " " "

Fig.

1.

it

1".

((

l".

((

2.

«

2«.

(1

2'.

((

2^

Fig.

1.

a

1".

i(

1".

((

l^

a

1".

tt

l^

Enlarged.

External maxilliped.

Enlarged.

External maxilliped.

Side view.

PLATE XXII.

Enlarged.

External maxilliped.
Male. Enlarged.
External maxilliped.
Side view.

PLATE XXIII.

Male. Enlarged.
Side view.

External maxilliped.
Female. Enlarged.
Male. Much enlarged.
Carapace in profile.

PLATE XXIV.

Munidopsis carinipes Fax.

K U It

Munidopsis hendersoniana Fax.

Galacanfka diomedece Fax.

Enlarged.

External maxilliped.

Side view.

Female. Enlarged.

External maxilliped.

Anterior part, in profile.

Cheliped.

PLATE XXV.

Male. Somewhat enlarged.

" " " Carapace in profile.

" " " Sixth abdominal somite, telson, and last pair

of appendages of female.
" " " External maxilliped.

« " " Antennule.

" " " End of one of the posterior thoracic appen-

dages. Much enlarged.
Galacantha diomedece, var. parvispina Fax. Profile of carapace.

PLATE XXVI.

Fig. 1. Uroptychus nitidus occidentalis Fax. Female. Enlarged.

" P. " " " " End of abdomen.

" 2. Uropti/chus hellus Fax. Male. Enlarged.

" 2". " « " Antennule.

" 2\ " " " External maxilliped.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

275

Fig. 3.

(t

3"

it

3'

Fig.

«

la

11

1^

it

1c

((

^d

(I

1 ®

(f

1/

(t

2.

2".

Fig. 1.

« 1".

" 1*.

« 1'.

« y.

« Jj_

" 1*.

" 2

Fig. 1.

" 1".

« 2.

" 2".

" 2^

" 2'.

« 2''.

" 2°.

" 2/.

Uroptychus puhescens Fax.

Calastacus stilirostris Fax.

Calocaris macandrem Bell.

Axius crista-galli Fax.

^xt./s acutifrons (Bate).

Eryonicus spinulosus Fax.
Eryonicus ccbcus Bate ?

Fig. 1. Eryonicus emeus Bate ?

Female. Enlarged.
Antennule.
External maxilliped.

PLATE XXVII.

Male. Enlarged.

Front and rostrum from above.

Swimmeret.

Antenna of the second pair.

First abdominal appendage of the male.

Second abdominal appendage of the male.

Third abdominal appendage of the male.

North Atlantic. Antenna of the second pair,

viewed from above.
Antenna of the second pair, viewed from the
side.

PLATE XXVIII.

Female. Enlarged.

Anterior part, viewed from above.

Rostrum in profile.

Swimmeret.

Antenna of the second pair.

Leg of fourth pair, male.

Leg of fifth pair, male.

First abdominal appendage, female.

Second abdominal appendage.

Female. Cheliped.

PLATE XXIX.

Dorsal view. Enlarged.

Lateral view. Enlarged.

Mandible. Adult male. Station 3375.

First maxilla, adult male.

Second maxilla, adult male.

First maxilliped, adult male.

Second maxilliped, adult male.

Third maxilliped, adult male, a, epipod.

Swimmeret, adult male.

PLATE XXX.

Front and oral region, adult male. Station
3375. a, ophthalmic lobe, a', papilla of
ophthalmic lobe. y3, first antenna, y, prox-
imal segment of second antenna, y', phy-
macerite. y", scaphocerite, or scale of
second antenna, y'", fourth, or distal seg-
ment of antennal peduncle. 8, mandible.
8', distal segment of mandibular palp.
€, mouth. K, labrum. 17, posterior wall of
mouth. &, metastoma.

276

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Fig. 1". Eryonicus emeus Bate ?

" l*.

1\

" 1".

il -^e

u « «

(( (( ((

a

V.

a

((

it

it

1".

a

ik

a

((

i\

<(

It

((

((

V.

<(

it

it

11

1".

<(

it

it

((

1'.

<(

il

it

((

i".

((

ti

it

t<

1".

(1

&

tt

^ig^

. 1.

Polycheles

tanneri Fax,

a

1".

<(

((

((

i\

a

it

a

r.

u

ti

a

1".

£i

it

it

v.

<(

it

Front of same specimen, seen from above,
a, ophthalmic lobe. ^, first antenna, y,
second antenna.

Front of a young individual 19 mm. long,
viewed from above. Station 3388. o, oph-
thalmic lobe.

Anterior part, viewed from the side. Adult
male. Station 3375. a, ophthalmic lobe.
(3, first antenna, y, second antenna. 8,
mandible. 8', mandibular palp.

Ophthalmic sinus, viewed from the side.
Young individual 29 mm. long. Station
3388. a, ophthalmic lobe.

Face view of front of a young individual
19 mm. long. Station 3388, «, ophthal-
mic lobe.

Fourth leg, adult male. Station 3375.

Fifth leg, adult male. Station 3375.

First abdominal appendage, female. Station
3377.

First abdominal appendage, adult male. Sta-
tion 3375.

Second abdominal appendage, adult male.
Station 3375.

Third abdominal appendage, adult male.
Station 3375.

First three abdominal segments and appen-
dages from the side, young.

Gill of adult male.

PLATE XXXI.

Female. Dorsal view. Natural size.
Female. Lateral view. Natural size.
Antenna of first pair.
Distal end of fifth leg, adult female.
Distal end of fifth leg, young female.
Distal end of fifth leg, adult male.

PLATE XXXII.

Fig. 1. Polycheles granulatus Fax.*
" 2. WUlemoesia inornata Fax.

Female. Dorsal view. Natural size.
Dorsal view. Natural size.

PLATE XXXIII.

Fig. 1. Polycheles nanus Smith.

1".
1'.
2.

3.

(( (( tt

Polycheles ffranulaius Fax.

Female in profile. Enlarged.
End of fifth leg, male.
End of fifth leg, female.
Female in profile. Natural size.
End of fifth leg, female.
Lateral view. Natural size.

WUlemoesia mornnta Fax.

* The carapace is 2.3 mm. too broad iu the figure

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

277

PLATE XXXIV.

Fig.

1.

1«.

1\

1\

1".

l^

Paracrangon areolata Fax.

Female. Dorsal view. Natural size.
Female. Lateral view. Natural size.
First abdominal appendage, male.
First abdominal appendage, female.
Second abdominal appendage, male.
Second abdominal appendage, female.

PLATE XXXV.

Fig.

1.

l".

l^

I''.

!<*.

1'.

V.

Sclerocrangon at

Fax.

Female. Dorsal view. Natural size.
Female. Lateral view. Natural size.
Sternum of male.

First abdominal appendage of male.
First abdominal appendage of female.
Second abdominal appendage of male.
Second abdominal appendage of female.

PLATE XXXVI.

Fig. 1. Sclerocrangon jjrocax Fax.

1".
1'.

V.

1\

Female. Dorsal view. Natural size.
Female. Lateral view. Natural size.
First antenna.
Second antenna.

First abdominal appendage of male.
First abdominal appendage of female.
Second abdominal appendage of male.
Second abdominal appendage of female.
Sternum of female.

PLATE XXXVIL

Fig. 1.

Glyphocrangon alata Fax.

Dorsal view. Natural size.
Lateral view. Natural size.
End of third leg.
End of fifth leg.
Second leg of left side.
Second leg of right side.

Fig.

1.

1 "

15

1 "^

-Irf

1c

PLATE XXXVIIL
Glyphocrangon spinnlosa Fax.

Female. Dorsal view. Natural size.
Female. Lateral view. Natural size.
End of third leg.
End of fifth leg.
Second leg of left side.
Second leg of right side.

278

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Fig. 1.
" 1".
" l*.

" 1'.

PLATE XXXVIIL"'

Glyphocrangon loricata Fax.

Male. Dorsal view. Station 3402. X 1|.
Male. Lateral view. Station 340!^. X 1\.
Eostrum from above, more highly magnified.
Telsou from above, more highly magnified.
End of third leg.
End of fifth leg.

PLATE XXXIX.

Fig. 1. Glyphocrangon sicaria Fax.
(I JI> it « «

« Ji « « l(

Dorsal view. Natural size.
Lateral view. Natural size.
End of third leg.
End of fifth leg.
Leg of second pair.
Leg of fourth pair.

PLATE XL.

Fia

1.

1«.
1\
2.

2".
2".

Heterocarpus vicarius Fax.

Heterocarpus affinis Fax.

Natural size.
Swimmeret.
Antennal scale.
Female. Natural size.
Swimmeret.
Antennal scale.

PLATE XLI.

Fig. 1. Heterocarpus hostilis Fax.

(f -^ H II <<

II 1c 11 II <I

II -td II II II

" 2. Heterocarpus vicarius Fax.

II Oa It II II

" 3. Heterocarpus affinis Fax.

II 3<i_ II II II

Female. Natural size.

Swimmeret.

Antennal scale.

First abdominal appendage of right side,

male.
Carapace of an abnormal female from Station

3395. Natural size.
Left leg of second pair.
Right leg of second pair.
Left leg of second pair.
Eight leg of second pair.

Fig. L

II \a

l^
II jc_

" I'.

II

PLATE XLIT.

Nematoearcinus agassizii 'Fa.x.

Female. Natural size.
Distal part of leg of first pair.
Distal part of leg of second pair.
Distal part of leg of third pair.
Distal part of leg of fifth pair.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

279

PLATE XLIII.

Fig.

1.

1«.

1».

2.

2".

3.

4.

5.

Acanthephyra cristata Fax.

Acanthephyra curtirostris W.-M.

(< a ((

Acanthephyra curtirostris, var. a.
« « « j3

" " " y.

Enlarged.
Swimineret.
Autemial scale.
Male. Carapace.
Swimineret.
Carapace.
Carapace.
Carapace.

PLATE XLIV.

Fig. 1. Acanthephyra cucullata Fax.
" 2. Notostomus frag His ^kx.

Male. X IJ.
Swimineret.
Antennal scale.
Enlarged.
Swimmeret.
Antennal scale.

Fig. 1. Pasiphaeia amerieana Fax.

PLATE XLV.
X2.

1".

1".

l^

i-*.

i\

2.

2".

06

O,;

2. Pasiphaeia magna Fax.

Fig. 1. Sicyonia affinis Fax.

2. Sicyonia picta Fax.

<<

1".

((

1".

a

r.

f<

2.

«

2".

(C

2\

(f

2\

'ig-

1.

££

1».

it

V.

l(

w

ii

2.

ti

2".

it

2\

u

2'.

Peneus balboce Fax.

Solenocera agassizii Fax.

Swimmeret.

Antennal scale.

Leg of third pair.

Leg of fourth pair.

Leg of fifth pair.

Natural size.

Swimmeret.

Antennal scale.

Abdominal appendage of first pair.

PLATE XLVI.

Female. Enlarged.
Rostrum.
Antennal scale.
Swimmeret.
xli

Rostrum.
Antennal scale.
Swimmeret.

PLATE XLVII.

Female. Natural size.
Swimmeret.
Antennal scale.
Gills.

Natural size.
Swimmeret.
Antennal scale.
Petasma of male.

280

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

PLATE XLVIII.

Fig. 1. naliporus nereus Fas.

U Ja « « "

a J6 << " <'

11 j^c (( " "

" 2. Halijiorus thetis Fax.

(( 2* " " "

(( 2'' " " "

Fig. 1. Halqionis doris Fax.

II la f( <1 <<

(( J6 « « «

it 1c a i< »

" 2. Aristceus occidentalis Fax.

(( Oa (( ((

<( 2*. " "

<f 2*^ ^' '^

<( 2'^ " "

<i 2'. " "

X 1|.

Sternixm of female.

Antenna] scale.

Swimmeret.

Abdominal appendage of first pair, male.

Female. X 1^.

Sternum of female.

Antennal scale.

Swimmeret.

Carapace viewed from above.

PLATE XLIX.

Enlarged.

Sternum of female.

Swimmeret.

Antennal scale.

Female. Natural size.

Sternum of female.

Swimmeret.

Antennal scale.

Carapace of male. Natural size.

Petasma of male.

PLATE L.

Fig. 1. Hemipeneus triton Fax.

«

1".

«

it

(I

V.

it

ti

«

r.

it

it

((

1".

a

it

it ((

(( -^e It

" 2. Hemipeneus spinidorsalis Bate.

Male. Natural size.

Swimmeret of a female.

Sternum of a female.

Antennal scale of a male.

Petasma of a male.

Inner branch of second abdominal appendage
of male.

Inner branch of second abdominal appen-
dage of male.

PLATE LI.

Fig. 1. Sergestes edwardsii Kr.

((

1".

tt it

ii

IK

it ti

(£

l^

(f ((

ti

1".

it ti

ic

i«.

tt it

((

2.

Sergestes

inous Fax.

a

2".

11

« u

(C

2\

It

ft t(

((

2^

ti

it ii

a

2".

It

ei <(

Male. Much enlarged.
Swimmeret.

Anterior part of carapace, and eye.
Antennal scale.

Appendix of first antenna of male.
Petasma of a large male.
Female. Natural size.
Swimmeret.

Anterior part of carapace, and eye.
Antennal scale.

Gills, pi', posterior pleurobranchia of the
twelfth somite.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

281

PLATE LII.

Fig. 1. Sergestes blsulcatus W.-M.
" j<«_ (( <i 11

1».
1".

1'.

If.
1'.

Enlarged.

Anterior part of carapace. More liiglily

magnified.
Swimmeret.
Eirst antenna of male.
Part of first antenna of male, more enlarged

to show the appendicular organ.
Autennal scale, male.
Antenna of first pair, female.
Part of antenna of first pair, female. More

enlarged.
Petasma of male.

PLATE LIIL

Fig. 1. Eucojria sculpticauda Fax.

1".
1".
1"^.

" 2. Petalophthalmus armiger W.-S.

" 2".
" 2*.
« 2°.

Female. Enlarged.

Swimmeret.

End of telson, more highly magnified.

Front, eyes and antennae, from above.

Second antenna.

Female. Cephalo-thorax, much enlarged.

" Blake " Station 29, Gulf of Mexico.

Swimmeret of same specimen.

Second antenna of same specimen.

First abdominal appendage of same spejimen.

PLATE LIV.

Fig. 1. Petalophthalmus paeificris Fax.

11 la 11 11 11

U -^ It 11 II

11 j^c 11 11 11

11 -^d^ 11 (( 11

11 -ye 11 11 11

11 J/ 11 (1 11

11 -\g 11 11 11

II yi 11 11 1<

Male. Much enlarged.
Anterior part, from above.
Carapace from above.
Swimmeret.
Modified eye-stalk.
Second antenna.
First abdominal appendage.
Second abdominal appendage.
Fifth abdominal appendage.

Fig.

1.

1".

l^

1-^.

I''.

l^

«

2.

PLATE LV.

Scoloph

thalmus lucifugus Fax.

Ceratomysis spinosa Fax.

Female. Much enlarged.

Anterior part, from above.

Carapace from above.

Swimmeret.

Second antenna.

Fifth abdominal appendage.

Female. Lateral view. Much enlarged.

36

282 STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA

PLATE LVI.

g. 1. Ceratomysis spinosa Fax. Female. Dorsal view. Much enlarged.

1». " " " First abdominal appendage, left side.

1\ '< " " Second abdominal appendage, left side.

1''. " " " Third abdominal appendage, left side.

1''. " " " Fourth abdominal appendage, left side.

V. " " " Fifth abdominal appendage, left side.

y. " " " Fifth abdominal appendage, right side.

PLATE LVII.

Hydrographic Sketch of the Pacific, from the Gulf of California to Northern Ecuador,
with the Track of the " Albatross," February 22 to April 23, 1891.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Note. — Names of species represented in tlie " Albatross " collection of 1801 are printed in capitals. Syn-
onyms are printed in Italics. The figures in heavy type indicate the pages on which genera and species are
described.

Acantliephyra, 159, 160, 241.
acutifrons, 164, 167.
AGAssizii, 161, 244, 249, 250, 256, 257,

262.
APPBOXiMA, 162, 244, 256, 258, 262.
armata, 160.
batei, 167.
benedicti, 166.

BREViROSTRis, 167, 244, 257. 262.
CRisTATA, 162, 256, 257, 262, Plate

XLIII., Fig. 1.
cucuLLATA, 167, 256, 262, Plate XLIV.,

Fig. 1.
cuKTiRO.sTRis, 164, 244, 256, 257, 258,

262, Plate XLIII., Fig. 2.
cuRTiROSTRis, var. a, 165, 259, Plate

XLIII., Fig. 3.
CURTIROSTRIS, var. /3, 165, 258, 259,

Plate XLIII., Fig. 4.
CURTIROSTRIS, var. y, 165, 256, 259,

Plate XLIII., Fig. 5.
debilis, 163.
gracilis, 163.
hseckelii, 160.

lanceocaudata, 160, 163, 164.
planipes, 166.
purpurea, 161, 244, 249.
sanguiuea, 161, 244.
sica, 161.
tenuipes, 166.
Acanthonyx petiverii, 235.
Acbelous, 23.

AFFiNis, 23, 236, 256, 257, 260, Plate

IV., Fig. 1.

BREVIMANUS, 23.

depressifrons, 24, 236.
SPiNiMANUs, 23, 24, 235, 257, 260.

ActEea, 16.

DOViT, 16, 236.

lahijrinthica, 17.

nodosa, 236.

setigera, 236.

sulcata, 236.
Actaeomorpha, 33.
^gfeon, 134.

cataphractus, 134.

loricatus, 134.
^tbra scruposa, 237.

scutata, 237.
^thusa, 27, 34, 24L

cliaUengeri, 36.

ciLiATiFRONS, 34, 256, 260, Plate V.,
Fig. 3.

gracilipos, 36.

LATA, 35, 236, 257, 260, Plate VI.,
Fig. 1.

microphthalma, 35, 236.

jmhescens, 35.

simiatifrons, 36.
^thusina, 27, 36, 241.

abyssicola, 36, 37, 243.

CHALLENGERi, 36, 37, 243, 258, 260.

GRACiLTPEs, 36, 243, 257, 258, 260.
' gracilipes, var. robusta, 36.

simiatifrons, 36.

SMiTiiiANA, 37, 243, 257, 260, Plate
VI., Fig. 2.
Alpheus, 155, 235.

heterocheles, 235.

minor, 235.

PANAMENSIS, 155.

pelagicus, 160.

spinifrons, 156.

Amalopeneus, 208, 249.

284

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Amathia, 8, 10.

agassizti, 10.

caiyentcri, 10.

crassa, 10.

hystrix, 10.

w.odesta, 10.

rissoana, 10.

tanneri, 10.
Anamathia, 8, 10, 11, 241.

atjassizii, 10.

carpenteri, 8, 10, 11.

crassa, 10, 11.

hystrix, 10, 11.

liverraorii, 10.

modesta, 10.

occiDENTALis, 8, 258, 260, Plate I.,
Fig. 2.

pulehra, 10, 11.

rissoana, 10, 11.

tanneri, 10.

umbonata, 10, 11.
Anasimus fugax, 235.

rostratus, 235.
Anoplonotus. 81.

politus, 99.
Aratus pisoni, 235.
Arctomi/sis, 2'25.
Arenaeus, 22.

hidens, 22.

cribrarius, 236.

MEXICANUS, 22, 236.
Aristceomorpha, 197, 199.

(jiglioliana, 199.

rostridentata, 197, 199.
Aristwopsis, 197, 199.

armata, 197, 199.

eclwardsiana, 199.
Aristffius, 194, 197, 202, 241.

antennatus, 195, 196, 198.

armatus, 196, 197, 199.

coralinus, 199.

coruscans, 197, 198, 252.

crassipes, 198.

edwardsianus, 196, 199.

foliaceus, 196, 197, 199.

OCCIDENTALIS, 194, 258, 262, Plate
XLIX., Fig. 2.

rostridentatus, 196, 197, 199.

semidentatus, 196, 198.

tomentosus, 196, 198.

tridens, 196, 199.

Aristseus virilis, 196, 198.
Astacus jamaicensis, 148.
Atyephyra, 160.

desmarestii, 160.

rosiana, 160.
Axius, 103, 104, 241.

AcuTiFRoxs, 103, 104, 243, 256, 262,
Plate XXVIII., Fig. 2.

armatus, 104.

CRisTA-GALLi, 104, 256, 262, Plate
XXVIII., Fig. 1.

stirhynchus, 103, 104.

Batraehonotus fragosus, 235.

nicliolsi, 235.
Benthesicymus, 203, 204, 208, 241.

ALTus, 192, 203, 206, 244, 256, 257, 258,
262.

bartletti, 206.

brasiliensis, 206.

iridescens, 207

moratus, 207.

TANXEET, 204, 205, 252, 254, 255, 256,
257, 258, 259, 262, Plate H.
Beiithrpcefes, 204.
Boreomysis, 221, 226, 242.

scyphops, 222.

Calappa, 45, 233.

convexa, 236.

galloides, 236.
Calastacus, 105, 241, 242.

STiLiEOSTRis, 106, 258, 262, Plate
XXVII., Fig. 1.
Calcinus, 55.

OBscuRus, 55.
Oallineetes arcuatus, 236.

bellicosus, 236.

bocourti, 236.

dauffi, 236.

ornatus, 236.

toxotes, 236.

tumidus, 236.
Calocaris, 105, 106, 242.

inacandreee, 105, 106, Plate XXVII.,
Fig. 2.
Cambarus, 74.
Carapylonotus, 159.
Can callus, 52.

canaliculatus, 54.

parfaiti, 54.

TANNEEi, 52, 257, 260, Plate XI., Fig. 1.

INDEX OF GENEEA AND SPECIES.

285

Cancellus typus, 54.
Cancer, 16, 234.

borealis, 16, 234.

canallculatus, 64.

cataphractus, 134.

cymodoce, 22.

grapsiis, 30.

jamaicensis, 148.

LONGiPES, 16, 234, 240, 256, 260.

mill lit us, 29, 30.
Carcinus msenas, 235.
Caridina desmarestii, 160.
Carpilodes, 237.

cinctimanus, 237.
Catapagurus, 57, 241.

australis, 59.

DioMEDE^, 57, 256, 260, Plate XIII.,
Fig. 2.

gracilis, 59.

sharreri, 59.
Ceraphilus agassizii, 136.
Ceratomysis, 226, 227, 241, 242.

SPINOSA, 228, 252, 257, 262, Plate LV.,
Fig. 2, Plate LVT.
Chalaraspis, 219.

alata, 219.

ungulculata, 219.

unguifera, 219.
Cheraphilus, 134.

cataphractus, 134.

ferox, 134.
Chorilia, 11.

longipes, 11.
Chorilibinia, 237.
Clibanarius panamensis, 237.

vittatus, 237.
Coenobita, 62.

COMPRESSUS, 52.

Collodes granosus, 235.

tenuirostris, 235.

trispinosus, 235.
Crangon, 133.
Cronius ruber, 235.
Cyclomaia, 12.
Cymopolia, 38, 241.

dentata, 236.

dilatata, 39, 236.

FBAGiLis, 40, 257, 260, Plate VI.,
Fig. 4.

TUBERcuLATA, 38, 236, 256, 260, Plate
VI., Fig. 3.

zonata, 39, 236.

Daira americana, 237.

perlata, 237.
Deidumia, 125.
Dermaturus, 50.
Dipfyc/ms, 101.

Mhis, 102.

nltidus, var. occidentalis, 101.

pidiescens, 101.

Ebalia, 41, 241.

sp. iNDET., 41, 256, 260.
Echinocerus, 45, 46.

cibarius, 45.

diomedece, 45, 46.

forarainatus, 45, 47.
Eclytaspis, 219.

alata, 219.
Egeon. See jEgaeon.
Eiconaxius. See Icouaxius.
Elasmo7iotus, 81, 82, 83.

asper, 96.

brevimanns, 82.

canni2)es, 97.

edtvardsii, 100.

latifrons, 81, 82, 99.

longimaiiiis, 98.

viarginatus, 100.

quadi-atus, 97.
Elassochirus, 65.
Ephijra, 159, 160.

compressa, 160.

hcEckelii, 160.

pelagica, 160.
Ephyrina, 159, 166.

benedicti, 166.
Epialtus afifinis, 235.

sulcirostris, 235.
Eriphia gonagra, 236.

squamata, 236.
Eryon, 245.
Eryonicus, 108, 241.

C.ECU.S, 108, 110, 116, 244, 256, 257,
258, 262, Plate B, Fig. 2, Plate
XXIX, Fig. 2, Plate XXX.

spixuLosus, 110, 116, 244, 258, 262,
Plate XXIX, Fig. 1.
Ethiisa. See jEtliusa.
Ethusina. See ^Ethusina.
Eucopia, 218, 219, 241, 248, 249, 252.

AusTRALi.s, 218, 219, 220, 245, 257,
258, 259, 262.

286

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

EucopiA scuLPTioAUDA, 219, 256, 258, 262,
Plate K, Fig. 2, Plate LIII, Fig. 1.
Euctenota mexicana, 22.
Eumiersia, 159.

ensifera, 156.
Eupagurus, 55.

bouvieri, 57.

cALiFOKNiENsis, 55, 257, 260, Plate
XI., Fig. 2.

discoklalis, 61.

smithii, 57.

tenuiraaiius, 55.

imgiilatus, 63.
Euprognatha, 6.

acuta, 7.

bifida, 7.

gracilipes, 7.

GRANULATA, 6, 235, 257, 260, Plate I.,
Fig. 1.

inermis, 7.

rastellifera, 7, 235.

Galacantha, 78, 79, 82, 241, 246.
areolata, 79, 243.
balnUi, 83.
bellis, 79.

DI0MEDE.9J, 79, 243, 256, 257, 258, 259,
260, Plate XXV., Fig. 1.

DIOMKDE^, var. PARVISPINA, 80, 258,

259, Plate XXV., Fig. 2.
ROSTBATA, 78, 80, 81, 243, 257, 258,

260, Plate B, Fig. 1.
spinosa, 80, 243.
talismanii, 79.

Galatea, 246.
Oalathea monodon, 72.
Galathodes, 81, 82, 83, 93.

abbreviatus, 87.

cr in if us, 92.

latifrons, 82.

tridenn, 82.
Galatho]}sis, 83.
Gecarcinus, 28.

MALPiLENsis, 28, Plate IV., Fig. 2.

quadratus, 28, 29.

ruricola, 29.
Gelasimus, 29, 235.

gracilis, 236.

heterocheles, 235.

macrodactylus, 29.

maracoani, 235.

Gelasimus pugnax, 236.

SP. INDET., 29.

stenodactylus, 235.

vocator, 235.
Gennadas, 204, 207, 208, 241, 249.

intermedius, 207.

parvus, 244.

SP. INDET., 207, 244, 257, 259, 262.
Geograpsus lividus, 235.
Geryon quinquedens, 27.
Glyphocrangon, 137, 241.

aciileata, 138, 142.

acuminata, 144, 244.

ALATA, 137, 256, 258, 262, Plate
XXXVII.

caeca, 138.

ceecescens, 146.

gilesii, 144.

investigatoris, 138, 142.

loijgirostris, 143, 146.

LOKicATA, 138, 140, 258, 262, Plate
XXXVIII.'"'-

NOBTLis, 142, 145, 244, 256, 257, 258,
259, 262.

regalis, 138, 142.

sicARiA, 144, 256, 262, Plate XXXIX.

smitliii, 138, 142.

spiNULosA, 138, 257, 258, 259, 262,
Plate XXXVIII.

unguiculata, 144.
Glyptolithodes, 42.

CRisTATiPEs, 43, 256, 260, Plate VII.,
Fig. 2.
Glyptoxauthus, 17.

erosus, 236.

LABYRINTHICUS, 17, 236.

Gnathophausia, 215, 241, 252, 253.

BREvispiNis, 216, 245, 257, 258, 262,
Plate J.

dentata, 216.

gracilis, 217.

gracilis, var. brevispinis, 216.

sarsii, 215, 245.

wiLLEMOEsii, 215, 245, 256, 259, 262,
Plate K, Fig. 1.

ZOEA, 215, 244, 258, 262.
Gnathophyllum, 146.

elegans, 146, 147.

elegans, var. brevirostris, 147.

fasciolatum, 147.

pallidum, 147.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

287

Gnathophyllum panamense, 146, Plate E.
zebra, 147.

Gnatophyllum. See Gnathophyllum.
Goniopsis cruentata, 235.
Grapsus, 30.

altlfrons, 30.

GRAPSUS, 30.

Haliporus, 188, 189, 190, 193, 241.
sequalis, 191, 252.
DORIS, 191, 192, 193, 258, 262, Plate

XLIX., Fig. 1.
lajvis, 190, 244.
neptunus, 252.
NEKEus, 189, 191, 192, 193, 244,

256, 257, 258, 262, Plate XLVIII.,
Fig. 1.

obliquirostris, 191.

THETIS, 192, 258, 262, Plate XLVIII.,
Fig. 2.
Hansenomysis, 225, 226, 242.

fyllce, 225.
Hemicaridina, 160.

desmarestii, 160.
Hemipeneus, 196, 197, 198, 200, 202, 241.

carpenteri, 199, 203, 244, 252.

gracilis, 198.

semidentatus, 196, 198.

speciosus, 198.

spiNiDORSALis, 198, 200, 202, 203, 244,

257, 258, 262, Plate L., Fig. 2.
tomentosus, 196.

TRITON, 199, 202, 244, 256, 257, 258,
262, Plate L., Fig. 1.

virilis, 196, 198.
Hepatus, 33, 34.
Hepomadus tener, 252.
Herbstia camptacantha, 236.

depressa, 236.
Heteractsea, 21.

ceratopus, 236.

LUXATA, 21, 236.
Heterocarpus, 148, 151, 155, 241.

AFFiNis, 149, 151, 154, 244, 259, 262,
Plate XL., Fig. 2, Plate XLL, Fig. 3.

alexandri, 149, 151.

alphonsi, 149, 15.3, 244.

carinatus, 149, 151.

dorsalis, 149, 151, 154.

eusifer, 149, 151.

gibbosus, 149j 150, 151.

Heterocabpus hostilis, 149, 151, 154,244,
256, 257, 262, Plate XLL, Fig. 1.

laevigatiis, 149.

Isevis, 149, 151.

oryx, 149, 151.

vicARius, 148, 256, 262, Plate XL., Fig.
1, Plate XLL, Fig. 2.
Heterocrjq^ta grauulata, 236.

macrobrachia, 236.

sp. non descr., 236.
Hippa eraerita, 235.
Hippohite desmarestii, 160.

varians, 252.
Hoplophorus, 159.
Hyastenus, 10, 11.

longipes, 11.
Hymenodora, 167, 168, 171, 241.

duplex, 167.

GLAciALis, 168, 244, 249, 256, 257,
259, 262.

gracilis, 169.
Hipnenopeneus, 191, 193.
Hypoconcha arcuata, 237.

panamensis, 237.

sabulosa, 237.
Hypopeltariura, 242.

Iconaxius, 103, 104, 241, 242.
acutifrons, 103, 104, 243.
farrece, 104.

Lambrus, 14.

HAssLERi, 14, 236, 257, 259, 260, Plate
III., Fig. 1.

pourtalesii, 15, 16, 236.

verrUlii, 15, 16.
Leander serrator, 254.
Lepidopa myops, 237.

scutellata, 237.
Leptodius floridauus, 236.

occidentalis, 236.
Leptolithodes, 45, 46, 47, 241.

aculeatus, 45, 47.

ASPER, 45, 47, 50, 243, 256, 260, Plate
VIII.

LONGIPES, 45, 47, 48, 243, 257, 260,
Plate IX.

multispinus, 50, 243.
Leptomithrax, 12.
Leptopodia, 5.

DEBILIS, 5, 235.

288

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Leptopodia modesta, 6.

sagittaria, 5, 6, 235.
Leucifer. See Lucifer.
Libinia macdonaldi, 236.

spinimana, 236.
Lithodes, 50, 234, 241.

agassizii, 51, 243.

diomedeie, 243, 257, 258.

granulosus, 44.

griinaldii, 243.

maia, 52.

murrayi, 51, 52.

PANAMENsis, 50, 256, 260, Plate X.,
Fig. 1.

sp. INDEX., 51, 52, 259, Plate X., Fig. 2.

turritus, 51.
Lophactsea lobata, 236.

rotundata, 236.
Lucifer, 214.

ACESTKA, 214.

reynaudii, 214, 215.
Lysiosquilla desaussurei, 237.
scabricauda, 237.

Maia, 12.
Maiella, 12.
Maiopsis, 11.

PANAMENSis, 13, 256, 260, Plate II.
Menippe, 21.

FRONTALIS, 21, 236.

obtusa, 236.

raercenaria, 236.
Mesorrhcea gilli, 2.'?6.

sexspiuosa, 236.
Micropanope, 20.

2}olita, 19, 20.

puffilator, 20.

sculptipes, 20.
Microphrys weddellii, 235.
Miersia, 159, 160.

agassizii, 161.

pelagica, 160.
Mithrax armatus, 236.

hispidus, 236.

sinensis, 236.

spinosissimus, 236.

tuberculatus, 236.
Munida, 73,74,241,246.

caribbaea, 73.

GRAciLiPEs, 77, 256, 260, Plate XVI.,
Fig. 2.

Munida iris, 73, 76.
irrasa, 73, 76.

MKROPHTHALMA, 78, 257, 260.

miles, 73, 77.

OBESA, 73, 256, 260, Plate XVI., Pig. 1.

PROPiNQUA, 76, 256, 258, 260, Plate

XVIII., Fig. 1.
EEFULGEN.s, 75, 257, 259, 2G0, Plate

XVII.
stinipsoni, 77, 78, 241.
valida, 73, 77.
ISIunidopsis, 81, 241, 246, 251.
abbreviata, 87, 243.
AGASSIZII, 88, 256, 260, Plate XVIII.,

Fig. 4.
ASPERA, 96, 243, 256, 257, 258, 260.
BAiRDii, 83, 243, 256, 260.
brevimana, 81, 82, 84, 243.
cARiNiPEs, 97, 243, 256, 260, Plate

XXIV., Fig. 1.
ciLiATA, 82, 84, 85, 243, 256, 257, 260,

Plate XVIII., Fig. 3.
crassa, 86, 243.

CRiNiTA, 92, 256, 260, Plate XX., Fig. 3.
curvirostra, 81.
cylindrophtlialma, 243.
DEPRESSA, 96, 259, 260, Plate XXII.,

Fig. 2.
edwardsii, 100, 101, 243.
erinacea, 89.
HAMATA, 95, 96, 256, 260, Plate XXI.,

Fig. 2.

HENDERSONIANA, 100, 243, 256, 260,

Plate XXIV., Fig. 2.
HTSTRix, 89, 258, 259, 260, Plate XIX.,

Fig. 1.
iNERMis, 98, 256, 260, Plate XXIII.,

Fig. 2.
latifrons, 93.

LATiRosTRis, 82, 99, 243, 256, 260.
longiniana, 98, 243.
MARGARITA, 91, 258, 260, Plate XX.,

Fig. 2.
marginata, 100.
nitida, 84, 243.

OENATA, 87, 258, 260, Plate XX., Fig. 1.
polita, 99.
QUADRATA, 97, 259, 260, Plate XXIII.,

Fig. 1.
scABRA, 93, 94, 259, 260, Plate XXI.,

Fig. 1.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

289

MuNiDOPSis SERICEA, 90, 256, 260, Plate
XIX., Fig. 3.
sharreri, 94.
spinifera, 89.
suBSQUAMOSA, 85, 243, 257, 260.

SUBSQUAMOSA ACULEATA, 86, 243, 256,

260.
subsquamosa pallida, 85, 243.
TANMERi, 94, 256, 260, Plate XXII.,

Fig. 1.
tridens, 93.
tridentata, 93.
viciNA, 85, 243, 256, 257, 260, Plate

XVIII., Fig. 2.
viLLOSA, 86, 243, 256,260, Plate XIX.,

Fig. 2.
Myra, 237.

Nautilograpsus, 29.

Naxia, 10.

Nematocarcinus, 156, 159, 241.

AGASsizii, 158, 256, 257, 258, 259, 262,
Plate XLII.

ENsiFER, 156, 244, 256, 257. 268, 259,
262.
Nephropsis, 127, 241, 243.

acideata, 128.

agassizii, 127, 128.

atlantica, 127, 128.

carpenteri, 128.

cormihiensis, 128.

occiDENTALis, 127, 243, 258, 259, £62,
Plate D, Fig. 1.

orientnlls, 128.

rosea, 128.

stewarti, 127, 128.

sulimi, 128.
Neptunus iridescens, 236.

viexicanus, 22.

spinicarpus, 236.
Nika edulis, 252.
Notopus, 42.

atlanticus, 42.

dorsipes, 42.

ovalis, 42.
Notostomus, 170, 241, 253.

FBAGiLis, 170, 257, 262, Plate XLIV.,
Fig. 2.

patentissimus, 172, 173,244.

WESTERGRENI, 171, 244, 257, 262,
Plate F.

Ocypode, 233.
arenaria, 235.

(Ethra. See ^thra.
Opiopliorus. See Hoplopliorus.
Orophorrhynclius, 81, 82, 83.

aries, 82.

hendersonlanus, 100.

latifrons, 99.

nitklus, 84.

spiiiosus, 82.
Osachila, 32.

acuta, 33.

LATA, 32, 259, 260, Plate V., Fig. 2.

stimpsonii, 33, 34.

tuberosa, 33, 34.
Othonia Iherminieri, 236.

quinquedentata, 236.

sexdentata, 236.
Ozius, 21.

perlatus, 236.

reticulatus, 236.

VERKEAUXII, 21.

Pachycheles, 71.

barbatus, 72.

PANAMExsis, 71, Plate Xy., Fig. 2.

rudis, 71.

tuberculipes, 71.
Paguristes, 66.

degueti, 237.

depressus, 237.

FECuNDus. 66, 237, 267, 260, Plate
XIV., Fig. 2.

lymaiii, 68, 237.

sericeus, 237.

snbpilosus, 08.
Pagurodes pilifer, 59.
lalsemon, 148.

JAMAICENSIS, 148.

Paiidalopsis, 155, 241, 242.

AMPLA, 166, 244, 259, 262.
Pandalus, 149, 155.

peJaijicus, 160.
Panopeus, 18.

herbstii, 236.

LATus, 18, 236, 256, 260, PI. III., Fig. 3.

politns, 20.

TANNERi, 19, 257, 268, 260, Plate III.,
Fig. 4.

validiis, 236.

xanthiformis, 19, 226.

37

290

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Panulirus, 107.

sp. iNDET., 107, 257, 262.
Paracrangou, 128, 241, 242.

AKEOLATA, 129, 2i59, 262, Plate
XXXIV.

eehinata, 131.

hystrix, 131.
Paralomis, 44, 240.

aculeata, 45, 47.

aspera, 45, 47.

DioMEDE^, 45, 46, 256, 260, Plate
VII., Fig. 3.

formosa, 45.

granulosa, 44, 45, 46, 47.

longipes, 45, 47, 48.
Paramithrax, 12.
Parapagurus, 68, 241.

ahyssorum, 68, 245.

PILOSIMANUS ABTSSOEUM, 68, 243,

245, 256, 257. 258, 259, 260.
Paratya, 160.

compressa, 160.
Pasiphae, 173.

glaclulis, 168.

princeps, 175.
Pasipliaeia, 173, 241.

AcuTiFRONs, 175, 244, 258, 262.

AMERICANA, 173, 244, 256, 258, 2G2,
Plate XLV., Fig. 1.

cristata, 174. 175, 244.

cristata americana, 173.

MAGXA, 176, 256, 262, Plate XLV.,
Fig. 2.

norvegica, 176.

PRixcEPs, 175, 176, 178, 244, 258, 262.

tarda, 176, 178.
Pelia inutica, 236.

pacifica, 236.
PensBus. See Peneus.
Peneopsis, 185, 187, 188, 241.

DiOMEDE.E, 185, 256, 257, 262, Plate G.

ocularis, 187, 188.
Peneus, 181, 187, 241.

antennatus, 195, 197, 19S.

BALBOiE, 181, 257, 262, Plate XLVII.,
Fig. 1.

crassicornis, 185.

distinctus, 185.

edwardsianiis, 196, 199.

foliaceus, 196, 199.

membranaeeus, 184.

Peneus siphonoceros, 184.
Pentacheles, 108, 117, 118, 119.

beaumontii, 125.

euthrix, 119.

gracilis, 118.

loivis, 118.

nanus, 121.

obscurus, 118.

sp>inosris, 122.
Pericera fossata, 236.

spinosissima, 236.

triangulata, 236.

trispiuosa, 236.
Persephona, 237.

Petalophthalmus, 221, 223, 226, 241, 242,
248, 252.

armiger, 221, 222, 223, 224, 245, Plate
LIII., Fig. 2.

PACiFicus, 221, 222, 223, 245, 259, 262,
Plate LIV.
Petrolisthes, 69.

AGAssizii, 69, Plate XV., Fig. 1.

armatus, 70, 235.

edwardsii, 70.

OCCIDENTALIS, 69, 70, 237.

sexspinosus, 70, 237.

shnilis, 70.
Philonicus, 188.
Phye, 175.

acutifrons, 175.

alcocki, 175.

princi'p>s, 175.
Phyllolithodes, 43.
Pilumnus, 21.

aculeatus, 236.

gemmatus, 236.

LiMosus, 21, 236.

lunatus, 21.

xaiitusii, 236.
Pinnixa, 30.

pANAMENsis, 30, Plate v.. Fig. 1.
Planes, 29.

clypeatus, 29.

MINUTUS, 30.

Platymera, 32.

califnrnlensis, 32.

GAUDicHAuDii, 32, 234, 256, 260.
Pleoticus, 188.
Plesiopeneus, 196, 197, 199.

armatus, 196, 197, 199.

edwardsianus, 196, 199.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

291

Plesiopeneus foliaceus, 196, 199.
giglioliauus, 199.
rostridentatus, 196, 199.
Pleuroucodes, 72, 73.

MONODON, 72, 240, 256, 258, 260, Plate

XV., Fig. 3.
planipes, 72.
Podochela riisei, 235.

vestita, 235.
Polycheles, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115,
117, 241, 245.
agassizii, 120.
beaumontii, 125.
debilis, 124.
euthi'ix, 119.
gracilis, 118.
GR-iNDXATus, 123, 257, 262, PI. XXXII.,

Fig. 1, PI. XXXIII., Fig. 2.
laevis, 118, 124.
NANUS, 120, 121, 123, 244, 256, 257,

258, 262, Plate XXXIII., Fig. 1.
obscurus, 118.
seulptus, 121, 122, 123, 244, Plate C,

Fig. 2.
scuLPTus PAciFicus, 122, 244, 256, 257,

258, 259, 262, Plate C, Fig. 1.
TANXERi,119, 257, 258, 262, Plate XXXI.
typhlops, 118, 119.
validus, 124.
Pontocaris, 134.
Pontophilus, 131, 241.
abyssi, 131, 132, 244.
batei, 131, 132.
challengeri, 132.
gracilis, 131, 132.
jacqueti, 134, 136.

occiDENTALis, 131, 244, 256, 257, 258,
262, Plate D, Fig. 2.
Povcellana armata, 70.
Portunus spiniiiianiis, 2.3.
Pylopagurus, 55, 61.

AFFiNis, 64, 237, 256, 260, Plate XII.,

Fig. 2.
HiRTiMANus, 65, 237, 257, 260, Plate

XIII., Fig. 1.
LONGIMANU.S, 61, 237, 257, 260, Plate

XII., Fig. 1.
rosaoeus, 05, 66, 237.
ungulatus, 61, 63, 64, 237.

Quadrella, 237.
nitida, 237.

Ranilia angustata, 236.

luuricata, 236.
Eaniuops, 41.

constricta, 42, 236.

FOKNicATA, 41, 236, 257, 260, Plate
VII., Fig. 1.

stimpsoni, 42, 236.
Remipes testudinarius, 237.
RhacJiocaris agassizii, 138.
RMnolithodes, 43.

cristatijies, 43.

wosnessenskii, 43.

Sabinea, 131.

hystrix, 131.

j)i'inceps, 131.
Schizophrys, 12.
Sclerocrangon, 132, 241, 242.

agassizii, 134, 136, 242, 244.

angusticauda, 134.

ATROx, 132, 136, 244, 258, 259, 262,
Plate XXXV.

boreas, 134.

ferox, 133, 1.34, 136, 244.

jacqueti, 134, 136.

PROCAx, 134, 135, 242, 244, 257, 258,
259, 262, Plate XXXVl.

salebrosa, 1.34, 244.
Scolophthalmus, 224, 226, 241, 242.

LuciFUGus, 226, 258, 262, Plate LV.,
Fig. 1.
Scyra umbonata, 10.
Scyramathia, 10, 11.

carpenteri, 10, 11.

crassa, 10, 11.

umhonnfa, 10, 11.
Sergestes, 208, 241.

BisuLCATus, 210, 244, 256, 258, 259,
262, Plate LI I.

EDWARDSii, 212, Plate LI., Fig. 1.

halia, 214.

INDUS, 208, 244, 257, 262, Plate LI.,
Fig. 2.

LONGISPINUS, 214.

mollis, 210, 244.

OCULATUS, 214.

phorcvs, 210.
robustus, 211.
Sicyoiiia, 179, 241.

AFFINIS, 179, 237, 257, 262, Plate

XLVL, Fig. 1.
carinata, 179.

292

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA.

Sicyonia edwardsii, 179, 237.

Isevis, 181.

ocellata, 180.

penicillata, ISO.

picTA, 180, 256, 257, 262, Plate XL VI.,
Fig. 2.
SoleDocera, 183, 241.

AGAssizii,i83, 256, 262, Plate XLVIL,
Fig. 2.

crassicornis, 185.

distincta, 184, 185.

hextii, 185.

lucasii, 185.

jjiliilippii, 184.

siphonocera, 183, 184, 185.
Solenolambrus arcuatus, 236.

typicus, 236.
Speocarciuus carolinensis, 236.

granulimauus, 236.
Splienocarcinus, 7, 235.

AGAssizi, 7, 235, 257, 260, Plate I.,
Fig. 3.

corrosus, 8, 235.
Spiropagurus, 59.

iris, 60, 237.

occiDEXTALis, 59, 237, 257, 260, Plate
XIV., Fig. 1.
Sqiiilla, 230.

BiroRMis, 230, 237, 256, 262.

intermedia, 237.

panamensis, 237.

tenuirostris, 252.
Stereomastis, 109, 115, 118.
Si/stellaspis, 160, 163.

debilis, 1G3.

hcBckelii, 160.

lanceocaudata, 160, 163.

Telmessus, 25.
Thoe erosa, 236.

puella, 236.

sulcata, 236.
Trachycarcinus, 25, 241, 242.

coRALLiNus, 26, 243, 256, 258, 260,
Plate A.

Trachycarcinus sp. non descr., 242, 243.
Trapezia, 22, 237.

coerulea, 22.

CYMODOCE, '22, 237.

formosa, 237.

miniata, 22.

nigrofusca, 237.

rufopunctata, 237.
Trichopeltarion, 25, 242.
Ti'ojjlocaris, 159, 166.

plaii'qies, 166.

tenuipies, 166.
Tyche emarginata, 235.

lamellifrons, 235.

Uhlias ellipticus, 236.

limbatus, 236.
Uroptychus, 101, 241.

BELLus, 102, 256, 262, Plate XXVI.,
Fig. 2.

insignis, 102.

nitidus, 101.

NITIDUS OCCIDENTALIS, 101, 256, 260,

Plate XXVI., Fig. 1.
politus, 101.
PUBESCENS, 101, 256, 262, Plate

XXVI., Fig. 3.
uncifer, 101.

Willemoesia, 109, 111, 112, 114, 118, 119,

125, 241.
forceps, 126, 243.
iNORNATA, 125, 243, 256, 257, 258,

262, Plate XXXII., Fig. 2, Plate

XXXIIL, Fig. 3.
leptodactyla, 118, 119, 125, 126, 127,

243.

Xantho denticulatus, 236.

stimpsoni, 236.
Xanthodes, 17, 241.

suLCATUs, 17, 256, 260, Plate III.,
Fig. 2.
Xiphopeneus. 189.

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Crustacea Pl JI.

MaIOPSIS PANAMENSIS-

Albatross Ex. 1891.

Crustacea Pl III,

r-r ;^-: ,.,-f>

^^•^K^

A.VWeitergrtn.i*!

Lambrus hassleri. 2. Xanthodes sulca.tus
3 Pan-opeus latus. 4. Panopeus tanneri.

Albatross iix. 1891.

Crustacea Pl IV.

X;^

• , vJsasP">:>5

■ii

r

1 ACHELOUS AFFINIS. 2. jlCARCINUS MALPILENSI5.

Albatross Ex. 1891.

Crustacea Pl V.

1. PlNNIXA PANAMENSIS. 2 QSACHILA LAT/
3. ^THUSA CILIATIFRONS.

Albatross Ex. 189

Crustacea Pl VI.

l^thusa pubescens. 2-^thusina smithiana.
3. Cymopolia tuberculata. 4. Cymopolia fragile

Albatross Ex. 1891

Crustacea Pl VIL

A.MWeilE.-fr?r..iJo]

.RANINOPS FORmCATA 2 RHIK OLITHO DE 3 GRI5TAT1PE3,
3. ECHINOCERUS DIOMEDE-^.

:x. 1891

AM\Vesier-reo.itl

pARALOMiS A3PERA

Albatross tx. 1881

Pl IX.

,-,0,-' ^ OJ

'^f TTIf ""7?? IVT''"''mTiTTT>r r,

.-.Jv!We3ltir-r*n,d«:

Paralomis lcngipes.

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl. X.

4-

AjM We»terfri n, dd.

LLlTHODES PANAMENSIS. 2LITH0DES SP

Albatross Ex. 1891.

Crustacea Pl. XI.

..y

-caL*^

J.

\3

^

A.V\Ve>:er5r.r.a«:

ICaNCELLUS TARNEEI 2.EUPAGURUS CALIFORKTE-NSIS..

Albatross Ex. 1891

Crustacea Pl XII.

AAl.Wl-JIWgrenad.

I.PYLOPAGURUS LON&IMAKTJS. 2 PyLOPAGURUS ATFINIS-

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl XI!!.

1 FYLCPAC-URUS HIETIMANUS 2. C ATAPA6-URU5 riCMEDE.£-

Albatross L'x i89I

Crustacea Pl XIV.

l.SPIROPAGLiRUS, OCCIDEKTAUS £ PAGURISTES FECUNDD3

Albatross Ex 1891.

Crustacea Pl XV

AJi! Wesiergren^a^I

1. PETROLISTHES AGASSIZU- 2.PACHYCHELES PANAMENSI;

3. Pleurongodes MONODONP-

Albatross Ex 189!

Crustacea Pl XVI.

--<..

IMUNIDA OBESA 2 MuNIIlA GRi^..-

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl XVll.

MuNIDARETULCtENS.

Albatross Ex 189

Crustacea Pl XVIII.

A Jil We J lergnr. .fci

1 MUNIDA PROPINQUA 2. MUNIDOPSIS VICINA
a MUMIDOPSIS CILIATA 4- MUNID0PSI5 AGASSIZII

Albatross Ex 1R9I

Crustacea Pl XIX.

AJ^Wj»leri;r«ii,d«:

MUNID0PS!3 HYSTRIX 2. MUNIDOPSIS VILLO SA.
3, MUNIDOPSIS SERICEA.

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl XX.

''""' mm

A,VA>S[*r?rer..4el

1 MUNIDOPSIS ORNATA. 2_MUNID0PSIS MARGARIT.-
3-MUNID0P5IS CRINITA

Albatross Ex. 189!

Crustacea Pl. XXI.

tdr '■-iff il'A k^? n

l.MUWIDOPSIS SCA3RA 2. MUNIDOPSIS HAMATA

Albatross Ex. !89!-

Crustacea Pl XXII.

J9-

2?-

.AJrfWeSle.-g.'^'i.^

L MUNIDCPSIS TANNERI 2. MUNIDOFSIS DEPRESSA

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl.XXUI.

AM Wes;erg«n,W

LMUNIDOPSIS QUADRATA. 2 MUNIDOPSIS INERMIS.

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl XXIV.

AM Vftiitr^rtr\_iel

1 MUNIDOPSIS GARINIPEa 2.MUN1D0PSIS HENDERSONIANA.

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl XXV.

A-MWe3ter5rBri,a«l

LGALACAOTHA DIOMEDE^. 2. GALACANTHA DIOMEDE^ VABl. PARVISPINA

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl XXVI.

A.M V.'esierqreryiej

IUROPTYCHUS NITIEUS OCCIDENTALIS 2 UROPTYC HUS B E LLU S.
3, UROPTYCHUS PUBESCENS.

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl, XXVII.

AM Weslersrtn.dd

I.CaLASTACUS STILIRO STRIS. 2.CAL0CARIS MACANDRi,^

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl XXVIIl.

7"

JF

lAXIUS GRISTA-GALLI. 2-AXlUS ACUTIFRONS.

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl XX!X.

I.Eryonicus spinulosus^ 2 Eryontcus c-ecus

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl. XXX.

ir

i^ li

y^^^t^"^

Ay.Wt3ie:frft\ i^

Eryonicus c^cus ?

Albatross Ex. 1891

Crustacea Pl. XXXI.

POLYCHELES TANNERI.

Albatross Ex. 18 91

Crustacea Pl. XXXII.

1. POLYCHELES GRANULATUS. Z.WlLLEMOESIA INORNATi

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl. XXXIII.

AJiIWes^S""-^

l.POLYCHELES NANUS. 2. POLYGHELES GRANULATUS.
3.WILLEM0ES1A INORNATA.

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl XXXIV.

PARJi-CRANGON ARE O LATA

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl. XXXV.

S CLE ROC RAN G ON AT R O X

Alb..

Crustacea Pl XXXVI.

AMWesiargrei.>!

S CLEFIOCR AN G O N PROG AX

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl XXXVII.

Glyph ocRAN GO N ala.ta.

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl XXXVIII.

AJvl Wealersr*n,del

Glyph oc RAN GON spinulosa.

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl WMl

lis

jr

lirJ I

'I

I'.'

AKV/t3U;irti\,itl

Glyphocrangon loricata.

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl XXXIX

AJIWejierfren.di;

Glyph oc RAN GON sicaria-

Crustacea Pl. XL

Ay.V/e3U:?tet^,iti

LHeTERCCARPUS VICARIUS. 2. HeTEROCARPUS AFFINi

FINiS

Albai'Ross Ex. 1891

Crustacea Pl.XL!^

A.MV/fSl»:f:*ii,i*I

1. HeTEP.OCARPUS HOSTILIS S HeTEROCARPUS VICARIUS.

3. Heterocap.pus affinis.

Albatross Ex. 18 91

Crustacea Pl. XLl

Nematocarcinus a^gassizu.

Albatkuss lx 1891

Crustacea Pl XLlll.

vr'A.lTTHEPHYRA CRISTATA 2 ACA.NTHEPHYRA CURTIROSTRIS.
3.4.5. ACANTHEPHYRA CURTIROSTRIS. VAR. a.ft.y.

Alba I k:

189!

Crustacea Pl XLIV,

l.ACANTHEPHYRA CUCULLATA 2 NOTOSTOMUS FRAGILIS

Alba'i^^.oss Ex 1891.

Crustacea Pl XLV.

I.PaSIPHAEIA AMERICANA. 2.PA3IPHAEIA MAGNA,

Crustacea I'l^ XLVi

A

-j

SlCYOMiA AFFINIS 2>SlCY0NIA P:CTA

Albatross tx 1891

Crustacea Pl XLVll

l.PENEUS BALBO^E 2. 30LEN0CERA AGASSIZII

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl XLVllL

AXVftS.t:irtniti

l.HALIPORUS NEREUS 2. HALIPORUS THETIS^

ALbAii-:i,';.i; tx 1891

Crustacea Pl XLiX,

l.HALIPORUS DOPaS. 2. ARIST^US OCCIDENTALIS.

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl L.

AJUWesiereren.iiei

^HEMIPENEUS TRITON. 2. HEMIPENEUS SPINIDORS ALIS.

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl LI

AMWeslere;*n.id

l.SERGESTES JSDWARD SIL 2, SERGE STE S IWOUS.

Albatross Kx 1891

Crustacea i'l Lll.

JJlWj!tla.-?:e^.a*l

Sergestes bisulcatus

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl

AjM V/e5te.-jr*r..ift

L.EUCOPIA SCULPTICAUDA.E.PETALOPHThL^XMUS ARMIGER.

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl LIV.

AjM WtHersvtnM

PETALOPHTHALMU 3 PACIFIC US.

Albatross Ex I89I

Crustacea Pl LV.

'/

AJ>;V.*BSte--grsn,^el

I.SCOLOPHTHALMUS LUCIFU GU S. 2. CERATOMYSIS SPINOSA.

Albatross Ex 1891

Crustacea Pl LVl.

U

If

jp

Ceratomysis spin OS a.

The folloiving reports are in preparation on the Dredginrj Operations off the West Coast of
Central America to the Galapagos, to the West Coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf oj Cali-
fornia in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on hy the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer
-Albatross," during 1891, Lieut.-Commauder Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., Commanding :-

A. AGASSIZ. 11. 1 General Sketch of the
Expedition of the " Albatross," from Feb-
ruary to May, 1891.
A. AGASSIZ. The Pelagic Fauna.
A. AGASSIZ. The Deep-Sea Panamic Fauna.
A. AGASSIZ. I.^ On Calamocrinus, a new

Stalked Crinoid from the Galapagos.
A. AGASSIZ. The Echini.
,TAS. E. BENEDICT. The Annelids.
R. BERGH. XIII.13 The Nudibranchs.
K. BRANDT. Tlie Sagittfe.
K. BRANDT. The Thalassioote.
C. CHUN. The Siphonophores.
C. CHUN. The Eyes of Deep-Sea Crustacea.
S. F. CLARKE. XI." The Hydroids.

W. H. DALL. The Mollusks.
C. B. DAVENPORT. The Bryozoa.
W. FAXON. VI.,5 XV.15 The Stalk-eyed
Crustacea.

S. GARMAN. The Fishes.

W. GIESBRECriT. The Copepods.

A. GOES. III.*' The Foranunifera.

H. J. HANSEN. The Cirripeds and Isopods.

C. HARTLAUB. The Comatul*.

W. A. HERDMAN. The Ascidians.

S. J. HICKSON. The Antipathids.

W. E. HOYLE. The Cephalopods.

G. VON KOCH. The Deep-Sea Corals.

C. A. KOFOID. Solenogaster.

R. VON LENDENFELD. The Phosphorescent

Organs of Fishes.
H. LUUWIG. IV.,5 Xn.i2 The Ilolothurians.
C. F. LiJTKEN. The Ophiuridae.
O. MAAS. The Acalephs.
E. L. MARK. The Actinarians.
GEO. P. MERRILL. V.'' The Rocks of the

Galapagos.
G. W. MtJLLER. The Ostracods.
JOHN MURRAY. The Bottom Specimens.
ARNOLD ORTMANN. XIV.i^ The Pelagic

Schizopods.
ROBERT RIDGWAY. The Alcoholic Birds.
P. SCHIEMENZ. Tlie Pteropods and Iletero-

pods.
W. SCHIMKfiWITSCH. VIIl.^ The Pyc-

nogonidiB.
S. H. SCUDDER. VII.' Tlie Orthoptera of

the Galapagos.
\V, PERCY SLADEX. The Starfishes.
L. STEJNEGER. The Reptiles.
Th. STUDER. X.i» The Alcyonarians.
C. II. TOWNSEND. The Birds of Cocos Island.
M. P. A. TRAiJTSTEDT. The Salpida; and

Doliolida;.
E. P. VAN DUZEE. The Halobatidje.
H. B. WARD. The Sipunculoids.
H. V. WILSON. The Sponges.
W. McM. WOODWORTH. IX.^ The Pla-
narians.

1 Bull. M. C.

Z.,

Vol.

22 Plate

S.

2 Mem. M. C.

z.

Vol.

3 Bull. M. C.

z.,

Vol.

•1 Bull. M. C.

z.,

Vol.

-■> Bull. M. C.

z.,

Vol.

ISuli. M. C.

z.,

Vol.

7 Bull. M. C.

z.

Vol.

8 Bull. M. C.

z.

Vol.

9 Bull. jr. C.

z.

Vol.

l» Bull. M. C.

z.

Vol.

11 Bull. M. C.

z.

, Vol.

12 Mem. M. C

z.

, Vol.

13 Bull M. C

z.

, Vol

H Bull. M. C

z.

, Vol

16 Mem. M. C

z.

, Vol.

Z„ Vol. XXI., No. 4, Jane. 1891, 10 pp. ; and Vol. XXIII., No. 1, February, 1892, 89 pp..

XVII., No. 2, January, 1892, 95 pp., 32 Plates.

XXIV.. No. 7, August, 1893, 72 pp.

XXIU.', No. 5, December, 1892, 4 pp.. 1 Plate.

XXIV., No. 4, June, 1893, 10 pp. [Zool. Anzeig., No. 420, 18.)3.J

XVI., No. 13, Julv, 1893, 3 pp.

XXV., No. 1, September, 1893, 2.5 pp., 3 Plates.

XXV., No. 2, December, 1893, 17 pp., 2 Plates.

XXV., No. 4, .lanuary, 1894, 4 pp., 1 Plate.

XXV., No. -5, January, 1894, 17 pp.

XXV., No. G, Februarv, 1894, 7 pp., 5 Plates.

XVII , No. 3, October, 1894, 183 pp., 19 Plates.

XXV., No. 10, October, 1894, 109 pp., 12 Plates.
. XXV., No. 8, September, 1894, 13 pp., 1 Plate.

XVIII., April, 1895, 292 pp., 67 Plates.

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.

Tliere liave been published of the Bulletins Vols. T. to
XXVL ; of the Memoirs, A'ols. I. to XVlll.

Vols. XVL and XXVIL of the Bulletin, and Vols. XL
and XIX. of the Memoirs, are now in course of imblication.

A prii'e list of the publicationit of the Museum will he sent
0)1 application to the Director of the Museum of Comparative
Zoiiloi/i/, Cambridge, Mass.

ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, Director.

tk^^

i